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54-465: Waren may refer to: Waren (Müritz) a town and climatic spa in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany Waren (port) , a seaport in Northumberland, England Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Waren . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

108-461: A cross-ribbed vaulted ceiling. The building is made of brick. The square West Tower is from 1414. In 1699 it was ravaged by fire, and was not rebuilt until the mid-19th century. The altar , pulpit and double rood loft ( Doppelempore ) were fashioned in the neogothic style. The altar portrays a crucifixion group with Mary, Mary Magdalene and John. It was carved by a Tyrolean carver. The parish of St. George has about 2,300 members. St. Mary's Church

162-452: A cannon and three machine guns to open fire on the town from Gallows Hill ( Galgenberg ), resulting in five deaths and eleven seriously wounded. After the putsch was suppressed, both men fled to Munich and Austria and the family seat was seized by the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . At the back of Waren Town Hall , a bullet hole can still be seen today as reminder of the affair. In 1920

216-554: A castle and a Slavic village by settlers from Westphalia . The original town sprang up around St. George's Church, on the Old Market ( Alter Markt ) in the Old Town ( Altstadt ). St. George's was first mentioned in 1273. On Alter Markt (today: Alter Markt 14 ) was the first town hall. A little later the New Town ( Neustadt ) was founded around St. Mary's Church, which was merged in 1325 with

270-689: A plant in Waren, the Mecklenburgische Metallwarenfabrik Waren or Memefa , which belonged to the Quandt Group. Several thousand POWs , as well as men and women from the countries occupied by Germany, were used as forced labourers there, working sometimes in inhumane conditions. To provide works housing for the German workforce, from 1936 to 1941, a new residential area, the Westsiedlung ,

324-407: A role in displaying the power and wealth of the local inhabitants and as a line of demarcation between the town and the countryside. According to Jane McIntosh, the "impressive ramparts with elaborate gateways ... were probably as much for show and for controlling the movement of people and goods as for defense". Some of the oppida fortifications were built on an immense scale. Construction of

378-715: Is a conventional term for large fortified settlements associated with the Celtic La Tène culture . In his Commentarii de Bello Gallico , Julius Caesar described the larger Celtic Iron Age settlements he encountered in Gaul during the Gallic Wars in 58 to 52 BC as oppida . Although he did not explicitly define what features qualified a settlement to be called an oppidum , the main requirements emerge. They were important economic sites, places where goods were produced, stored and traded, and sometimes Roman merchants had settled and

432-761: Is a number of official parks around Waren, such as the Nossentiner/Schwinzer Heath Nature Park or the Müritz National Park . On the Damerower Werder, which belongs to the parish of Jabel, there is an enclosure of European Bison which is open to visitors. In the historic town centre of Waren (Müritz) are many restaurants, cafés, bars and several shopping streets. The Müritzeum is the biggest freshwater aquarium for native fish species in Germany and has an interactive, multimedia exhibition of

486-412: Is a rectangular, single-aisled, brick building in the east of the Old Town. The so-called New Town ( Neustadt ) was founded around it. The West Tower with its very striking upper section was built in the early 14th century, the upper part itself dating to 1790–1972. The rectangular fieldstone chancel is made from the remains of the former castle chapel of Waren Castle which no longer exists but stood on what

540-473: Is also reflected in the archaeological evidence. According to Fichtl (2018), in the first century BC Gaul was divided into around sixty civitates (the term used by Caesar) or 'autonomous city-states', which were mostly organized around one or more oppida . In some cases, "one of these can be regarded effectively as a capital." Oppida continued in use until the Romans began conquering Iron Age Europe. Even in

594-674: Is also used more widely to characterize any fortified prehistoric settlement. For example, significantly older hill-top structures like the one at Glauberg (6th or 5th century BC) have been called oppida . Such wider use of the term is, for example, common in the Iberian archaeology; in the descriptions of the Castro culture it is commonly used to refer to the settlements going back to the 9th century BC. The Spanish word castro , also used in English, means 'a walled settlement' or 'hill fort', and this word

