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129-542: Warsash Maritime School , formerly Warsash Maritime Centre and Warsash Maritime Academy , is a maritime training college that is part of Solent University . The college provides education, training, consultancy and research to the international shipping and off-shore oil industries. It is one of the United Kingdom's colleges responsible for the training of the British Merchant Navy . The courses on offer cover

258-489: A Public Library, Botanic Gardens, Observatory, and collections of objects with the above sciences. Hartley was an eccentric straggler, who had little liking of the new age docks and railways in Southampton. He did not desire to create a college for many (as formed at similar time in other English industrial towns and commercial ports) but a cultural centre for Southampton's intellectual elite. After lengthy legal challenges to

387-471: A bequest of £103,000 to the Southampton Corporation for the study and advancement of the sciences in his property on Southampton's High Street, in the city centre. ...employ the interest, dividends and annual proceeds in such a manner as best promote the study and advancement of the sciences of Natural History, Astronomy, Antiquities, Classical and Oriental Literature in the town, such as by forming

516-426: A better return on capital. In the 21st century, most sailing represents a form of recreation or sport . Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising . Cruising can include extended offshore and ocean-crossing trips, coastal sailing within sight of land, and daysailing. Sailing relies on the physics of sails as they derive power from the wind, generating both lift and drag. On

645-423: A chosen course , which is often part of a larger plan of navigation . From prehistory until the second half of the 19th century, sailing craft were the primary means of maritime trade and transportation; exploration across the seas and oceans was reliant on sail for anything other than the shortest distances. Naval power in this period used sail to varying degrees depending on the current technology, culminating in

774-546: A combined market capitalisation value of £160 million. The park was renamed in 2006. To connect the university's Southampton campuses, halls of residence, hospitals, and other important features of the city, the university operates the Unilink bus service for the benefit of the students, staff and the general public. The service is currently operated by local bus company Bluestar using the Unilink name. The service consists of four routes. The U1 runs between Southampton Airport and

903-453: A discovery or if no land was found. This was well suited to the prevailing winds as Pacific islands were steadily colonized. By the time of the Age of Discovery —starting in the 15th century—square-rigged, multi-masted vessels were the norm and were guided by navigation techniques that included the magnetic compass and making sightings of the sun and stars that allowed transoceanic voyages. During

1032-409: A given course, the sails are set to an angle that optimizes the development of wind power, as determined by the apparent wind , which is the wind as sensed from a moving vessel. The forces transmitted via the sails are resisted by forces from the hull , keel , and rudder of a sailing craft, by forces from skate runners of an iceboat, or by forces from wheels of a land sailing craft which are steering

1161-496: A great change, when it merged with the Southampton College of Technology, meaning that for the first time engineers were trained on the same campus, as merchant navy deck officers. The school was renamed "Warsash Maritime Centre" and went through a period of building expansion which included a new pier, library and engineering block. It was not until the 1990s that the college would again change dramatically, when in 1996 some of

1290-575: A new Archaeology building built in 2006 costing £2.7 million. Boldrewood Campus, located a short distance from the Highfield campus, houses the university's new Maritime Centre of Excellence, the Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute and Lloyd's Register 's Group Technology Centre. The campus was formerly the Biomedical Sciences campus of the university and acted, until 2010, as

1419-574: A new School of Radio Telegraphy. The university hosted the Supermarine plans and design team for a period but in December 1940 further bomb hits resulted in it being relocated to Hursley House . Halls of residence were used to house Polish, French and American troops. After the war, departments such as Electronics grew under the influence of professor Erich Zepler and the Institute of Sound and Vibration

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1548-501: A new teaching block had again been constructed and the school was now offering tankers courses as well as Bsc in Nautical Science. In 1970 Whalley Wakeford, the school's long-standing director, retired and the school removed itself from direct control of Southampton University . By 1978 the school had purchased additional grounds and had built a new fire school, to provide professional firefighting skills to mariners. Additionally

1677-650: A non-hospital base for the School of Medicine and home to a research facility for the Biological Sciences. These departments were then relocated to either Southampton General Hospital, the new Life Sciences building at Highfield, or the University of Southampton science park. The National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS) is located in Southampton Docks three miles south of the main university campus. The campus

1806-423: A parachute, with drag predominantly propelling the craft. For craft with little forward resistance, such as ice boats and land yachts , this transition occurs further off the wind than for sailboats and sailing ships . Wind direction for points of sail always refers to the true wind —the wind felt by a stationary observer. The apparent wind —the wind felt by an observer on a moving sailing craft—determines

1935-528: A previous structure consisting of eight faculties. The current faculty structure is: Southampton is a founding member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities in Britain. Southampton awards a wide range of academic degrees spanning academic degrees for bachelor's in a variety of degrees and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates . The postnominals awarded are

2064-400: A sailboat, point of sail affects lateral force significantly. The higher the boat points to the wind under sail, the stronger the lateral force, which requires resistance from a keel or other underwater foils, including daggerboard, centerboard, skeg and rudder. Lateral force also induces heeling in a sailboat, which requires resistance by weight of ballast from the crew or the boat itself and by

2193-434: A sailing craft turns its stern past the eye of the wind so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack. This maneuver can be done on smaller boats by pulling the tiller towards yourself (the opposite side of the sail). As with tacking, the type of sailing rig dictates the procedures and constraints for jibing. Fore-and-aft sails with booms, gaffs or sprits are unstable when

2322-693: A sailing yacht may be either near-shore or passage-making out of sight of land and entails the use of sailboats that support sustained overnight use. Coastal cruising grounds include areas of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Northern Europe, Western Europe and islands of the North Atlantic, West Africa and the islands of the South Atlantic, the Caribbean, and regions of North and Central America. Passage-making under sail occurs on routes through oceans all over

