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62-643: Wanpaoshan was a small village some 18 miles north of Changchun , in Manchuria , in a low marshy area alongside the Itung river. A group of ethnic Koreans (who were regarded at the time as subjects of the Japanese Empire ) subleased a large tract of land from a local Chinese broker and prepared to irrigate by digging a ditch several kilometers long, extending from the Itung river across a tract of land not included in their lease and occupied by local Chinese farmers. After

124-455: A tabula rasa upon which to construct new and sweeping conceptions of the built environment, the Japanese used the city as a practical laboratory to create two distinct and idealized urban milieus, each appropriate to a particular era. From 1906 to 1931, Changchun served as a key railway town through which the Japanese orchestrated an informal empire. Between 1932 and 1945, the city became home to

186-470: A city proper area of 159 km (61 sq mi). The city is situated at a moderate elevation, ranging from 250 to 350 metres (820 to 1,150 ft) within its administrative region. In the eastern portion of the city, there lies a small area of low mountains, with the Laodaodong Mountain, which has an altitude of 711 meters, being the highest. The city is also situated at the crisscross point of

248-642: A considerable length of the ditch had been dug, the Chinese farmers protested to the Wanpaoshan local authorities, who dispatched police and ordered the Koreans to cease construction at once and leave the area. The Imperial Japanese Consul based at Changchun responded by sending Japanese consular police to protect the Koreans, and both Japanese and Chinese authorities in Changchun agreed to a joint investigation. However, before

310-816: A good example. Changchun expanded rapidly as the junction between of the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway and the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway , remaining the break of gauge point between the Russian and standard gauges into the 1930s, On 10 March 1932 the capital of Manchukuo , a Japan-controlled puppet state in Manchuria , was established in Changchun. The city was then renamed Hsinking ( Chinese : 新京 ; pinyin : Xīnjīng ; Wade–Giles : Hsin-ching ; Japanese : Shinkyō ; literally "New Capital") on 13 March. The Emperor Puyi resided in

372-415: A grandiose new Asian capital. Yet, while the façades in the city and later the capital contrasted markedly, along with the attitudes of the state they upheld, the shifting styles of planning and architecture consistently attempted to represent Japanese rule as progressive, beneficent, and modern. The development of Changchun, in addition to being driven by the railway system, suggested an important period of

434-517: A new building for the museum's collections was completed in 2016 on the city's outskirts in Nanguan District near Jingyuetan Park. Badabu is a group of buildings of the former eight Manchukuo ministries which are Ministry of Public Safety, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture and Education, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Civil Affairs that has recently become

496-572: A population of 5,019,477 in 2020, as the Shuangyang and Jiutai districts are not urbanized yet. It is one of the biggest cities in Northeast China , along with Shenyang , Dalian and Harbin . The name of the city means "long spring" in Chinese . Between 1932 and 1945, Changchun was renamed Xinjing ( Chinese : 新京 ; pinyin : Xīnjīng ; lit. 'new capital') or Hsinking by

558-654: A sightseeing highlight because of their unique combined Chinese, Japanese and Manchurian architecture. Jingyuetan National Forest Park is located to the southeast of the city, and is one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China . The park hosts Vasaloppet China annually. Changchun achieved a gross domestic product (GDP) of RMB332.9 billion in 2010, representing a rise of 15.3 percent year on year. Primary industry output increased by 3.3 percent to RMB25.27 billion. Secondary industry output experienced an increase of 19.0 percent, reaching RMB171.99 billion, while

620-552: A small group of Falun Gong practitioners. These events were depicted in the documentary Eternal Spring . Changchun hosted the 2007 Winter Asian Games . Changchun lies in the middle portion of the Northeast China Plain . Its municipality area is located at latitude 43° 05′−45° 15′ N and longitude 124° 18′−127° 02' E. The total area of Changchun municipality is 20,571 km (7,943 sq mi), including metro areas of 2,583 square kilometres (997 sq mi), and

682-458: A substantial portion of the city's southwest end. Specific brands produced in Changchun include the Red Flag luxury brand, as well as joint ventures with Audi , Volkswagen , and Toyota . In 2012, FAW sold 2.65 million units of auto. The sales revenue of FAW amounted to RMB 408.46 billion, representing a rise of 10.8% on year. As cradle of the auto industry, one of Changchun's better known nicknames

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744-402: Is "China's Detroit". Manufacturing of transportation facilities and machinery is also among Changchun's main industries. 50 percent of China's passenger trains , and 10 percent of tractors are produced in Changchun. Changchun Railway Vehicles , one of the main branches of China CNR Corporation , has a joint venture established with Bombardier Transportation to build Movia metro cars for

