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42-498: The Wakhi people ( Wakhi : ښیک مردمِش , Shughni : Waxiēn , Persian : مردمان وخی ; Russian : Ваханцы ; Chinese : 瓦汗 or 瓦罕 ), also locally referred to as the Wokhik ( وخیک ), are an Iranian ethnic group native to Central and South Asia . They are found in Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Pakistan and China —primarily situated in and around Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor ,

84-408: A dense plant canopy. This dense plant canopy can be used to propagate clonal varieties by sod, sprigs, or plugs. The aggressive and resilient nature of Bermuda grass makes it not only an excellent turfgrass but also a challenging and invasive weed in land cultivated for other purposes. Its one noted weakness is its relatively low tolerance of shade. Given the economic importance of Bermuda grass (as

126-560: A homogeneous surface. It has poor wear tolerance compared to Bermuda grass, making it less popular for applications such as athletic fields. Fine fescues ( F. rubra , F. ovina , F. trichophylla ) are less popular as sod than the tall fescues. As their names suggest, they exhibit much thinner leaf blades, and tolerate lower mowing heights than the tall fescues. They may be somewhat more resistant to common diseases. Otherwise, their characteristics are similar. Fine fescues are generally used in mixtures with other grasses. Bermuda grass

168-685: A long history of employing sod roofing and a traditional house type is the Icelandic turf house . In the United States , following the passage of the Homestead Act by Congress in 1862, settlers in the Great Plains used sod bricks to build entire sod houses . This was effective because the prairie sod of the Great Plains was so dense and difficult to cut it earned the nickname " Nebraska marble". Blacksmith John Deere made his fortune when he became

210-854: A more significant national/regional language, remoteness, and political instability, no one orthographic standard has managed to rise to the level of a singular unifying writing system. The Perso-Arabic script for the Wakhi language has been derived from the Persian alphabet used in Afghanistan . However, there are sounds in Wakhi that are not found in Persian. Here, two diverging conventions have emerged, one in Afghanistan and another in Pakistan (and Pakistani-controlled Gilgit-Baltistan ). Pashto has inspired letters in Afghanistan to represent missing sounds in Wakhi, especially

252-602: A popular coarse, wide–bladed coarse lawn planted throughout many areas of the Southeastern United States This grass is found in Mexico , Australia , and in tropical parts of Africa . It is a warm-season grass that does not handle cold weather very well. The majority of this grass is planted in vegetative forms (such as plugs and sod), as seeds are not usually available due to production difficulties. Captiva St. Augustine: Covington: Santee: Wildflower turf

294-659: A sod product, agricultural forage, and, at times, as an invasive weed), it has been the subject of numerous studies. Celebration Bermuda grass: Discovery Bermuda grass: Bella Bluegrass: St. Augustine grass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum ) (also known as Charleston grass in South Carolina and Buffalo Turf in Australia) is warm-season, perennial grass that is a widely used. A native grass of tropical origin that extends from marshes ( salt and freshwater ), lagoon fringes , and sandy beach ridges . St. Augustine lawns are

336-495: Is a type of lawn alternative that is made up of a mixture of wildflower seeds. These seeds are sown together and grow to form a lawn of flowers, rather than the traditional monoculture of grass found in a traditional lawn. Wildflower turf can be a low-maintenance and sustainable alternative to traditional lawns, as well as providing a habitat for beneficial insects and other wildlife. They often require less watering and fertilization than traditional lawns. Wildflower turf can be used in

378-681: Is also spoken in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County , in Xinjiang of China, mainly in the township of Dafdar . There are approximately 21,000 Wakhi in Russia , Most of them have migrated from Tajikistan and Afghanistan . There are some Wakhi villages in Turkey in the eastern regions, where they have migrated from Afghanistan in 1979 during the Afghan and Russian war . Traditionally, Wakhi

420-721: Is given to them by their neighbors, is based on Wux̌ , the local name of the region of Wakhan , deriving from * Waxšu , the old name of the Oxus River (Amu Darya), which is a major river formed by the junction of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers on the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Ethnic Wakhi-speakers have a total population of about 50,000–58,000. The population is divided between four countries: Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Pakistan and China 's Xinjiang . The Wakhi people have been settlers of their lands for hundreds if not thousands of years. The machinations of The Great Game during