2451-540: A science park in Chilworth . The university also owns sports facilities and halls of residences on a variety of other nearby sites. The university's main campus is located in the residential area of Highfield . Opened on 20 June 1914, the site was initially used as a military hospital during World War I. The campus grew gradually, mainly consisting of detailed red brick buildings (such as the Hartley library and West building of

2580-400: A series of broad reaches, punctuated by jibes in between. It was explored by sailing vessels starting in 1975 and now extends to high-performance skiffs, catamarans and foiling sailboats. Navigating a channel or a downwind course among obstructions may necessitate changes in direction that require a change of tack, accomplished with a jibe. Jibing or gybing is a sailing maneuver by which

2709-437: A smooth laminar flow , leading from one to the other in what is called the "slot effect". On downwind points of sail, power is achieved primarily with the wind pushing on the sail, as indicated by drooping tell-tales. Spinnakers are light-weight, large-area, highly curved sails that are adapted to sailing off the wind. In addition to using the sheets to adjust the angle with respect to the apparent wind, other lines control

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2838-444: A teacher at the School, became director of the school. Warsash Maritime Academy provides the following education and training programmes: The school has a close working relationships with a number of colleges, such as Brockenhurst College who teach pre-cadetship areas of education. The Warsash Maritime Academy campus has the following facilities and simulators: In April 2009, Warsash Maritime Academy announced their plans to move

2967-681: A university. It was opened in 1996 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh . The campus was also the base for the NERC purpose-built research vessels RRS James Cook and until recently the RRS Discovery and the RRS Charles Darwin . The university maintains a presence at Southampton General in partnership with the NHS trust operating the hospital. It is home to some operations of the Faculty of Medicine and

3096-531: A wide range of maritime education and training from deck and engineer officer cadetships, including degree pathways, to senior officer certificates of competency, together with the associated safety training. The current college is split across several sites, with the main academy campus in Southampton City Centre , the practical campus (focusing on survival, medical are firefighting training) in Warsash and

3225-423: A wider range of apparent wind angles than does an ice boat, whose speed is typically great enough to have the apparent wind coming from a few degrees to one side of its course, necessitating sailing with the sail sheeted in for most points of sail. On conventional sailboats, the sails are set to create lift for those points of sail where it's possible to align the leading edge of the sail with the apparent wind. For

3354-408: Is a maneuver by which a sailing craft turns its bow into and through the wind (referred to as "the eye of the wind" ) so that the apparent wind changes from one side to the other, allowing progress on the opposite tack. The type of sailing rig dictates the procedures and constraints on achieving a tacking maneuver. Fore-and-aft rigs allow their sails to hang limp as they tack; square rigs must present

3483-487: Is because the river's current flows from south to north, whilst the prevailing wind direction is north to south. Therefore, a boat of that time could use the current to go north – an unobstructed trip of 750 miles – and sail to make the return trip. Evidence of early sailors has also been found in other locations, such as Kuwait, Turkey, Syria, Minoa, Bahrain, and India, among others. Austronesian peoples used sails from some time before 2000 BCE. Their expansion from what

3612-435: Is equipped with a myriad of open learning spaces, lecture halls, an Aerospace Lab, a Design Studio, Business Experimental Labs, and a 12-terminal Bloomberg Suite to enhance the quality and learning experience throughout the students’ journey. From the initial offerings of four Engineering programmes, UoSM has now grown to offer 20 programmes in the fields of Engineering, Business and Computer Science fields. Currently, among all

3741-480: Is governed by World Sailing with most racing formats using the Racing Rules of Sailing . It entails a variety of different disciplines, including: A saildrone is a type of unmanned surface vehicle used primarily in oceans for data collection. Saildrones are wind and solar powered and carry a suite of science sensors and navigational instruments. They can follow a set of remotely prescribed waypoints. The saildrone

3870-664: Is home of the university's Ocean and Earth Sciences department and is also a campus of the Natural Environment Research Council 's research institute, the National Oceanography Centre . Five of the National Oceanography Centre's research divisions are based on the campus. Planning of the campus began in 1989 and was completed in 1994 due to cuts and uncertainties whether a national research centre could be successfully integrated with

3999-585: Is located in the Highfield area of Southampton and is supplemented by four other campuses within the city: Avenue Campus housing the School of Humanities, the National Oceanography Centre housing courses in Ocean and Earth Sciences, Southampton General Hospital offering courses in Medicine and Health Sciences, and Boldrewood Campus housing an engineering and maritime technology campus and Lloyd's Register . In addition,

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4128-472: Is now Southern China and Taiwan started in 3000 BCE. Their technology came to include outriggers , catamarans , and crab claw sails , which enabled the Austronesian Expansion at around 3000 to 1500 BCE into the islands of Maritime Southeast Asia , and thence to Micronesia , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar . Since there is no commonality between the boat technology of China and

4257-413: Is on a broad reach. Boat velocity (in black) generates an equal and opposite apparent wind component (not shown), which combines with the true wind to become apparent wind. The speed of sailboats through the water is limited by the resistance that results from hull drag in the water. Ice boats typically have the least resistance to forward motion of any sailing craft. Consequently, a sailboat experiences

4386-522: Is the most powerful cluster of research intensive universities in the UK and the new consortium is to become one of the world's leading hubs for science and engineering research. In 2015, the university started a fundraising campaign to build the Centre for Cancer Immunology based at Southampton General Hospital . At the beginning of 2018, the target amount of £25 million was raised, allowing 150 scientists to move into