806-577: Is heavily concentrated from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 49 percent in July to 69 percent in February, a typical year will see around 2,597 hours of sunshine, and a frost-free period of 140 to 150 days. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −36.5 °C (−34 °F) to 38.0 °C (100 °F). The sub-provincial city of Changchun has direct jurisdiction over 7 districts , 3 county-level cities and 1 County : According to

868-458: Is one of seven districts of the prefecture-level city of Changchun , the capital of Jilin Province , Northeast China , forming part of the city's southeastern suburbs. Despite its name, it lies more than 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of the urban centre. It borders the districts of Erdao to the north and Nanguan to the northwest, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Jilin to

930-511: Is the capital and largest city of Jilin Province in China. Lying in the center of the Songliao Plain , Changchun is administered as a sub-provincial city , comprising 7 districts, 1 county and 3 county-level cities. According to the 2020 census of China, Changchun had a total population of 9,066,906 under its jurisdiction. The city's metro area, comprising 5 districts and 1 development area, had

992-545: The Sixth China Census , the total population of the City of Changchun reached 7.677 million in 2010. The statistics in 2011 estimated the total population to be 7.59 million. The birth rate was 6.08 per thousand and the death rate was 5.51 per thousand. The urban area had a population of 3.53 million people. In 2010 the sex ratio of the city population was 102.10 males to 100 females. As in most of Northeastern China

1054-530: The Chinese Communist Party in 1948 after the five-month Siege of Changchun , and the communist victory was a turning point which allowed an offensive to capture the remainder of Mainland China . Between 10 and 30 percent of the civilian population starved to death under the siege; estimates range from 150,000 to 330,000. As of 2015 the PRC government avoids all mention of the siege. Renamed Changchun by

1116-520: The Guangzhou Metro and Shanghai Metro , and the Tianjin Metro . Foreign direct investment in the city was US$ 3.68 billion in 2012, up 19.6% year on year. In 2004 Coca-Cola set up a bottling plant in the city's ETDZ with an investment of US$ 20 million. Shuangyang Shuangyang District ( simplified Chinese : 双阳区 ; traditional Chinese : 雙陽區 ; pinyin : Shuāngyáng Qū )

1178-551: The Imperial Japanese Army established Unit 100 to develop plague biological weapons , although the declared purpose of Unit 100 was to conduct research about diseases originating from animals . During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and World War II the headquarters of Unit 100 ("Wakamatsu Unit") was located in downtown Hsinking, under command of veterinarian Yujiro Wakamatsu . This facility

1240-609: The Kwantung Army as it became the capital of the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo , occupying modern Northeast China . After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Changchun was established as the provincial capital of Jilin in 1954. Known locally as China's "City of Automobiles", Changchun is an important industrial base with a particular focus on the automotive sector. Because of its key role in

1302-790: The Mukden Incident and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria . According to the New York Times , it was reported in September in Japan that an anti-Korean attack in Ssupingkai resulted in the deaths of 300 Koreans. In November, a Japanese commander in Changchun claimed that in Jilin , Chinese rioters massacred 10,000 Koreans and burnt or looted Korean houses all over the province. Changchun Changchun

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1364-495: The People's Republic of China government , it became the capital of Jilin in 1954. The Changchun Film Studio is also one of the remaining film studios of the era. Changchun Film Festival has become a unique gala for film industries since 1992. From the 1950s, Changchun was designated to become a center for China's automotive industry . Construction of the First Automobile Works (FAW) began in 1953 and production of

1426-509: The Siberian anticyclone , with a January mean temperature of −14.3 °C (6.3 °F). Spring and autumn are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with a prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages 23.7 °C (74.7 °F). Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall

1488-540: The "Russian" Kuancheng Station to the "Japanese" Changchun Station, and vice versa, tracks on the "gauge adapted by the South Manchuria Railway" (i.e. the standard gauge) would continue from Changchun Station to Kuancheng Station. An epidemic of pneumonic plague occurred in surrounding Manchuria from 1910 to 1911, known as the Manchurian plague . It was the worst-ever recorded outbreak of pneumonic plague which

1550-553: The 19th century, the garden city movement , and theories of American cities' planning and design in the 1920s. The city development plan included extensive tree planting. By 1934 Hsinking was known as the Forest Capital with Jingyuetan Park built, which is now China's largest Plantation and a AAAA-rated recreational area. In accordance with the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking, the area of publicly shared land (including