462-495: Is not common, as in moss-turf communities of sub Antarctica, some epifauna in the sea, coral reefs and, in New Zealand , as species-rich communities of plants under 5 cm (1.97 in) tall, on coastal headlands, dune hollows, rivers and lakes, where most of the natural cover was forest. A form of turf community is a herbfield . Turfgrasses suffer from a wide number of fungal diseases ; In 2023, Lane et al. , provided

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504-676: Is quite commonly used for golf courses and sports fields across the southern portions of the United States . It tolerates a range of climates in the U.S., from hot and humid lagoons , inlets , and bays of the Gulf Coast , to the arid expanses of terrain like plains and deserts in the Southwest and parts of the Lower Midwest . Established bermuda grass is a network of shoots , rhizomes , stolons , and crown tissue together that usually form

546-464: Is regarded as their ethnic religion and are followers of the Aga Khan . The Wakhi are primarily nomadic , depending on their herds of yaks and horses. They often have two residences—one for winter and one for summer. Their houses are built of stone and sod . Activists and researchers have been working to preserve and record the language of the Wakhi people, and have developed Wakhi orthographies using

588-634: Is registered with the Government of Pakistan and collaborates with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Lok Virsa Pakistan. The Association is working to preserve the Wakhi language and culture and document their poetry and music . Radio Pakistan Gilgit relays the Wakhi radio programme "Sadoyah Boomy Dunyo", the voice of the roof of the world. The Wakhi Cultural Association has arranged more than twenty programmes since 1984, which include cultural shows, musical nights, and large-scale musical festivals with

630-439: Is sold to landscapers , home builders or home owners who use it to establish a lawn quickly and avoid soil erosion . Sod can be used to repair a small area of lawn, golf course, or athletic field that has died and is used as a quicker alternative to re-growing a lawn from seed. Sod is also effective in increasing cooling, improving air and water quality, and assisting in flood prevention by draining water. Scandinavia has

672-598: Is the more common script, in Pakistan, similar with Urdu and other orthographies of Northern Pakistan and Pakistani-controlled Gilgit-Baltistan , Nastaliq is the more common script. Notes : When Wakhi is written in Cyrillic, the sounds are usually represented by these letters: A Latin alphabet, which in some variants includes Cyrillic and Greek letters, was developed in 1953 by I.I. Zaroubine and V. S. Sokolova, and further developed by A.L Grünberg and I.M Stéblinn-Kamensky in

714-514: Is the only means of producing additional plants. To grow these varieties for sale, turf farms use a technique called sprigging , where recently harvested sod mats are cut into slender rows and replanted in the field. Tall fescue ( Festuca spp.) is a cool-weather group of grasses originating in Europe, commonly used as sod. It is moderately tolerant to both drought and cold, and as such is especially popular in inland temperate environments referred to in

756-430: Is the upper layer of turf that is harvested for transplanting. Turf consists of a variable thickness of a soil medium that supports a community of turfgrasses. In British and Australian English , sod is more commonly known as turf , and the word "sod" is limited mainly to agricultural senses. Sod is generally used for lawns , golf courses , and sports stadiums around the world. In residential construction, it

798-432: Is typically harvested in small square or rectangular slabs, or large 4-foot-wide (1.2 m) rolls. The Mississippi State University has developed a hydroponic method of cultivating sod. For the very few sod farms that export turf internationally, this soilless sod may travel both lighter and better than traditional sod. Additionally, since the sod is not grown in soil, it does not need to be washed clean of soil down to

840-403: Is usually fully functional within 30 days of installation and its root system is comparable to that of a seeding lawn two to three years older. Sod also reduces erosion by stabilizing the soil. Many prized cultivars (such as Bella Bluegrass, a brand-named dwarf variant of Kentucky Bluegrass ) can only be reproduced vegetatively rather than sexually (via seed). For these, sod cultivation

882-623: The Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China , Russia , and Turkey . In the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, Wakhi is spoken from Putur , near Ishkashim , to the upper reaches of the Wakhan River . In Tajikistan, the Wakhi and other communities that speak one of the Pamir languages refer to themselves as Pamiri or Badakhshani, and there has been a movement to separate their identity from that of

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924-597: The Arabic, Cyrillic, and Latin scripts. In 1990, the Gojali Wakhis of Pakistan established the Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association to preserve, document, and publish their local culture. The association introduced a script that was applied into linguistic and literary textbooks, and organized cultural festivals. Radio Pakistan 's Radio Gilgit also aired a daily Wakhi-language program named Bam-e Dunya ("Roof of