4515-588: The British Army to study for a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). The university also works with the Royal Navy to provide training and qualifications towards Chartered Engineer status. In terms of average UCAS points of entrants, Southampton ranked 25th in Britain in 2023. The university gives offers of admission to 84.0% of its applicants, the 6th highest amongst the Russell Group . According to

4644-791: The Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA) and the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM). The split campus degree programmes take place in Malaysia for the first two years, with the final two years at Southampton. In 2016, the Malaysia Campus' first group of students graduated, along with the first PhD graduate. As part of its expansion plans, the University of Southampton Malaysia has moved into its new 150,000sq ft state-of-the-art estate in Eco Botanic City, Iskandar Puteri. The new campus

4773-470: The River Tyne to London – which was already being carried out in the 14th century and grew as the city increased in size. In 1795, 4,395 cargoes of coal were delivered to London. This would have needed a fleet of about 500 sailing colliers (making 8 or 9 trips a year). This quantity had doubled by 1839. (The first steam-powered collier was not launched until 1852 and sailing colliers continued working into

4902-566: The Second World War the school remained open to train mariners . In 1940 all students and cadets had joined the Local Defence Volunteers (Home Guard). Courses continued to run despite bombing in the Southampton area. Cadets were still trained and additional courses were created for existing officers from the armed services and abroad, including some 60 free Polish cadets. By 1942 the school had over 180 sea cadets in training and it

5031-525: The degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities. The university is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme, for the award of Eng. D. degrees. Short courses and professional development courses are run by many of the university's Academic Schools and Research Centres. The university works closely with members of the Armed Forces. It provides professional military educators in

5160-409: The motive power for sailing craft. The waves give an indication of the true wind direction. The flag gives an indication of apparent wind direction. True wind velocity ( V T ) combines with the sailing craft's velocity ( V B ) to give the apparent wind velocity ( V A ), the air velocity experienced by instrumentation or crew on a moving sailing craft. Apparent wind velocity provides

5289-455: The saildrones completed the mission, traveling 12,500 miles (20,100 km) over the seven month journey while collecting a detailed data set using on board environmental monitoring instrumentation. In August 2019, SD 1021 completed the fastest unmanned Atlantic crossing sailing from Bermuda to the UK, and in October, it completed the return trip to become the first autonomous vehicle to cross

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5418-424: The 1870s to 1900, when steamships began to outpace them economically because of their ability to keep a schedule regardless of the wind. Steel hulls also replaced iron hulls at around the same time. Even into the twentieth century, sailing ships could hold their own on transoceanic voyages such as Australia to Europe, since they did not require bunkerage for coal nor fresh water for steam, and they were faster than

5547-617: The 1920s and 1930s was made possible through private donors, such as Edward Turner Sims's two daughters Mary and Margaret for the construction of the university library, to fulfil a request in his will, and from the people of Southampton, enabling new buildings on both sides of University Road. During World War II the university suffered damage in the Southampton Blitz with bombs landing on the campus and its halls of residence. The college decided against evacuation, instead expanding its Engineering Department, School of Navigation and developing

5676-437: The 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 15% of Southampton's undergraduates come from independent schools. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 72:7:21 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 53:47. 60.5% of international students enrolled at the institution are from China, the highest proportion out of all mainstream universities in

5805-428: The 20th century.) The earliest image suggesting the use of sail on a boat may be on a piece of pottery from Mesopotamia , dated to the 6th millennium BCE. The image is thought to show a bipod mast mounted on the hull of a reed boat – no sail is depicted. The earliest representation of a sail, from Egypt, is dated to circa 3100 BCE. The Nile is considered a suitable place for early use of sail for propulsion. This

5934-622: The Age of Discovery, sailing ships figured in European voyages around Africa to China and Japan; and across the Atlantic Ocean to North and South America. Later, sailing ships ventured into the Arctic to explore northern sea routes and assess natural resources. In the 18th and 19th centuries sailing vessels made Hydrographic surveys to develop charts for navigation and, at times, carried scientists aboard as with

6063-591: The Atlantic in both directions. The University of Washington and the Saildrone company began a joint venture in 2019 called The Saildrone Pacific Sentinel Experiment, which positioned six saildrones along the west coast of the United States to gather atmospheric and ocean data. A sailing craft's ability to derive power from the wind depends on the point of sail it is on—the direction of travel under sail in relation to

6192-468: The Austronesians, these distinctive characteristics must have been developed at or some time after the beginning of the expansion. They traveled vast distances of open ocean in outrigger canoes using navigation methods such as stick charts . The windward sailing capability of Austronesian boats allowed a strategy of sailing to windward on a voyage of exploration, with a return downwind either to report

6321-639: The Bequest, and a public debate as to how best interpret the language of his Will, the Southampton Corporation choose to create the Institute (rather than a more widely accessible college, that some public figures had lobbied for). On 15 October 1862, the Hartley Institute was opened by the Prime Minister Lord Palmerston in a major civic occasion which exceeded in splendor anything that anyone in

6450-877: The British universities with a campus in Malaysia, UoSM is the only one that is ranked in the world’s top 100 universities and the Top UK University in Malaysia. In 2024, the university was awarded a licence to establish a new campus in Delhi , India. Programmes are planned to begin in 2025. The university will offer BSc programmes in Computer Science, Business Management, Accounting and Finance, and Economics. MSc programmes will be offered in International Management and Finance. The University of Southampton Science Park contains approximately 50 businesses connected to