1612-637: The Imperial Palace (Chinese: 帝宮 ; pinyin: Dì gōng ) which is now the Museum of the Manchu State Imperial Palace . During the Manchukuo period, the region experienced harsh suppression, brutal warfare on the civilian population, forced conscription and labor and other Japanese sponsored government brutalities; at the same time a rapid industrialisation and militarisation took place. Hsinking

1674-529: The Imperial Palace, government offices, roads, parks and athletic grounds) in Hsinking was 47 km (18 sq mi), whilst the area of residential, commercial and industrial developments was planned to be 53 km (20 sq mi). However, Hsinking's population exceeded the prediction of 500,000 by 1940. In 1941, the Capital Construction Bureau modified the original plan, which expanded

1736-548: The Japanese police remained on the spot until the Koreans completed the ditch and a dam across the Itung River. Japanese police officers and Koreans were not injured, but several Chinese were injured. Several Chinese were captured, but were brought back by Chinese public security officials. Far more serious than the minor affair between farmers in Manchuria was the public reaction once either false or highly sensationalized accounts of

1798-571: The Jiaqing Emperor selected a small village on the east bank of the Yitong River and named it "Changchun Ting". At the end of the 18th century peasants from overpopulated provinces such as Shandong and Hebei began to settle in the region. In 1889, the village was promoted into a city known as "Changchun Fu". In May 1898, Changchun got its first railway station, located in Kuancheng , part of

1860-517: The Jiefang CA-10 truck, based on the Soviet ZIS-150 started in 1956. Soviet Union lent assistance during these early years, providing technical support, tooling, and production machinery. In 1958, FAW introduced the famous Hongqi (Red Flag) limousines This series of cars are billed as "the official car for minister-level officials". In 2002, the local television broadcast was hijacked by

1922-785: The Nature Index 2024 Science Cities. The city is home to several major universities , notably Jilin University and Northeast Normal University , members of China's prestigious universities in the Double First-Class Construction . Changchun was initially established on imperial decree as a small trading post and frontier village during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor in the Qing dynasty . Trading activities mainly involved furs and other natural products during this period. In 1800,

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1984-466: The Northeast modern architectural culture, reflecting Japanese urban design endeavours and revealing that county's ambition to invade and occupy China. Japanese architecture and culture had been widely applied to Manchukuo to highlight the special status of the Japanese puppet. Urban planning clearly stems from a culture, be it aggressive or creative. Changchun's planning and construction process serves as

2046-457: The SMRAA, which embodied distinctive colonial characteristics. The guiding ideology of the overall design was to build a high standard colonial city with sophisticated facilities, multiple functions and a large scale. Accordingly, nearly ¥7 million on average was allocated on a year-by-year basis for urban planning and construction during the period 1907 to 1931. The comprehensive plan was to ensure

2108-493: The South Manchuria Railway Affiliated Areas (SMRAA). In order to turn Changchun into the centre for extracting the agricultural and mineral resources of Manchuria, Japan developed a blueprint for Changchun and invested heavily in the construction of the city. At the beginning of 1907, as the prelude to, and preparation for, the invasion and occupation of China, Japan initiated the planning programme of

2170-411: The capital of Manchukuo. According to the census in 1934 taken by the police agency, the city's municipal area had 141,712 inhabitants. By 1944 the city's population had risen to 863,607, with 153,614 Japanese settlers . This population made Hsinking the third largest metropolitan city in Manchukuo after Mukden and Harbin, as the metropolitan mainly focused on military and political function. In 1936,

2232-616: The city was captured by the Soviet Red Army and renamed Changchun. The Russians maintained a presence in the city during the Soviet occupation of Manchuria until 1946. National Revolutionary Army forces under Zheng Dongguo occupied the city in 1946, but were unable to hold the countryside against Lin Biao 's People's Liberation Army forces during the Chinese Civil War . The city fell to

2294-469: The comfort required by Japanese employees on Manchurian Railways, build up Changchun into a base for Japanese control of the whole Manchuria in order to provide an effective counterweight to Russia in this area of China. The city's role as a rail hub was underlined in its planning and construction, the main design concepts of which read as follows: under conventional grid pattern terms, two geoplagiotropic boulevards were newly carved eastward and westward from

2356-510: The conflict were published in Japanese and Korean newspapers. After the incident, Japanese authorities had the Chosun Ilbo publish a fabricated report claiming that hundreds of Koreans were killed. A series of anti-Chinese riots erupted throughout Korea, starting at Incheon on July 3. As similar false reports were spread out, riots spread rapidly to other cities on the Korean Peninsula. It