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648-453: Is flexible and fortified sites as small as 2 hectares (4.9 acres) have been described as oppida . However, the term is not always rigorously used, and it has been used to refer to any hill fort or circular rampart dating from the La Tène period. One of the effects of the inconsistency in definitions is that it is uncertain how many oppida were built. In European archaeology, the term oppida

702-506: Is now Große Burgstraße . This is dated to the beginning of the 13th century. The windows of the sacristy, in Romanesque style, have survived. Waren (Müritz) station offers fast rail connections to Rostock at the Baltic Sea , Berlin , Leipzig and Munich . Within the town a network of buses is available. Several regional buses connect the town to almost every village in the district and

756-655: Is often used interchangeably with oppidum by archaeologists. What was swept away in Northern Europe by the Roman Conquest was itself a dynamic indigenous culture extending across the transalpine landmass, usually known today as that of the Celts. The proto-urban Oppida – a Latin word used by Julius Caesar himself – remain one of the most striking manifestations of this pre-Roman northern European civilization. According to pre-historian John Collis , oppida extend as far east as

810-477: The insulae of Roman cities (Variscourt). Little is known, however, about the purpose of any public buildings. The main features of the oppida are the walls and gates, the spacious layout, and usually a commanding view of the surrounding area. The major difference with earlier structures was their much larger size. Earlier hill forts were mostly just a few hectares in area, whilst oppida could encompass several dozen or even hundreds of hectares. They also played

864-618: The Bituriges and 12 of the Helvetii , twice the number of fortified settlements of these groups known today. That implies that Caesar likely counted some unfortified settlements as oppida . A similar ambiguity is in evidence in writing by the Roman historian Livy , who also used the word for both fortified and unfortified settlements. In his work Geographia , Ptolemy listed the coordinates of many Celtic settlements. However, research has shown many of

918-504: The Hungarian plain where other settlement types take over. Around 200 oppida are known today. Central Spain has sites similar to oppida, but while they share features such as size and defensive ramparts the interior was arranged differently. Oppida feature a wide variety of internal structures, from continuous rows of dwellings ( Bibracte ) to more widely spaced individual estates ( Manching ). Some oppida had internal layouts resembling

972-630: The Obodrites family. The Werle castle probably stood south of St. Mary's on Burgstraße . As a result of major fires in 1568, 1637, 1671, 1673 and 1699 and the Thirty Years' War the town was frequently devastated. The first town hall stood on the Alter Markt and then in the middle on the Neuer Markt . The present town hall on Neuer Markt was built from 1791 to 1797 and extended in 1857. In 1806 there

1026-505: The Roman legions could obtain supplies. They were also political centres, the seat of authorities who made decisions that affected large numbers of people, such as the appointment of Vercingetorix as head of the Gallic revolt in 52 BC. Caesar named 28 oppida . By 2011, only 21 of these had been positively identified by historians and archaeologists: either there was a traceable similarity between

1080-642: The Slavic language and mean place of crows or ravens . Its name may also come from the Germanic tribe of Warini . The name was formerly spelt Wahren , Warne or, in Latin, Warnae . In 1914 the place was given the official name Waren (Müritz) (Müritz, the name of the lake, comes from the Wend word Morcze = German: Meer = "sea"). The medieval town was founded around 1260 on the trade route from Stargard Land to Wismar near

1134-693: The Trinovantes and at times the Catuvellauni , made use of natural defences enhanced with earthworks to protect itself. The site was protected by two rivers on three of its sides, with the River Colne bounding the site to the north and east, and the Roman River forming the southern boundary; the extensive bank and ditch earthworks topped with palisades were constructed to close off the open western gap between these two river valleys. These earthworks are considered

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1188-482: The 1st century AD. Oppidum is a Latin word meaning 'defended (fortified) administrative centre or town', originally used in reference to non-Roman towns as well as provincial towns under Roman control. The word is derived from the earlier Latin ob-pedum , 'enclosed space', possibly from the Proto-Indo-European * pedóm- , 'occupied space' or 'footprint'. In modern archaeological usage oppidum