966-747: The Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan, and Xinjiang in Western China . The Wakhi use the self-appellation 'X̌ik' (ethnic) and suffix it with 'wor'/'war' to denote their language as 'X̌ik-wor' themselves. The noun 'X̌ik' comes from *waxša-ī̆ka- (an inhabitant of *Waxša- 'Oxus', for Wakhan, in Wakhi 'Wux̌.' There are other equivalents for the name Wakhi (Anglicised) or Wakhani (Arabic and Persian), Vakhantsy (Russian), Gojali/Gojo (Dingrik-wor/Shina), Guyits/Guicho (Burushaski), Wakhigi/Wakhik-war (Kivi-wor/Khow-wor) and Cert (Turki). The language belongs, as yet to be confirmed according to studies and sources, to

1008-643: The World"). Wakhi language Wakhi is one of several languages that belong to the areal Pamir language group . It is believed to be a descendant of the Scytho-Khotanese language once spoken in the Kingdom of Khotan . The Wakhi people are occasionally called Pamiris and Guhjali. It is spoken by the inhabitants of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, parts of Gilgit-Baltistan (the former NAs) of Pakistan,

1050-421: The bare roots (or sprigs), so time to export is shortened. In many applications, such as erosion control and athletic fields, immediacy is a key factor. Seed may be blown about by the wind, eaten by birds, or fail because of drought . It takes some weeks to form a visually appealing lawn and further time before it is robust enough for use. Sod largely avoids these problems, and with proper care, newly laid sod

1092-688: The collaboration of Lok Virsa Pakistan, the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP) , and Pakistan television . In 2000, the WCA won a "Best Programme" organizer award in the Silk Road Festival from the President of Pakistan , Pervez Musharraf . A computerized codification of the Wakhi script has been released, which will help to promote the language development program and documentation of Wakhi poetry, literature, and history . Wakhi

1134-694: The early 1960s: Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2001 is shown below: The Wakhi lexicon exhibits significant differences with the other Pamir languages. Gawarjon's comparison of the dialects of Sarikoli and Wakhi spoken in China is reproduced below. In Pakistan multiple books have been published since 1980s. X̌ikwor zik by Master Haqiqat, Religious hymes by Riaz Ahmed Riaz. Qaida e Wakhi Zaban by Ahmed Jami Sakhi. Magazines and Parlon Wakhi by Karim Khan Saka. "Beyoz-e-Bulbul" by Nazir Ahmad Bulbul . A collection of old and new poems folklores compiled by Bulbulik Heritage Center, Gulmit. Sod Sod

1176-542: The eighteenth and nineteenth century created boundaries which separated the large body of the Wakhis into living in four countries. In Tajikistan , Wakhi are inhabitants of Roshtqal'a District and Ishkoshim District of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region . In Afghanistan , Wakhi primarily live in the Wakhan District of Badakhshan Province . In Gilgit-Baltistan in the north of Pakistan , Wakhi predominantly live in

1218-486: The first to make a plow that could reliably cut the prairie sod. Different types of grass are used for sod installation. Sod is grown on specialist farms. For 2009, the United States Department of Agriculture reported 1,412 farms had 368,188 acres (149,000.4 ha) of sod in production. It is usually grown locally (within 100 miles of the target market) to minimize both the cost of transport and also

1260-658: The largest Wakhi population in Pakistan. The Wakhis of Ishkoman lives primarily in the Karambar valley, the town of Imit, and beyond. In Yasin , they live mainly in the vicinity of Darkot, and in Yarhkun, they are found in Baroghil and a few other small villages in the high, upper portion of the valley. In Pakistan, the central organization of the Wakhi is the Wakhi Cultural Association Pakistan (WCA). This organization

1302-450: The majority of Persian-speaking Tajiks . Linguists universally refer to Wakhi as an East Iranian language independent of Tajik Persian, but many Tajik nationalists insist that Wakhi and other Pamir languages are dialects of Tajik Persian. In Gilgit-Baltistan , Wakhi is spoken in the sparsely populated upper portions of five of the northernmost valleys: Hunza , Gojal , Ishkoman , Yasin , Gupis , and Yarkhun . The Hunza Valley has

