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56-502: Watthana became a separate district by splitting from Khlong Toei in 1998 to provide better service to its population. The district obtained its name from Princess Galyani Vadhana , the elder sister of King Bhumibol Adulyadej . Watthana or Vadhana means 'development'. The area is among the most developed parts of Bangkok. On 1 January 2009, Watthana was the location of the Santika Club fire , which killed 66 and injured 222. The district

112-492: A Diplome de Sciences Sociales Pedagogiques, involving teacher education, literature, philosophy, and psychology. In 1944, Galyani Vadhana renounced her royal status in order to marry Colonel Aram Rattanakul Serireongrit (24 August 1920 – 3 February 1982), the son of General Luang Serireongrit ( Charun Rattanakun Seriroengrit ), a former Army commander-in-chief who led the invasion of the Shan States during World War II. They had

168-663: A complex of pavilions constructed on the Sanam Luang parade ground over seven months, had been decorated with flowers, garlands , and carved banana stalks. After the cremation, the funeral buildings were torn down. According to Hindu belief, Galyani Vadhana's spirit then returned home to Mount Meru , where all deities eternally live. Galyani Vadhana liked reading and writing from an early age. While studying Prathom 1 to Prathom 3, she read as many Thai language books as she could find, but children's books in Thai were then rare she often read

224-588: A daughter, Thanpuying Dhasanawalaya Ratanakul Serireongrit (later Sornsongkram) (born in 1945 in Switzerland ). This marriage ended in divorce. In 1950, when her youngest brother ascended to the throne, he reinstated Vadhana's royal status. In 1969, Galyani Vadhana married Prince Varananda Dhavaj (19 August 1922 – 15 September 1990), son of Prince Chudadhuj Dharadilok, Prince of Bejraburna and Mom Ravi Kayananda. They had no children. On 6 May 1995, Galyani Vadhana's 72nd birthday, her brother King Bhumibol gave her

280-493: A foreign country, she would first read many books and documents about it. When Galyani Vadhana was nine, she published a journal, Ruaen Rom , containing articles she had written with her friends at Srapathum Palace. Her mother supported her in reading and writing English. On 10 September 1932, she published a story she had written. In addition, she wrote 11 poems about the royal family, translated three books, and wrote ten tourist guidebooks and an academic article. Galyani Vadhana

336-485: A military contract with a sovereign. The colonel purchased the regimental contract—the right to hold the regiment—from the previous holder of that right or directly from the sovereign when a new regiment was formed or an incumbent was killed . As the office of colonel became an established practice, the colonel became the senior captain in a group of companies that were all sworn to observe his personal authority—to be ruled or regimented by him. This regiment, or governance,

392-404: A professional military rank that was still held typically by an officer in command of a regiment or equivalent unit. Along with other ranks, it has become progressively more a matter of ranked duties, qualifications, and experience, as well as of corresponding titles and pay scale, than of functional office in a particular organization. As European military influence expanded throughout the world,

448-475: A radio. In 2004, concerned about both the government's and the private sector's lack of interest in promoting classical music, Galyani Vadhana established a Fund for Classical Music Promotion, of which she became president. The fund supported classical music and related activities, provided assistance to Thai musicians to study, and promoted competitions and concerts in Thailand and internationally. She also supported

504-873: A result of her continuous work in the teaching and research of the French language in Thailand, she was conferred many honorary doctorates and also honors from many foreign governments and international organizations, including UNESCO . Galyani Vadhana was interested in history and archaeology for many years. She thought these fields to be the foundations of other subjects and believed in applying reasoning to support historical ideas. She always said that her thoughts were not always correct and she would accept new data if supported by reason and evidences. In performing her duties, she became interested in many important places, which she later visited by herself. She also led groups and associations on educational tours to many historic sites, and she advised fellow guides to emphasize education about

560-435: Is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army. Modern usage varies greatly, and in some cases, the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct relationship to military. In some smaller military forces, such as those of Monaco or

616-511: Is a university teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University which opened in December 2014. The Princess's style and title in full: Somdet Phrachao Phinangthoe Chaofa Galyani Vadhana Krommaluang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra ( Thai : สมเด็จพระเจ้าพี่นางเธอ เจ้าฟ้ากัลยาณิวัฒนา กรมหลวงนราธิวาสราชนครินทร์ ) Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col. , Col , or COL )

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672-518: Is a well-known fact that she has been steadfast in her devotion to the King in order that He would enjoy grace and glory." She had represented Bhumibol in carrying out various royal duties and taken good care of their mother, which was a great relief to him. Galyani Vadhana's royal patronage projects included traditional Thai arts , education, sports, and social welfare . She was president or honorary president of various organisations and foundations, including