6579-605: The Chilworth Manor site into a science park and conference venue, opening the National Oceanography Centre at a dockside location and purchasing new land from the City Council for the Arts Faculty and sports fields (at Avenue Campus and Wide Lane, respectively). Under the leadership of then Vice-Chancellor, Sir Howard Newby the university became more focused in encouraging and investment in more and better quality research. In

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6708-539: The Faculty of Health Sciences, although these two faculties have bases on Highfield campus. As a teaching hospital, it is used by a range of undergraduate and postgraduate medical students, research academics and clinicians. The university's involvement began in 1971, when it became the first to house a new school of medicine alongside the universities of Nottingham and Leicester , and currently extends to several operations and specific research centres. The Winchester School of Art, located in central Winchester , houses

6837-580: The Hartley Library and Student Services Centre were both extended and redesigned in 2005 and the Students' Union was also extended in 2002. Other constructions include the Archaeology building on Avenue Campus in 2006 and the Institute of Development Sciences building at Southampton General Hospital in 2007. The university has also significantly redeveloped its Boldrewood Campus which is home to part of

6966-599: The National Oceanography Centre via Wessex Lane Halls, Highfield campus, Portswood , Southampton City Centre and Southampton Central railway station . The other regular routes, the U2 and the U6, run between the City Centre and Bassett Green and Southampton General Hospital respectively. Introduced in 2023, the U7 and U8 lines connect the Highfield campus to Winchester and Chilworth respectively while

7095-638: The Second World War (the original plaque is in St Marys Church, Hook with Warsash). Aldridge, M. H. (1996). A history of the Southampton School of Navigation . The Southampton Institute . Sailing Sailing employs the wind—acting on sails , wingsails or kites —to propel a craft on the surface of the water ( sailing ship , sailboat , raft , windsurfer , or kitesurfer ), on ice ( iceboat ) or on land ( land yacht ) over

7224-664: The Ship Handling Centre at Timsbury Lake. From 1946 to 2017, the School was primarily located at its historic Warsash site, just east of Southampton aside the River Hamble and Warsash village. In 2017, the school transitioned to new facilities, built at a cost of over £43 million in the city centre. Aside from a few remaining practical course facilities, the majority of the Warsash campus is now being converted to private housing. The Southampton School of Navigation originated with

7353-497: The Students' Union) designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott . In 1956, Sir Basil Spence was commissioned to prepare a masterplan of the campus for the foreseeable future. This included incorporating the University Road, that split the 59-acre (24 ha) campus in two and the quarry of Sir Sidney Kimber 's brickyard that itself was split by a stream. Unable to remove the road and the private houses along it, Spence designed many of

7482-416: The UK. In the 2023 international university rankings, Southampton ranked 78th ( QS World University Rankings ) and 108th ( Times Higher Education World University Rankings ). The 2022 Round University Ranking ranked Southampton 72nd globally, and the 2022 CWTS Leiden Ranking placed Southampton 85th worldwide. The 2021 U.S. News & World Report ranks Southampton 97th in the world and 11th in

7611-592: The Union's four media outlets, to any of the 200 affiliated societies and 80 sports. The university owns and operates a sports ground for use by students and also operates a sports centre on the main campus. The University of Southampton has its origin as the Hartley Institution which was formed in 1862 from a benefaction by Henry Robinson Hartley (1777–1850). Hartley had inherited a fortune from two generations of successful wine merchants. At his death in 1850, he left

7740-586: The Vice-Presidents, the Deans and representatives from the academic staff in each faculty and those administrative groups most closely associated with educational activities, and representatives of the Students' Union. The Senate is chaired by the Vice-Chancellor. The university comprises five faculties, each with a number of academic units. This current faculty structure came into effect in 2018, taking over from

7869-488: The angle of a fore-and-aft sail with respect to the apparent wind is controlled with a line, called a "sheet". On points of sail between close-hauled and a broad reach, the goal is typically to create flow along the sail to maximize power through lift. Streamers placed on the surface of the sail, called tell-tales , indicate whether that flow is smooth or turbulent. Smooth flow on both sides indicates proper trim. A jib and mainsail are typically configured to be adjusted to create

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7998-434: The autumn of 1997, the university experienced Britain's worst outbreak of meningitis , with the death of three students. The university responded to the crisis by organising a mass vaccination programme, and later took the ground-breaking decision to offer all new students vaccinations. The university celebrated its Golden Jubilee on 22 January 2002. By this time, Southampton had research income that represented over half of

8127-412: The availability, strength and direction of the wind is key to using its power along the desired course. Ocean currents, tides and river currents may deflect a sailing vessel from its desired course. If the desired course is within the no-go zone, then the sailing craft must follow a zig-zag route into the wind to reach its waypoint or destination. Downwind, certain high-performance sailing craft can reach

8256-400: The boat for the night, and cruising, where one stays aboard. Day-sailing primarily affords experiencing the pleasure of sailing a boat. No destination is required. It is an opportunity to share the experience with others. A variety of boats with no overnight accommodations, ranging in size from 10 feet (3.0 m) to over 30 feet (9.1 m), may be regarded as day sailors. Cruising on

8385-614: The building in March 2018. The Centre for Cancer Immunology is the first of its kind in the UK and contains facilities that will hosts clinical trial units and laboratories that will explore the relationship between cancer and the immune system. The university has seven educational campuses – five in Southampton , one in Winchester , and one international branch in Malaysia . The university operates

8514-436: The buildings facing away from it, using contemporary designs working in concrete, glass and mosaic. During recent decades, new buildings were added that contravened the master plan of Spence, such as the Synthetic Chemistry Building and Mountbatten Building (the latter of which was destroyed by fire in 2005). In 1991, the Highfield Planning Group was formed within the university under the chairmanship of Tim Holt . This led to