2418-531: The control of State Council of Manchukuo was established to take complete responsibility of the formulation and the implementation of the plan. Kuniaki Koiso , the Chief of Staff of the Kwantung Army , and Yasuji Okamura , the Vice Chief-of-Staff, finalized the plan of a 200 km (77 sq mi) construction area. The Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking was influenced by the renovation plan of Paris in

2480-526: The domestic automobile industry, Changchun was sometimes referred to as the " Detroit of China." Apart from this industrial aspect, Changchun is also one of four "National Garden Cities" awarded by the Ministry of Construction of P.R. China in 2001 due to its high urban greening rate. Changchun is also one of the top 30 cities in the world by scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index according to

2542-403: The energy industry. Changchun is the largest automobile manufacturing, research and development centre in China, producing 9 percent of the country's automobiles in 2009. Changchun is home to China's biggest vehicle producer FAW ( First Automotive Works ) Group, which manufactured the first Chinese truck in 1956 and car in 1958. The automaker's factories and associated housing and services occupy

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2604-559: The ethnic makeup of Changchun is predominantly Han nationality (96.57 percent), with several other minority nationalities . The most commonly spoken dialect in Changchun is the Northeastern Mandarin, which is originated from the mix of several languages spoken by immigrants from Hebei and Shandong . Then, after the PRC was established, the rapid economic growth in Changchun attracted a huge number of immigrants from various places, so

2666-420: The grand square of the new railway station. The two helped form two intersections with the gridded prototypes, which led to two circles of South and West. The two sub-civic centres served as axes on which eight radial roads were blazed that took the shape of a sectoral structure. At that time, the radial circles and the design concept of urban roads were quite advanced and scientific. It activated to great extent

2728-479: The joint investigation could be launched, a party of 400 Chinese farmers whose lands were cut by the irrigation ditch, armed with agricultural implements, pikes and handmade guns, drove the Koreans away and filled in much of the ditch. The Japanese consular police took a shooting stance to disperse the mob and to protect the Korean farmers. Both sides stared at each other for about an hour. The Chinese farmers withdrew, and

2790-402: The meantime, a comprehensive system of judiciary and military police was established which was totally independent of China. That accounted for the widespread nature of military facilities within the urban construction area of 3.967 km (1.532 sq mi), such as the railway garrison, the gendarmerie and the police department, with its 18 local police stations. Perceiving Changchun as

2852-834: The northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas of Changchun is closer to the Mandarin Chinese than the in rural areas because the immigrants had a great impact on the northeastern dialect spoken in urban areas. Changchun has four major religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, and Islam. There are 396 government-approved places for religious activities and worship services. The temples in Changchun include Changchun Wanshou Temple, Baoguo Prajna Temple, Baiguo Xinglong Temple, Pumen Temple, Big Buddha Temple, Changchun Temple, Changchun Catholic Church , Changchun West Wuma Road Christian Church , and Changchun City Mosque. Shamanism had been circulated in Northeast China during ancient times and

2914-637: The railway from Harbin to Lüshun (the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway ), constructed by the Russian Empire . After Russia's loss of the southernmost section of this branch as a result of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Kuancheng station (Kuanchengtze, in contemporary spelling) became the last Russian station on this branch. The next station just a short distance to

2976-520: The riots were a spontaneous outburst that was suppressed as soon as possible and offered compensation for the families of the dead. Negotiations continued between the Japanese and the Chinese authorities to resolve the situation. The Chinese maintained that the Koreans had no right to reside and lease land outside of Gando District , per the terms of the Gando Convention . The Japanese, on the other hand, insisted that Koreans, as Japanese subjects, had

3038-500: The same rights of residing and leasing land throughout South Manchuria as other Japanese. They also held that the Koreans had undertaken their project in good faith and blamed any irregularities on the Chinese broker who arranged the lease. The Japanese eventually withdrew their consular police from Wanpaoshan, but the Koreans remained. A complete solution of the Wanpaoshan affair had not been reached by September 1931. Propaganda efforts on alleged anti-Korean riots in China continued after

3100-490: The serious urban landscapes as well as clearly identifying the traditional gridded pattern. With the new Changchun railway station as its centre, the urban plan divided the SMRAA into various specified areas: residential quarters 15%, commerce 33%, grain depot 19%, factories 12%, public entertainment 9%, and administrative organs (including a Japanese garrison) 12%. Each block provided the railway station with supporting and systematic services dependent on its own functions. In