728-636: Is built of ferroconcrete with eight 60-metre-wide (200 ft) lanes. Its length is 5,115 kilometres (3,178 mi) from Surawongse Road in Bang Rak District in the southeast and meets Rama III Road in Yan Nawa District . It was included as an approach road project in the fourth Bangkok Development Plan (1992–1996). Upon completion, the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration asked for permission to name it for Galyani Vadhana, and

784-511: Is divided into three sub-districts ( khwaeng ), from west to east: They are all named by adding Nuea, meaning North, to the corresponding subdistricts in Khlong Toei district. Encompassing the area between Sukhumvit Road and Khlong Saen Saep , Watthana is one of the commercial districts in Bangkok, with many condominiums and hotels. Expatriates of many nationalities reside there. Besides

840-489: Is linked to the word column (from Latin : columna ; Italian: colonna ; French: colonne ) in a similar way that brigadier is linked to brigade , although in English this relationship is not immediately obvious. With the shift from primarily mercenary to primarily national armies in the course of the 17th century, a colonel (normally a member of the aristocracy) became a holder (German Inhaber ) or proprietor of

896-603: The International School of Geneva , the world's oldest international school (founded in 1924), where she lived as a boarder. She was an excellent student, and eventually came first of her school at the final exam and third in all Switzerland. In 1942, Galyani Vadhana continued her studies in chemistry at the University of Lausanne . She graduated with a bachelor of science degree in chemistry in 1948. While pursuing her degree, she also studied social science and education for

952-673: The Vatican , colonel is the highest rank . Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain . In the Commonwealth 's air force ranking system, the equivalent rank is group captain . By the end of the late medieval period, a group of "companies" was referred to as a "column" of an army. According to Raymond Oliver, c.  1500 , the Spanish began explicitly reorganizing part of their army into 20 colunelas or columns of approximately 1,000–1,250 soldiers. Each colunela

1008-462: The 16th century, the French army adopted this organizational structure, renaming colunelas regiments. Even so, they simply Gallicized colunela to the French colonel and pronounced it as written. The English then copied the unit and rank from the French. However, for reasons unknown, the English adopted the Spanish pronunciation of coronel , and after several decades of use shortened it to its current two-syllable pronunciation "kernel". Colonel

1064-818: The Bangkok Symphony Orchestra and the Chulalongkorn University Symphony Orchestra and was the patron of the Bangkok Opera. Galyani Vadhana was interested in all education, not only at universities. She believed that primary education is very important for developing the general population. From her long experience in teaching French language, she realized the problem of interrupted French language study at mattayom (high school) and university level. In 1977 she formed L'Association Thailandaise des Professeurs de Francais (The Association of Thai Professors Teaching French Language) to act as

1120-664: The Cardiac Children's Foundation, the Princess Mother's Charity Fund, and the Autistic Foundation of Thailand. She created her own foundation for funding the studies of young, gifted musicians. She was a patron of various classical music foundations. On her trips, she always gathered important and useful information shown in the royal news, giving knowledge to people. She also wrote books, poetry, and spoke French. She traveled widely within Thailand and abroad to represent

1176-543: The Crown Prince and Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat took part in the procession on Sanam Luang parade ground. In Uttaradit , black-dressed Thais flocked to the royally sponsored Wat Klong Poh in the provincial seat to place 400,000 sandalwood flowers at the crematorium . At 22:00 on 15 November, the king and Queen Sirikit , with the help of a hydraulic tappet , set alight a 40-metre-high (130 ft) funeral pyre . The $ 5.7 m (£3.8 m) temporary royal crematorium ,

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1232-680: The Kidney Foundation of Thailand coordinated with the Ministry of Public Health in its construction. The Government Lottery Office provided funds for it. Following the celebration of Galyani Vadhana's seventy-second birthday in 1995, her permission was sought to name the building after her, which she permitted, and dedicated it on 20 May 1994. The building supports the treatment of terminal chronic renal failure patients with 46 artificial kidney machines. Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Road runs through Bang Rak, Sathon , and Yan Nawa Districts of Bangkok. It

1288-530: The Regiment (to distinguish it from the military rank of colonel) continues to be used in the modern British Army. The ceremonial position is often conferred on retired general officers , brigadiers or colonels who have a close link to a particular regiment. Non-military personnel, usually for positions within the Army Reserve may also be appointed to the ceremonial position. When attending functions as "Colonel of