8643-401: The campus on the eastern side of Newtown road were sold, together with Golf House, Salterns and Hamblemeads, to fund the Andrews Building in Southampton. By the year 2000 the college had also built three new computer-based training simulators. It was during this period that Warsash Maritime Centre merged with Southampton Solent University to provide governmental sources of funding. The college

8772-400: The chairman of the University Grants Committee). Student accommodation was expanded throughout the 1960s and 1970s with the acquisition of Chilworth manor and new buildings at the Glen Eyre and Montefiore complexes. In 1987, a crisis developed when the University Grants Committee announced, as part of nationwide cutbacks, a series of reductions in the funding of the university. To eliminate

8901-441: The college expanded to accommodate day cadets and courses for civil air navigation. It was during this time that Captain Whalley Wakeford was appointed as head of the school. Residential cadet courses began in 1937 with cadets completing a sea preparatory course. By 1939 there were 19 cadets, 129 day students and 15 staff and the school moved to a new home at South Stoneham House in Swaythling where it remained until 1946. During

9030-460: The college now officially recorded as the Southampton School of Navigation). In 1957 a new building programme at the college began (to replace the existing temporary WW2 structures). Three new residential blocks were created, as well as a refectory building and a new teaching block (including the Whalley Wakeford lecture theatre). One accommodation block Shackleton was finished in 1960 and won a Royal Institute of British Architects gold medal. By 1967

9159-401: The council; (3) four members appointed by the Senate; (4) one member of the non-teaching staff; (5) the President of the Students' Union. The Senate is the university's primary academic authority, with responsibilities which include the direction and regulation of education and examinations, the award of degrees, and the promotion of research. The Senate has approximately 65 members, including

9288-623: The course. This combination of forces means that it is possible to sail an upwind course as well as downwind. The course with respect to the true wind direction (as would be indicated by a stationary flag) is called a point of sail . Conventional sailing craft cannot derive wind power on a course with a point of sail that is too close into the wind. Throughout history, sailing was a key form of propulsion that allowed for greater mobility than travel over land. This greater mobility increased capacity for exploration, trade, transport, warfare, and fishing, especially when compared to overland options. Until

9417-507: The death of a Southampton wine merchant Henry Robinson Hartley, in 1850. He bequeathed £42,524 to the Southampton Corporation which they received some years later. After advice from the Secretary of the Department of Science , Lyon Playfair , it was decided that a School of Navigation should be set up, which would be fitting with the recent development of Southampton as a great seaport . After

9546-479: The delivery by sailing ships of the large amounts of grain needed. It has been estimated that it cost less for a sailing ship of the Roman Empire to carry grain the length of the Mediterranean than to move the same amount 15 miles by road. Rome consumed about 150,000 tons of Egyptian grain each year over the first three centuries AD. A similar but more recent trade, in coal, was from the mines situated close to

9675-411: The destination more quickly by following a zig-zag route on a series of broad reaches. Negotiating obstructions or a channel may also require a change of direction with respect to the wind, necessitating changing of tack with the wind on the opposite side of the craft, from before. Changing tack is called tacking when the wind crosses over the bow of the craft as it turns and jibing (or gybing ) if

9804-530: The development of new buildings such as the Jubilee Sports Hall, Student Services Building and the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research . In addition, existing buildings, such as the Hartley Library, were extensively renovated and extended. A new masterplan for the Highfield campus was drawn up in 1998 by Rick Mather , who proposed that the University Road should become a tree-lined boulevard backed by white-rendered buildings. He also contributed some of

9933-462: The early steamers, which usually could barely make 8 knots (15 km/h). Ultimately, the steamships' independence from the wind and their ability to take shorter routes, passing through the Suez and Panama Canals , made sailing ships uneconomical. Until the general adoption of carvel -built ships that relied on an internal skeleton structure to bear the weight of the ship and for gun ports to be cut in

10062-506: The end of fighting, in time for the transfer from the high street premises in 1920. At this time, Highfield Hall, a former country house and overlooking Southampton Common , for which a lease had earlier been secured, commenced use as a hall of residence for female students. South Hill, on what is now the Glen Eyre Halls Complex was also acquired, along with South Stoneham House to house male students. Further expansion through

10191-589: The engineering faculty and to Lloyd's Register's Global Technology Centre. The university joined the Science and Engineering South Consortium (SES) on 9 May 2013. The SES was created to pool the collective insights and resources of the University of Oxford , University of Cambridge , Imperial College London and University College London to innovate and explore new ideas through collaboration whilst providing efficiencies of scale and shared utilisation of facilities. This

10320-424: The expected losses, the budgets and deficits subcommittee proposed reducing staff numbers. This proposal was met with demonstrations on campus and was later reworked (to reduce the redundancies and reallocate the reductions in faculties funding) after being rejected by the university Senate . By the mid-1980s through to the 1990s, the university looked to expand with new buildings on the Highfield campus, developing

10449-537: The final route, the U9, runs an infrequent service between Southampton General hospital and Townhill Park . Students who live in halls of residence provided by the university receive an annual bus pass, allowing them to use all Unilink services for free. Responsibility for running the university is held formally by the Chancellor and led at the executive level by the Vice-Chancellor, currently Prof Mark E. Smith. The key bodies in

10578-404: The free end points into the eye of the wind and must be controlled to avoid a violent change to the other side; square rigs as they present the full area of the sail to the wind from the rear experience little change of operation from one tack to the other; and windsurfers again have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side. Winds and oceanic currents are both