1242-666: The 7km-long murus gallicus at Manching required an estimated 6,900 m of stones for the façade alone, up to 7.5 tons of iron nails, 90,000 m of earth and stones for the fill between the posts and 100,000 m of earth for the ramp. In terms of labour, some 2,000 people would have been needed for 250 days. The 5.5km-long murus gallicus of Bibracte may have required 40 to 60 hectares of mature oak woodland to be clear-felled for its construction. However, size and construction of oppida varied considerably. Typically oppida in Bohemia and Bavaria were much larger than those found in

1296-416: The Latin and the modern name of the locality (e.g. Civitas Aurelianorum - Orléans ), or excavations had provided the necessary evidence (e.g. Alesia ). Most of the places that Caesar called oppida were city-sized fortified settlements. However, Geneva , for example, was referred to as an oppidum , but no fortifications dating to this period have yet been discovered there. Caesar also refers to 20 oppida of

1350-671: The Navy. During the Second World War a naval hospital was set up in the Müritzhöhe spa centre. In addition, during the final months of the war, the primary school ( Volksschule ) on Denkmalstraße , the grammar school and the Warener Hof hotel became emergency wards. On 1 May 1945 the Red Army occupied the town without a fight. In October, Friedrich Dethloff (KPD) became the new mayor, by order of

1404-575: The Old Town. Its new centre was New Market ( Neue Markt ), which joined the Old and New Towns. A town wall ran around the town. In 1292 Waren was described for the first time as civitas (which meant it now had town rights ) and from 1331 as oppidum (small town). In 1306 the town was given fishing rights on Lake Müritz. From 1347 to 1425 Waren was the Residenz of a branch of the House of Werle who were part of

1458-644: The Rosengarten Fishery. The Roman Catholic Church was consecrated on 15 September 1929. At the district elections on 1 November 1931, the Nazis were the largest party. They filled the post of district chief executive ( Amtshauptmann ) on 1 April 1932 and mayor in December 1932. During the Nazi era , Jewish townsfolk were persecuted, expelled and murdered in concentration camps. The Jewish community, which had numbered 150 in

1512-467: The Soviet Union. The Rostock to Neustrelitz railway and the sections of line from Malchow to Karow and Möllenhagen to Neubrandenburg were closed and the track removed. In the 1970s, large parts of the historic old town were demolished; sacrificed for a large-scale new traffic system. This devastation resulted in a raising of awareness in Waren among many of the residents, especially for the preservation of

1566-492: The Soviet military commander. The Soviet NKVD centre at Kietzstraße 10 , the "House of Horrors", was known for its tough interrogation and torture. By the end of the year, over 6,000 refugees from the eastern territories had entered the town. By the spring of 1946, there was a typhus epidemic that claimed many victims. The facilities of the "Memefa" and the steam mill and Thiele Buggisch were dismantled as war reparations and sent to

1620-579: The attractions and features of the Müritz region and Müritz National Park. At the same time the Müritzeum acts as an information- and nature experience centre for the Mecklenburg Lake District as a whole. Over 40 species of fish from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania may be seen. St. George's Church dates to the early 14th century and is a three-aisled basilica with a four-bayed nave , that is covered by

1674-533: The earth and stone ramparts, called Pfostenschlitzmauer (post slot wall) or " Preist -type wall". In western Europe, especially Gaul, the murus gallicus (a timber frame nailed together, with a stone facade and earth/stone fill), was the dominant form of rampart construction. Dump ramparts, that is earth unsupported by timber, were common in Britain and were later adopted in France. They have been found in particular in

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1728-492: The historic town centre between Lake Müritz and the Tiefwarensee lake was renovated as part of an urban development programme. The town with its two churches, town hall, old and new markets and the stores has been improved. Since 1 May 1999 the town has been able to call itself a "state-approved health resort", but its target is to become a recognised saltwater health spa . (as a 31 December in each case) 1 December There

1782-528: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waren&oldid=1017682023 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Waren (M%C3%BCritz) Waren lies on Lake Müritz , the largest inland lake lying entirely within Germany, which has an area of 117 square kilometres (45 square miles). It also lies on