1344-494: The Regiment", the titleholder wears the regimental uniform with rank insignia of (full) colonel, regardless of their official rank. A member of the Royal Family is known as a Royal Colonel . A Colonel of the Regiment is expected to work closely with a regiment and its Regimental Association . Some military forces have a colonel as their highest-ranking officer, with no 'general' ranks, and no superior authority (except, perhaps,

1400-602: The cabinet would wear black for 100 days. The 300 million- baht ($ 10 million, £7.1 million) funeral was the first full royal funeral since 1995, when the king's mother Srinagarindra was cremated. The six-day ceremony and ritual started on 14 November 2008 at the Grand Palace and ended on 19 November when Galyani Vadhana's ashes were transferred to the Rangsi Vadhana Memorial, Wat Ratchabophit Sathit Maha Simaram. On 15 November, there were three processions from

1456-510: The center for meeting and exchanging experiences of – and improving – the teaching of French language in mattayom and university classes. She was president of the association between 1977 and 1981, when she became its honorary president for the rest of her life. Her assistance to the association took many forms, including in publishing journals to distribute the latest knowledge, writing her own articles in journals, and supporting teachers' seminars , research abroad and study in higher education. As

1512-516: The colonel of the division. Kentucky colonel is the highest title of honor bestowed by the Commonwealth of Kentucky . Commissions for Kentucky colonels are given by the Governor and the Secretary of State to individuals in recognition of noteworthy accomplishments and outstanding service to a community, state or the nation. This is the equivalent to a full colonel in the militia. The sitting governor of

1568-440: The eastbound Sukhumvit, prominent roads in the district include several odd-numbered sois (branch roads) from Sukhumvit: Nana Nuea (Sukhumvit 3), Asok Montri (Sukhumvit 21), Phrom Phong (Sukhumvit 39), Thong Lo (Sukhumvit 55), Ekkamai (Sukhumvit 63), Sukhumvit 71 (Pridi Banomyong) and a small portion of On Nut (Sukhumvit 77). The emblem of the district shows a pavilion, which refers to the residence of Princess Galyani Vadhana,

1624-444: The foundation's daily operations. Together they would lead volunteers to visit and treat people in rural areas. Some patients were sent for treatment at the provincial central hospital or to Bangkok . They often journeyed by helicopters because some areas had no roads. After the Princess Mother died, Galyani Vadhana became president. In 1991, Galyani Vadhana visited and stayed at Huai Nam Dang Watershed Management Unit. She found that

1680-567: The head of state as a titular commander-in-chief) other than the respective national government. Examples include the following (arranged alphabetically by country name): The term colonel is also used as a title for auctioneers in the United States; there are a variety of theories or folk etymologies to explain the use of the term. One of these is the claim that during the American Civil War goods seized by armies were sold at auction by

1736-598: The information she had gathered to publish books or reproduce them in digital media for distribution. In 2003 she visited Gretzenbach in Switzerland to officially dedicate the Wat Srinagarindravararam , a temple named in honour of her mother. The Galyani Vadhana Building is in Priest Hospital, Bangkok. It has nine storeys and 15,096 m (162,490 sq ft) usable area. With Galyani Vadhana's support,

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1792-484: The king consented in 1996. Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital is a general hospital with 407 beds, in Mueang Narathiwat District , Narathiwat Province . Originally just a medical station, in 1952 the Ministry of Public Health upgraded it to "Narathiwat Hospital". Later when Galyani Vadhana was bestowed the title Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra, the hospital board requested the Ministry of Public Health to give

1848-505: The local populace were especially in food and medicine. She set up "The Mother Princess Medical Volunteer Unit" on 22 February 1969, and persuaded doctors, dentists, pharmacists, and nurses to join the unit to go and treat patients in remote communities. On 21 May 1974, the unit was renamed to become "The Mother Princess Medical Volunteer Foundation" with the Mother Princess as its president. Galyani Vadhana followed her mother's example in

1904-862: The name patron of the district. Also the red colour refers to the princess, as red is the day colour of her birthday. The golden rays of light extending from the roof of the pavilion are said to symbolise her divine grace to all Thais. The lotus shape is supposed to be an offering to pay respect to the princess. Several international schools are in Watthana District, including The American School of Bangkok 's Sukhumvit campus; Anglo Singapore International School 's Anglo campus; Ekamai International School ; NIST International School ; and Wells International Kindergarten's Thong Lor campus. Galyani Vadhana Galyani Vadhana, Princess of Naradhiwas ( Thai : กัลยาณิวัฒนา ; Thai pronunciation: [kān.lā.jāː.ní.wát.tʰā.nāː] ; 6 May 1923 – 2 January 2008)