10707-447: The full frontal area of the sail to the wind, when changing from side to side; and windsurfers have flexibly pivoting and fully rotating masts that get flipped from side to side. A sailing craft can travel directly downwind only at a speed that is less than the wind speed. However, some sailing craft such as iceboats , sand yachts , and some high-performance sailboats can achieve a higher downwind velocity made good by traveling on

10836-508: The gun-armed sailing warships of the Age of Sail . Sail was slowly replaced by steam as the method of propulsion for ships over the latter part of the 19th century – seeing a gradual improvement in the technology of steam through a number of developmental steps. Steam allowed scheduled services that ran at higher average speeds than sailing vessels. Large improvements in fuel economy allowed steam to progressively outcompete sail in, ultimately, all commercial situations, giving ship-owning investors

10965-529: The heeling moment and keeping the boat more upright. There are three common methods of reefing the mainsail: Southampton University The University of Southampton (abbreviated as Soton in post-nominal letters ) is a public research university in Southampton , England. Southampton is a founding member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universities in the United Kingdom . The university has seven campuses. The main campus

11094-423: The hull's resistance to heeling, yawing or progress through the water. In their most developed version, square sails are controlled by two each of: sheets, braces, clewlines , and reef tackles, plus four buntlines , each of which may be controlled by a crew member as the sail is adjusted. Towards the end of the Age of Sail, steam-powered machinery reduced the number of crew required to trim sail. Adjustment of

11223-562: The internationally acclaimed manned model training facility from its ship handling training, on scale model vessels in conditions that emulate real-life maritime experiences, on the UK's oldest existing reservoir. Using various ship models, berths, basins and channels on the new lake, a variety of port scenarios, canal transits and berthing operations can be simulated for the ships' deck officers and pilots under training to practise their ship handling skills. Complex and, in real life, potentially hazardous manoeuvres can be practised in safety in

11352-466: The majority of teaching and accommodation facilities at the Warsash campus would be closed, with the school transitioning to new city centre facilities from 2017. The new facilities were officially opened in January 2018 by HRH Anne, Princess Royal and cadets began transitioning to the new site from 2017, with the move completed by 2019. In 2021, Lars Lippuner, a seafarer with a yacht background and previously

11481-519: The manned models making them a key training tool for the shipping industry. Bringing maritime training to Timsbury Lake marks the beginning of a new chapter in Timsbury's history. The 9th century lake has over the years been a source of fish for the monks of Winchester, of water to drive a medieval water mill and the haunt of carp anglers. The ship handling centre has over four miles of waterways and 19 jetties for training. The manned model ship facility remains

11610-402: The mid 19th century. Sail plans with just fore-and-aft sails ( schooners ), or a mixture of the two ( brigantines , barques and barquentines ) emerged. Coastal top-sail schooners with a crew as small as two managing the sail handling became an efficient way to carry bulk cargo, since only the fore-sails required tending while tacking and steam-driven machinery was often available for raising

11739-571: The mid-1990s, the university gained two new campuses, as the Winchester School of Art and La Sainte Union College became part of the university. A new school for Nursing and Midwifery was also created and went on to provide training for NHS professionals in central-southern England. This involved a huge increase in student numbers and the establishment of sub-campuses in Basingstoke , Winchester , Portsmouth and Newport, Isle of Wight . In

11868-416: The motive power for the sails on any given point of sail. It varies from being the true wind velocity of a stopped craft in irons in the no-go zone, to being faster than the true wind speed as the sailing craft's velocity adds to the true windspeed on a reach. It diminishes towards zero for a craft sailing dead downwind. Sailing craft A is close-hauled. Sailing craft B is on a beam reach. Sailing craft C

11997-610: The need to raise additional funds the school was eventually finished in 1902. It was granted university college status and known as the Hartley Institute, based in South Hill in the city of Southampton. In 1932 the school was expanded when it merged with the Gilchrist Navigation school. At that time the school was confined to preparing students for Board of Trade certificate examinations for Mate, Master and Extra Master. 51 students were taught at this time by only two staff. In 1934

12126-517: The new site of the renamed Southampton University College. However, the outbreak of the First World War six weeks later meant no lectures could take place there, as the buildings were handed over by the college authorities for use as a military hospital. To cope with the volume of casualties, wooden huts were erected at the rear of the building. These were donated to university by the War Office after

12255-591: The newer buildings such as the Zepler and Gower Buildings. Avenue Campus is currently home to the Faculty of Humanities, with the exception of Music, and is located a short distance away from the main Highfield campus. The site previously housed the Southampton Tramsheds and Richard Taunton's College , of which the existing building still stands on the site. It was purchased by the university from Southampton City Council for £2 million in December 1993 so that

12384-540: The only one in the United Kingdom. It is also one of only five such facilities in the world. Alumni are able to join The Warsash Association which has a worldwide membership of 425 (as of February 2011) including overseas branches in Australia and New Zealand. The Warsash Association was established in 1984 and in 2013 presented a memorial plaque to the school citing the 13 Warsash cadets who lost their lives during

12513-400: The rate of Master Mariner . Until 2017, cadets had three main accommodation blocks at the college (Hamblemeads, Blyth, Shackleton). All phase 1 cadets were required to stay in either Blyth or Shackleton accommodation blocks; although some senior cadets in later phases may be required/able to move into one of the main student hall complexes at Solent University . In 2016, it was announced that

12642-416: The result of the sun powering their respective fluid media. Wind powers the sailing craft and the ocean bears the craft on its course, as currents may alter the course of a sailing vessel on the ocean or a river. Trimming refers to adjusting the lines that control sails, including the sheets that control angle of the sails with respect to the wind, the halyards that raise and tighten the sail, and to adjusting