1836-661: The localisations of Ptolemy to be erroneous, making the identification of any modern location with the names he listed highly uncertain and speculative. An exception to that is the oppidum of Brenodurum at Bern , which was confirmed by an archaeological discovery. In archaeology and prehistory, the term oppida now refers to a category of settlement; it was first used in that sense by Paul Reinecke , Joseph Déchelette and Wolfgang Dehn  [ de ] in reference to Bibracte , Manching , and Závist . In particular, Dehn suggested defining an oppidum by four criteria: In current usage, most definitions of oppida emphasise

1890-656: The middle of the 19th century, had dwindled by April 1938 to nine. The old synagogue was sold in 1936 to a private owner, so that it was not destroyed by the Nazis. However, the Jewish cemetery was desecrated and destroyed in the November Pogrom of 1938. Since 1961 a memorial has commemorated it. In 1942 there were no Jews left in Waren. From 1936 the Dürener Metallwerke (suppliers to the military aircraft industry) established

1944-727: The most extensive of their kind in Britain, and together with the two rivers enclosed the high status farmsteads, burial grounds, religious sites, industrial areas, river port and coin mint of the Trinovantes. Prehistoric Europe saw a growing population. According to Jane McIntosh, in about 5,000 BC during the Neolithic between 2 million and 5 million people lived in Europe; in the late (pre-Roman) Iron Age (2nd and 1st centuries BC) it had an estimated population of around 15 to 30 million. Outside Greece and Italy, which were more densely populated,

1998-429: The north and west of France. Typically oppida in Britain are small, but there is a group of large oppida in the south east; though oppida are uncommon in northern Britain, Stanwick stands out as an unusual example as it covers 350 hectares (860 acres). Dry stone walls supported by a bank of earth, called Kelheim ramparts, were characteristic of oppida in central Europe. To the east, timbers were often used to support

2052-475: The north-west and central regions of France and were combined with wide moats ("Type Fécamp"). Oppida can be divided into two broad groups, those around the Mediterranean coast and those further inland. The latter group were larger, more varied, and spaced further apart. In Britain the oppidum of Camulodunon (modern Colchester , built between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD), tribal capital of

2106-526: The presence of fortifications, so they are different from undefended farms or settlements, and urban characteristics, marking them as separate from hill forts . They are often described as 'the first cities north of the Alps', though earlier examples of urbanism in temperate Europe are also known. The 2nd and 1st centuries BC places them in the period known as La Tène . A notional minimum size of 15 to 25 hectares (37 to 62 acres) has often been suggested, but that

2160-582: The remaining, often centuries-old buildings of the Old Town. A citizen's movement "Save the Old Town" was established long before the Berlin Wall fell and the border re-opened and their work has contributed greatly to the charm of the town centre today. During the Cold War , Waren was home to one of the four central nuclear missile depots of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany . In 1991, after German reunification ,

2214-455: The settlement to dominate nearby trade routes and may also have been important as a symbol of control of the area. For instance at the oppidum of Ulaca in Spain the height of the ramparts is not uniform: those overlooking the valley are considerably higher than those facing towards the mountains in the area. The traditional explanation is that the smaller ramparts were unfinished because the region

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2268-826: The shores of several smaller lakes: the Kölpinsee , the Tiefwarensee , the Feisnecksee , the Melzer See and the Waupacksee . In the middle of the town is the Herrensee . The town's borough includes the town of Waren (Müritz) itself, as well as the villages of Warenshof, Alt Falkenhagen, Neu Falkenhagen, Jägerhof, Rügeband, Schwenzin, Eldenholz and Eldenburg. The town is divided into the following quarters: Waren (along with Gnoien , Bützow and several other settlements that cannot be placed)

2322-484: The town began raising a spa tax. On 3 December 1920 Waren became the county town of the county of Waren . On 11 November 1925 the sub-district ( Amt ) of Röbel was incorporated into the Amt of Waren. In 1925 the first electric lights were lit. In the same year Waren Harbour reached its economic peak – 188 ships arrived and 208 departed handling a total of 22,330 tonnes of goods. In 1927 the following big firms were operating in