1960-534: The nearby forests were deteriorated as a result of agricultural reclamation, so she had the idea of forming a Royal Forest Department to restore the forests. Then in 1995, the Royal Forest Department designated this area as Huai Nam Dang National Park , and built a chalet-style palace, which Galyani Vadhana named "Silver Orchids Palace", dedicated to her. She stayed there during late January and early February every year to visit nearby hill tribes. Her thinking

2016-509: The new hospital a name, and the king named it "Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital" on 28 February 1997. Princess of Naradhiwas University was established by an act of 9 February 2005 merging all educational institutions in Narathiwat Province. Those institutions were Naradhiwas Technical College, Naradhiwas Agricultural and Technology College, Takbai Vocational College, and Boromarjonani College of Nursing. Galyanivadhanakarun Hospital

2072-601: The newspaper. She remembered reading a book in French—the 1878 novel Sans Famille —while studying in Switzerland, which she later found again. During Galyani Vadhana's secondary studies, especially in Geneva , she read a lot of literature. She found that reading developed her French language skills. Later, while a French teacher at Thammasat University , she read many books on linguistics . She also studied art, culture, archaeology, and history for many years. When she planned to visit

2128-563: The noble title "Kromma Luang Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra" (loosely translated, Princess of Naradhiwas ), making her the only female member of the Chakri royal family to have been bestowed this title during Bhumibol's reign. In announcing the honour, Bhumibol said, "the Princess, who was his only sister, had shared the joys and sorrows of life since their early years and was the most highly respected in that she had always given him support. Furthermore, it

2184-421: The position of the colonel as the figurehead of a regiment is maintained in the honorary role of "colonel-in-chief", usually held by a member of the royal family , the nobility, or a retired senior military officer. The colonel-in-chief wears a colonel's uniform and encourages the members of the regiment, but takes no active part in the actual command structure or in any operational duties. The title Colonel of

2240-489: The public. It also provides funds for pediatricians to study cardiac diseases in children either in Thailand or abroad. This is a foundation set up by Princess Boonjirathorn Juthathuj on 27 June 1979 to provide scholarships and awards to medical and nursing students, nursing lecturers, and nurses affiliated with Ministry of Public Health. Its president was Galyani Vadhana, who chaired the scholarship and award conferring committee. The first prize-giving by Princess Boonjirathorn

2296-410: The rank of colonel became adopted by nearly every nation (albeit under a variety of names). During the 20th century, with the rise of communism , some of the large communist militaries saw fit to expand the colonel rank into several grades, resulting, for example, in the unique senior colonel rank, which was found and is still used in such nations as China and North Korea . In many modern armies,

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2352-462: The regiment has more importance as a ceremonial unit or a focus of members' loyalty than as an actual battle formation. Troops tend to be deployed in battalions (commanded by a lieutenant colonel ) as a more convenient size of military unit and, as such, colonels have tended to have a higher profile in specialist and command roles than as actual commanders of regiments. However, in Commonwealth armies,

2408-535: The royal family and her country on missions. Galyani Vadhana was admitted to Siriraj Hospital in June 2007, suffering from abdominal pains. The doctors found she had cancer, and she remained in the hospital for treatment. In October 2007, doctors reported that Galyani Vadhana had suffered an infarction on the left side of her brain as a result of occlusion of a cerebral artery . At the same time in October, King Bhumibol

2464-578: The royal throne hall, where she had lain in state for ten months, comprising 3,294 soldiers, flanked by conch shell-blowers, drummers, and musicians. Two of the processions involved the Phra Yannamat Sam Lam Khan ( golden palanquin with three poles ), an 18th-century seven-tonne palanquin carried by 60 men. The two-century-old sandalwood golden teak urn held Galyani Vadhana's body seated upright atop an elaborately decorated 14-tonne golden carriage. Both dressed in white ceremonial dress,

2520-869: The sites. When visiting historical sites, she did not merely accept information given to her by the archaeologists, but she would research the sites beforehand, and deeply question experts about the site's restoration and excavation, and the impact on neighboring people of the archaeologists' operations. This foundation was begun in 1981 by the Princess Mother. Galyani Vadhana became its patron on 15 June 1984. She added some of her personal property to her mother's fund provided personal advice, thus developing its activities. It helps many sick children, especially from poor families, to be cured and treated by professional cardiac doctors, using mechanical heart valve replacement, heart pacemaker , balloon catheter , and surgery without prosthesis . Furthermore, this foundation disseminates knowledge of cardiac diseases to doctors, nurses, and