12771-404: The sailing ships during this time period were the merchant ships. By 1500, Gun ports allowed sailing vessels to sail alongside an enemy vessel and fire a broadside of multiple cannon. This development allowed for naval fleets to array themselves into a line of battle , whereby, warships would maintain their place in the line to engage the enemy in a parallel or perpendicular line. While

12900-459: The sails and the anchor. Iron-hulled sailing ships represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other sail plans . They carried bulk cargoes between continents. Iron-hulled sailing ships were mainly built from

13029-989: The school until its closure in 2009. The university opened its first international campus in Iskandar Puteri , Malaysia, as the University of Southampton Malaysia in October 2012. Located in the state of Johor near the southwestern tip of Malaysia, the campus is located within EduCity in Iskandar Puteri - a new city comprising universities and institutes of higher education, academia-industry action and R&D centres, as well as student accommodation, shared sports and recreational facilities. The campus operates courses in engineering, it offers an Engineering foundation year programme and MEng programmes in Aeronautics and Astronautics , Mechanical Engineering and Electrical and Electronic Engineering. All programmes have been approved by

13158-413: The shape of the boat, especially with a catamaran. As the boat points off the wind, lateral force and the forces required to resist it become less important. On ice boats, lateral forces are countered by the lateral resistance of the blades on ice and their distance apart, which generally prevents heeling. Wind and currents are important factors to plan on for both offshore and inshore sailing. Predicting

13287-614: The shape of the sail, notably the outhaul , halyard , boom vang and backstay . These control the curvature that is appropriate to the windspeed, the higher the wind, the flatter the sail. When the wind strength is greater than these adjustments can accommodate to prevent overpowering the sailing craft, then reducing sail area through reefing , substituting a smaller sail or by other means. Reducing sail on square-rigged ships could be accomplished by exposing less of each sail, by tying it off higher up with reefing points. Additionally, as winds get stronger, sails can be furled or removed from

13416-440: The side, sailing ships were just vehicles for delivering fighters to the enemy for engagement. Early Phoenician, Greek, Roman galleys would ram each other, then pour onto the decks of the opposing force and continue the fight by hand, meaning that these galleys required speed and maneuverability. This need for speed translated into longer ships with multiple rows of oars along the sides, known as biremes and triremes . Typically,

13545-444: The significant improvements in land transportation that occurred during the 19th century, if water transport was an option, it was faster, cheaper and safer than making the same journey by land. This applied equally to sea crossings, coastal voyages and use of rivers and lakes. Examples of the consequences of this include the large grain trade in the Mediterranean during the classical period . Cities such as Rome were totally reliant on

13674-402: The spars, entirely until the vessel is surviving hurricane-force winds under "bare poles". On fore-and-aft rigged vessels, reducing sail may furling the jib and by reefing or partially lowering the mainsail, that is reducing the area of a sail without actually changing it for a smaller sail. This results both in a reduced sail area but also in a lower centre of effort from the sails, reducing

13803-434: The speed between the starting and ending points of the route is called the speed made good and is calculated by the distance between the two points, divided by the travel time. The limiting line to the waypoint that allows the sailing vessel to leave it to leeward is called the layline . Whereas some Bermuda-rigged sailing yachts can sail as close as 30° to the wind, most 20th-Century square riggers are limited to 60° off

13932-649: The total income. In recent years a number of new landmark buildings have been added as part of the estates development. New constructions on the main campus include the Jubilee Sports Complex in 2004, the EEE (ECS, Education and Entrance) building in 2007, the new Mountbatten building in 2008 housing the School of Electronics and Computer Science following a fire and the Life Sciences building in 2010. In addition,

14061-530: The town could remember. After initial years of financial struggle, the Hartley Institute became the Hartley College in 1883. This move was followed by increasing numbers of students, teaching staff, an expansion of the facilities and registered lodgings for students. In 1902, the Hartley College became the Hartley University College , a degree awarding branch of the University of London . This

14190-416: The true wind direction over the surface. The principal points of sail roughly correspond to 45° segments of a circle, starting with 0° directly into the wind. For many sailing craft, the arc spanning 45° on either side of the wind is a "no-go" zone, where a sail is unable to mobilize power from the wind. Sailing on a course as close to the wind as possible—approximately 45°—is termed "close-hauled". At 90° off

14319-412: The university could expand – planning regulations meant that excess land on the Highfield campus couldn't be built on and had to be reserved for future car parking spaces. The car parking spaces have now been built. The departments moved onto the campus in 1996. The campus consists of the original Tauntons building from the early 20th century but redeveloped with a glass-fronted courtyard and extension and

14448-622: The university governance structure are the Council and Senate. The Council is the governing body of the university. It is ultimately responsible for the overall planning and management of the university. The council is also responsible for ensuring that the funding made available to the university by the Higher Education Funding Council for England is used as prescribed. The council is composed of members from 5 different classes, namely (1) officers; (2) eight lay members appointed by

14577-519: The university operates a School of Art based in nearby Winchester and an international branch in Malaysia offering courses in Engineering. In 2024, the university was the first in the UK to be awarded a licence to establish a campus in India . Each campus is equipped with its own library facilities. The annual income of the institution for 2022–23 was £722.4 million of which £122.1 million

14706-521: The university's arts and textiles courses that are part of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The school itself was established in the 1960s and was integrated into the University of Southampton in 1996. The campus contains the original school buildings from the 1960s, in addition to structures built when the merger occurred and in 1998 when the Textile Conservation Centre moved to the site from Hampton Court Palace . The centre remained with