3162-507: The south—the new "Japanese" Changchun station—became the first station of the South Manchuria Railway , which now owned all the tracks running farther south, to Lüshun , which they re-gauged to the standard gauge (after a short period of using the narrow Japanese 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge during the war). A special Russo-Japanese agreement of 1907 provided that Russian gauge tracks would continue from

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3224-592: The strategic importance of Changchun's location with respect to Japan, China and Russia, the Japanese Government sent a group of planners and engineers to Changchun to determine the best site for a new railway station. Without the consent of the Chinese Government, Japan purchased or seized from local farmers the land on which the Changchun Railway Station was to be constructed as the centre of

3286-665: The tertiary industry output increased 12.6 percent to RMB135.64 billion. The GDP per capita of Changchun was ¥ 58,691 in 2012, which equates to $ 9338. The GDP of Changchun in 2012 was RMB445.66 billion and increased 12.0 percent compared with 2011. The primary industry grew 4.3 percent to RMB31.71 billion. Secondary industry increased by RMB229.19 billion, which is a rise of 13.1 percent year on year. Tertiary industry of Changchun in 2012 grew 11.8 percent and increased by RMB184.76 billion. The city's leading industries are production of automobiles, agricultural product processing, biopharmaceuticals, photo electronics, construction materials, and

3348-458: The third east–westward "Europe-Asia Continental Bridge". Changchun prefecture is dotted with 222 rivers and lakes. The Yitong River, a small tributary of the Songhua River, runs through the city proper. Changchun has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of

3410-492: The urban area to 160 km (62 sq mi). The new plan also focused on the construction of satellite towns around the city with a planning of 200 m (2,200 sq ft) land per capita. Because the effects of war, the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking remained unfinished. By 1944, the built up urban area of Hsinking reached 80 km (31 sq mi), while the area used for greening reached 70.7 km (27.3 sq mi). As Hsinking's city orientation

3472-659: Was a well-planned city with broad avenues and modern public works. The city underwent rapid expansion in both its economy and infrastructure. Many of buildings built during the Japanese colonial era still stand today, including those of the Eight Major Bureaus of Manchukuo (Chinese: 八大部 ; pinyin: Bādà bù ) as well as the Headquarters of the Japanese Kwantung Army . Hsinking was the only Direct-controlled municipality ( 特别市 ) in Manchukuo after Harbin

3534-476: Was believed by many Manchus. Now the shamanism and the study of it have become an important cultural heritage of the region. Jilin Provincial Museum , a national first-grade museum , is located in Changchun. The museum was moved to Changchun from Jilin City after the transfer of the provincial government seat. It was originally located in the centre of the old town, but, after nine years of construction,

3596-465: Was incorporated into the jurisdiction of Binjiang Province . In March 1932, the Inspection Division of South Manchuria Railway started to draw up the Metropolitan Plan of Great Hsinking (simplified Chinese: 大新京都市计画 ; traditional Chinese: 大新京都市計畫 ; pinyin: Dà xīn jīngdū shì jìhuà ). The Bureau of capital construction ( 国都建设局 ; 國都建設局 ; Guódū jiànshè jú ) which was directly under

3658-444: Was involved in research of animal vaccines to protect Japanese resources, and, especially, biological-warfare. Diseases were tested for use against Soviet and Chinese horses and other livestock . In addition to these tests, Unit 100 ran a bacteria factory to produce the pathogens needed by other units. Biological sabotage testing was also handled at this facility: everything from poisons to chemical crop destruction. On 20 August 1945

3720-412: Was reported that 142 Chinese were killed, 546 wounded, and considerable properties were destroyed. The worst of the rioting occurred in Pyongyang on July 5. The Chinese further denounced Japanese authorities in Korea for not taking adequate steps to protect the lives and property of Chinese residents, and blamed the authorities for allowing inflammatory accounts to be published. The Japanese countered that

3782-469: Was spread through the Trans-Manchurian railway from the border trade port of Manzhouli . This turned out to be the beginning of the large pneumonic plague pandemic of Manchuria and Mongolia which ultimately claimed 60,000 victims. The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 and saw the transfer and assignment to the Empire of Japan in 1906 the railway between Changchun and Port Arthur, and all its branches. Having realized

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3844-508: Was the administrative center and military commanding center, land for military use exceeded the originally planned figure of 9 percent, while only light manufacturing including packing industry, cigarette industry and paper-making had been developed during this period. Japanese force also controlled Hsinking's police system, instead of Manchukuo government. Major officers of Hsinking police were all ethnic Japanese. The population of Hsinking also experienced rapid growth after being established as

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