2576-608: Was a princess of Thailand and the elder sister of King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII) and King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX). She was also a direct granddaughter of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) and Queen Sri Savarindira and the aunt of King Vajiralongkorn (Rama X). Galyani Vadhana was born on 6 May 1923 in London, England, the only daughter of Prince Mahidol Adulyadej of Songkla , the 69th son of King Chulalongkorn ( Rama V ) and seventh son by Queen Savang Vadhana , and Sangwan Talapat (later known as Srinagarindra, Princess Mother ). She

2632-565: Was becoming less responsive. On 2 January 2008, the Royal Household Bureau announced that Galyani Vadhana's condition had worsened during the night of 1 January and she had died at 02:54 on 2 January, at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok , Thailand, aged 84. There was to be a mourning period of 100 days starting from the day of her death. The prime minister announced that all government officials and agencies would wear black for 15 days while

2688-487: Was commanded by a cabo de colunela or column head. Because they were crown units who are directly under the control of the monarch or sovereign of a country, the units were also confusingly called coronelas , and their commanders coronels . Evidence of this can be seen when Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , nicknamed "the Great Captain", divided his armies in coronelías , each led by a coronel , in 1508. Later, in

2744-495: Was established in Siriraj Hospital to provide complete breast diseases examination and diagnosis. With the modern equipment in the center, the first in Thailand, breast radiography can be carried out to enable biopsies to be carried out accurately, correctly, with very little pain. It is also timesaving and less expensive. In 1964, while the Mother Princess was staying at Phu Phing Palace, Chiang Mai , she realised how poor

2800-476: Was initially named May Songkla and later named Her Serene Highness Galyani Vadhana Mahidol by King Vajiravudh ( Rama VI ). The word "Vadhana" in her name came from her paternal grandmother, Savang Vadhana. In 1927, King Prajadhipok ( Rama VII ) promoted her to the royal rank of Princess of Thailand ( Her Highness ). In 1935, Galyani Vadhana attended a secondary school for girls named Ecole Superieure des Jeunes Filles de la Ville de Lausanne. In 1938, she joined

2856-684: Was interested in photography. She had learned to take photographs not only as souvenirs but also for art and academic purposes. When she visited important places at home or abroad, she always took photographs of those she found interesting, which were useful in her travel writings. Galyani Vadhana studied Western art . She was interested in all types of music and drama, especially classical music by master composers. She began listening to classical music while studying in Switzerland. She had studied piano at home with her younger brothers, but only intermittently as she had very little time to practice. While doing her homework, she liked to listen to classical music on

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2912-411: Was organized at Samitivej Hospital on 18 September 1979. Afterwards scholarships and awards were given by Galyani Vadhana every year. This foundation was created in December 1994 from Charity Funds of the Princess Mother. Galyani Vadhana was president, while her mother was patron and honorary president. Its objective is to promote knowledge and understanding of breast cancer screening . The Breast Center

2968-478: Was that the public and local administration organization co-operate to look after forest, water, wildlife, and rare flora to maintain natural balance. Galyani Vadhana traveled abroad many times on formal and private visits. In addition to strengthening friendly relations with those countries, her visits helped spread knowledge of Thai culture and customs. Before any such visit she would carry out careful research. After most of these visits, she collected her notes and

3024-494: Was the colonel general , and, in the absence of the sovereign or his designate, the colonel general might serve as the commander of a force. The position, however, was primarily contractual and it became progressively more of a functionless sinecure . The head of a single regiment or demi-brigade would be called a ' mestre de camp ' or, after the Revolution , a ' chef de brigade '. By the late 19th century, colonel had evolved to

3080-423: Was to some extent embodied in a contract and set of written rules, also referred to as the colonel's regiment or standing regulation(s). By extension, the group of companies subject to a colonel's regiment (in the foregoing sense) came to be referred to as his regiment (in the modern sense) as well. In French usage of this period, the senior colonel in the army or, in a field force, the senior military contractor,

3136-425: Was treated at Siriraj after experiencing weakness on his right side; doctors later found that he had a blood shortage to his brain. He was admitted on 13 October and discharged on 7 November. After leaving Siriraj, he visited Galyani Vadhana at the hospital almost daily. On 14 December, the Royal Household Bureau released its 25th statement about Galyani Vadhana's health, saying she was feeling increasingly tired and

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