14835-518: The university. Originally established in 1983 as Chilworth Science Park, named after the manor house that is now a luxury hotel and conference centre, the park houses business incubator units to help these companies. The companies occupying the park range in expertise and fields including oil and gas exploration, pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology and optoelectronics , with three of the twelve successful spin-out companies created since 2000 being floated on London's Alternative Investment Market (AIM) with

14964-597: The university. Student and staff numbers grew throughout the next couple of decades as a response to the Robbins Report . The campus also grew significantly, when in July 1961 the university was given the approval to acquire some 200 houses on or near the campus by the Borough Council. In addition, more faculties and departments were founded, including Medicine and Oceanography (despite the discouragement of Sir John Wolfenden ,

15093-427: The use of sailing vessels for commerce or naval power has been supplanted with engine-driven vessels, there continue to be commercial operations that take passengers on sailing cruises. Modern navies also employ sailing vessels to train cadets in seamanship . Recreation or sport accounts for the bulk of sailing in modern boats. Recreational sailing can be divided into two categories, day-sailing, where one gets off

15222-574: The use of the week-based sea training out in the Solent also came to an end. Previously the college had its own small sized training vessels – Moyana (which, having won the Sail Training Association's first Tall Ships Race from Torbay to Lisbon in 1956 sank without loss of life on her return passage to the UK) and Halcyon which is now privately owned by Halcyon Yacht Charter. In 1986 the college went through

15351-675: The voyages of James Cook and the Second voyage of HMS Beagle with naturalist Charles Darwin . In the early 1800s, fast blockade-running schooners and brigantines— Baltimore Clippers —evolved into three-masted, typically ship-rigged sailing vessels with fine lines that enhanced speed, but lessened capacity for high-value cargo, like tea from China. Masts were as high as 100 feet (30 m) and were able to achieve speeds of 19 knots (35 km/h), allowing for passages of up to 465 nautical miles (861 km) per 24 hours. Clippers yielded to bulkier, slower vessels, which became economically competitive in

15480-402: The wind passes over the stern. A sailing craft can sail on a course anywhere outside of its no-go zone. If the next waypoint or destination is within the arc defined by the no-go zone from the craft's current position, then it must perform a series of tacking maneuvers to get there on a zigzag route, called beating to windward . The progress along that route is called the course made good ;

15609-419: The wind, a craft is on a "beam reach". At 135° off the wind, a craft is on a "broad reach". At 180° off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is "running downwind". In points of sail that range from close-hauled to a broad reach, sails act substantially like a wing, with lift predominantly propelling the craft. In points of sail from a broad reach to down wind, sails act substantially like

15738-540: The wind. Fore-and-aft rigs are designed to operate with the wind on either side, whereas square rigs and kites are designed to have the wind come from one side of the sail only. Because the lateral wind forces are highest when sailing close-hauled, the resisting water forces around the vessel's keel, centerboard, rudder and other foils must also be highest in order to limit sideways motion or leeway . Ice boats and land yachts minimize lateral motion with resistance from their blades or wheels. Tacking or coming about

15867-673: The world. Circular routes exist between the Americas and Europe, and between South Africa and South America. There are many routes from the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia to island destinations in the South Pacific. Some cruisers circumnavigate the globe. Sailing as a sport is organized on a hierarchical basis, starting at the yacht club level and reaching up into national and international federations; it may entail racing yachts , sailing dinghies , or other small, open sailing craft, including iceboats and land yachts. Sailboat racing

15996-504: Was after inspection of the teaching and finances by the University College Grants Committee, and donations from Council members (including William Darwin the then Treasurer). An increase in student numbers in the following years motivated fund raising efforts to move the college to greenfield land around Back Lane (now University Road) in the Highfield area of Southampton. On 20 June 1914, Viscount Haldane opened

16125-406: Was decided the school should be moved to a larger campus, which incorporated the existing HMS Tormentor operations base, just outside the village of Warsash . At the request of the United States a special navigation course was provided in 1945 for naval officers stationed in the United Kingdom. By 1946 the entire school had moved to Warsash and included over 316 students and 32 staff (with the name of

16254-482: Was established. On 29 April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II granted the University of Southampton a royal charter , the first to be given to a university during her reign, which enabled it to award degrees. Six faculties were created: Arts, Science, Engineering, Economics, Education and Law. The first University of Southampton degrees were awarded on 4 July 1953, following the appointment of the Duke of Wellington as Chancellor of

16383-477: Was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £631.3 million. The University of Southampton currently has 14,705 undergraduate and 7,960 postgraduate students, making it the largest university by higher education students in the South East region. The University of Southampton Students' Union , provides support, representation and social activities for the students ranging from involvement in

16512-471: Was invented by Richard Jenkins , a British engineer, founder and CEO of Saildrone, Inc. Saildrones have been used by scientists and research organizations like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to survey the marine ecosystem, fisheries, and weather. In January 2019, a small fleet of saildrones was launched to attempt the first autonomous circumnavigation of Antarctica. One of

16641-833: Was renamed Warsash Maritime Academy, and then in 2019 after relocating to Southampton's Solent University campus, the Warsash School of Maritime Science and Engineering which it is now known as today. The college now accommodates thousands of students throughout the year. Yearly cadets intakes follow two routes as set out by the MCA and are based on the Foundation Degree or Higher National Diploma Route. They specialise in either Deck Operations, Engineering or Electronics. The Academy also runs additional training courses, including specialist STCW courses such as firefighting, sea survival and first aid. The Academy also continues to train officers up to

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