2376-671: The town harbour; the brewery closed again in 1920. In 1869 the grammar school ( Gymnasium ) opened, initially as a progymnasium , (today it is the Richard Wossidlo Grammar School). In 1848–49 the country road ( Chaussee ) from Malchow via Waren to Neubrandenburg was built and, with its connexion to the Waren–Malchin railway in 1879, Waren developed into a transport hub . In 1885 the Mecklenburg Southern Railway from Parchim via Waren to Neubrandenburg

2430-700: The town: the Naschkatze dairy, the Piechatzek engineering works and iron foundry (today Mecklenburger Metallguss ), the Steinborn steam-powered sawmill and the Thiele und Buggisch mill. There was also a milk exporting concern, Natura , a potato factory, the Strubelt steam-powered sawmill, a gas works and a fish-processing plant. There were 14 construction businesses, a roofing felt company, five mills, two cement factories and

2484-539: The towns in the surroundings. There are also boat connections to Klink , Röbel , Malchow , Plau and Land Fleesensee via the lakes of the lake district. Waren is twinned with: Oppidum An oppidum ( pl. : oppida ) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town. Oppida are primarily associated with the Celtic late La Tène culture , emerging during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, spread across Europe, stretching from Britain and Iberia in

2538-458: The vast majority of settlements in the Iron Age were small, with perhaps no more than 50 inhabitants. While hill forts could accommodate up to 1,000 people, oppida in the late Iron Age could reach as large as 10,000 inhabitants. Oppida originated in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Most were built on fresh sites, usually on an elevated position. Such a location would have allowed

2592-472: The west to the edge of the Hungarian Plain in the east. These settlements continued to be used until the Romans conquered Southern and Western Europe. Many subsequently became Roman-era towns and cities, whilst others were abandoned. In regions north of the rivers Danube and Rhine , such as most of Germania , where the populations remained independent from Rome, oppida continued to be used into

2646-515: Was a milestone in the urbanisation of the continent as they were among the first large settlements north of the Alps that could genuinely be described as towns or cities (earlier sites include the 'Princely Seats' of the Hallstatt period ). Caesar pointed out that each tribe of Gaul would have several oppida but that they were not all of equal importance, implying a form of settlement hierarchy , with some oppida serving as regional capitals. This

2700-509: Was built. For this the Berlin architect, Günther Paul (1898–1976), designed multi-family houses (in Thomas-Mann-Straße, Friedrich-Engels-Platz and Clara Zetkin-Straße ), semi-detached houses and the so-called foremen's homes. As a result, the population grew by more than 4,000. In Warenshof, a naval base ( Marinenlager ) was established as hutted camp for training the intelligence service of

2754-408: Was fighting in the town and surrounding area between Blücher and the French. The canalisation of the River Elde (1798–1803 and 1831–1837) and the construction of the Bolter Canal (1831–1837) resulted in an economic boom in the town. In 1839 a vocational school was founded. In 1845 the first public baths opened on the Müritz. In 1862 the Birkenstädt Brewery was founded in present-day Müritzstraße by

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2808-496: Was invaded by the Romans; however, archaeologist John Collis dismisses this explanation because the inhabitants managed to build a second rampart extending the site by 20 hectares (49 acres) to cover an area of 80 hectares (200 acres). Instead he believes the role of the ramparts as a status symbol may have been more important than their defensive qualities. While some oppida grew from hill forts, by no means all of them had significant defensive functions. The development of oppida

2862-399: Was mentioned as early as 150 A.D. by the Alexandrine geographer, Claudius Ptolemy , (as Virunum ) and is thus one of the first places on the territory of the modern-day state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania to be recorded. As such, it is featured as a settlement of the Rugii in the historical strategy game Total War: Rome II (as Virunium ). The name of the town could be derived from

2916-443: Was opened and, in 1886, the Lloyd Railway from Neustrelitz via Waren to Rostock followed suit. In 1920 the cavalry captain, Rittmeister Stephan von le Fort (1884–1953) from Gut Boek , gathered a group of Freikorps fighters around him and imposed a state of siege on the town of Waren during the Kapp Putsch on 17 March 1920. On 18 March, he and his cousin, Reichswehr lieutenant Peter Alexander von le Fort, gave orders for

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