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1344-448: The northernmost part of Pakistan's Gilgit−Baltistan and Chitral , Tajikistan's Gorno−Badakhshan Autonomous Region and the southwestern areas of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . The Wakhi people are native speakers of the Wakhi language , an Eastern Iranian language . The Wakhi people refer to themselves as Khik and to their language as Khik zik . The exonym Wakhī , which

1386-455: The restoration of natural habitats, such as meadows, prairies, and wetlands. It is used on green roofs to provide a low-maintenance alternative to traditional green roof systems. Wildflower turf can help to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change and to purify the air by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen. Low growing vegetation is referred to as "turf communities" in areas where such growth

1428-481: The risk of damage to the product. The farms that produce this grass may have many varieties of grass grown in one location to best suit the consumer's use and preference of appearance. It is usually harvested 10 to 18 months after planting, depending on the growing climate. On the farm, it undergoes fertilization, frequent mowing, watering, and subsequent vacuuming to remove the clippings. It is harvested using specialized equipment, precision cut to standardized sizes. Sod

1470-539: The source of letters for phonemes that don't exist in Persian. The vowels are shown to reflect Urdu pronunciations and not the Dari / Tajik pronunciation. Meaning that, for example, the phoneme [ɔ], which is equivalent to Iranian Persian [ ɒː ] after having undergone a chain shift , is not written with alef "آ / ا /ا ـا‎", but with the letter waw " او / و / ـو ‎ ". Stylistically, while in Afghanistan Naskh

1512-536: The source of letters for phonemes that don't exist in Persian. This orthographic standard has similarities to the orthographies of other Pamir languages , such as Shughni and Munji . Notes : The below table is the Pakistani version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet for the Wakhi language.[1] This alphabet has also been derived from the alphabet of Dari (Persian). However, Urdu , Pakistan's national language, has been

1554-955: The southern group of the Pamir languages, in the Iranian group of the Indo-European family (450) of languages, where the Ishkashmi, Shighni/...nani and Wakhi languages are included. A very rough estimate of the population of Wakhis is 58,000 worldwide. The Wakhi live in six countries. In the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan , the Wakhi people mainly live in Gojal , Ishkoman , and Darkut , as well as in Chitral District's Broghol . They live in parts of Wakhan in Afghanistan , Gorno-Badakhshan in Tajikistan , and

1596-523: The township of Dafdar . In China , the Wakhi people, together with the Sarikoli people , are officially recognized as " Tajiks ", with ethnic-minority autonomous status. In Afghanistan, they are officially called " Pamiri ". In Tajikistan, they are recognized by the state as "Tajiks", but self-identify as "Pamiri". In Pakistan, they refer to themselves as "Wakhi" or "Pamiri" or " Gujali ". The Wakhi predominantly adhere to Nizari Ismaili Shia Islam , which

1638-747: The turf and landscaping industries as the " transition zone ", where summers are too hot for most cool-weather grasses, yet winters are too cold for most warm-weather grasses. Fescue is well-adapted to clay soils, moderately shade-tolerant, and somewhat resistant to disease, yet vulnerable to the diseases brown patch and Fusarium patch . It grows most actively (and thus provides the most desirable appearance) in spring and fall, and requires frequent watering during summer. Due to its bunch-type growth habit (unique among common sod grasses), it will not spread undesirably or invade adjacent areas once sodded, yet neither will it fill in voids, and periodic maintenance (such as overseeding with Fescue seed) may be required to sustain

1680-671: The upper region of Hunza popularly known as Gojal . Wakhi speakers also live in Ishkoman Valley of District Ghizer, and some villages of Yasin Valley. In Pakistan , Wakhi also live in Broghal in Chitral district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. In China , Wakhi are inhabitants of Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County an administrative area within Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang , mainly in

1722-474: The various retroflex sounds missing in Persian. Urdu and orthographies of other languages of Gilgit-Baltistan have been the inspiration in Pakistan. The below table is the Afghan version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet for the Wakhi language. The alphabet has been derived from the alphabet of Dari (Persian), one of Afghanistan's national languages. Pashto , the other national language of Afghanistan, has been

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1764-446: Was not a written language. Wakhi people live in 4 countries, Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Pakistan , and China , and are in contact with speakers of various other languages. Writing systems have been developed for the language using Arabic , Cyrillic , and Latin scripts , each with inspirations from neighboring languages and orthographic conventions. However, due to the pluricentric nature of Wakhi dialects, marginalization in favour of

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