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44-689: Waitaha may refer to: Waitaha (Bay of Plenty iwi) , a Māori tribe of the Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand Waitaha (South Island iwi) , a historic Māori tribe of the South Island of New Zealand Waitaha penguin ( Megadyptes waitaha ), an extinct species of penguin Waitaha , the Māori name for the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand Waitaha River ,

88-405: A bone marrow transplant , in which (undifferentiated) hematopoietic stem cells are transferred. When B cells and T cells are activated by a pathogen, memory B-cells and T- cells develop, and the primary immune response results. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and can mount a strong secondary response if the pathogen

132-418: A pathogen or toxin are transferred to non- immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore the patient is at risk of being infected by

176-401: A vaccine , a substance that contains antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease. The term vaccination was coined by Richard Dunning, a colleague of Edward Jenner , and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. The method Pasteur used entailed treating the infectious agents for those diseases, so they lost

220-404: A century to treat infectious disease, and before the advent of antibiotics , was often the only specific treatment for certain infections. Immunoglobulin therapy continued to be a first line therapy in the treatment of severe respiratory diseases until the 1930s, even after sulfonamide lot antibiotics were introduced. Passive or " adoptive transfer " of cell-mediated immunity, is conferred by

264-399: A full theory of immunity was Ilya Mechnikov who revealed phagocytosis in 1882. With Louis Pasteur 's germ theory of disease , the fledgling science of immunology began to explain how bacteria caused disease, and how, following infection, the human body gained the ability to resist further infections. In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin , and following

308-717: A prior infection, but relies on genetically encoded recognition of particular patterns. Adaptive or acquired immunity is the active component of the host immune response, mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes . Unlike the innate immunity, the acquired immunity is highly specific to a particular pathogen, including the development of immunological memory . Like the innate system, the acquired system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components. Adaptive immunity can be acquired either 'naturally' (by infection) or 'artificially' (through deliberate actions such as vaccination). Adaptive immunity can also be classified as 'active' or 'passive'. Active immunity

352-512: A river on New Zealand's South Island Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Waitaha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waitaha&oldid=1237362300 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

396-479: Is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells derived from an immune host either artificially or through the placenta; it is short-lived, requiring booster doses for continued immunity. The diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. Adaptive immunity recognizes more diverse patterns. Unlike innate immunity it

440-473: Is also found in the epic poem " Pharsalia " written around 60 BC by the poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus to describe a North African tribe's resistance to snake venom . The first clinical description of immunity which arose from a specific disease-causing organism is probably A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles ("Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah″, translated 1848 ) written by the Islamic physician Al-Razi in

484-571: Is also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk that are transferred to the gut of a nursing infant, protecting against bacterial infections, until the newborn can synthesize its antibodies. Colostrum present in mothers milk is an example of passive immunity. Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms; as human or animal blood plasma, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous ( IVIG ) or intramuscular (IG) use, and in

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528-463: Is also said to have sought to create a 'universal antidote' to protect him from all poisons. For nearly 2000 years, poisons were thought to be the proximate cause of disease, and a complicated mixture of ingredients, called Mithridate , was used to cure poisoning during the Renaissance . An updated version of this cure, Theriacum Andromachi , was used well into the 19th century. The term "immunes"

572-413: Is associated with memory of the pathogen. For thousands of years mankind has been intrigued with the causes of disease and the concept of immunity. The prehistoric view was that disease was caused by supernatural forces, and that illness was a form of theurgic punishment for "bad deeds" or "evil thoughts" visited upon the soul by the gods or by one's enemies. In Classical Greek times, Hippocrates , who

616-419: Is detected again. The primary and secondary responses were first described in 1921 by English immunologist Alexander Glenny although the mechanism involved was not discovered until later. This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from

660-580: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Waitaha (Bay of Plenty iwi) Waitaha is a Māori iwi of New Zealand . The tribe lives in the Bay of Plenty region and descends from the Arawa waka. The tribe's ancestor and namesake was Waitaha. He was a son of Hei who was the uncle of Tamatekapua . Their tribe was Ngāti Ohomairangi of Ra'iātea Island . After engaging in war with Uenuku , over 30 members of

704-441: Is foreign cannot be eliminated or what is self is not spared. Innate immunity, also known as native immunity, is a semi-specific and widely distributed form of immunity. It is defined as the first line of defense against pathogens, representing a critical systemic response to prevent infection and maintain homeostasis, contributing to the activation of an adaptive immune response. It does not adapt to specific external stimulus or

748-546: Is regarded as the Father of Medicine, diseases were attributed to an alteration or imbalance in one of the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile or black bile). The first written descriptions of the concept of immunity may have been made by the Athenian Thucydides who, in 430 BC, described that when the plague hit Athens : "the sick and the dying were tended by the pitying care of those who had recovered, because they knew

792-555: Is required for defense of tuberculosis in humans. Individuals with genetic defects in TNF may get recurrent and life-threatening infections with tuberculosis bacteria ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) but are otherwise healthy. They also seem to respond to other infections more or less normally. The condition is therefore called Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) and variants of it can be caused by other genes related to interferon production or signaling (e.g. by mutations in

836-431: Is thought to have assumed that those animals acquired some detoxifying property, so that their blood would contain transformed components of the snake venom that could induce resistance to it instead of exerting a toxic effect. Mithridates reasoned that, by drinking the blood of these animals, he could acquire a similar resistance. Fearing assassination by poison, he took daily sub-lethal doses of venom to build tolerance. He

880-635: Is unknown, but, about 1000 AD, the Chinese began practicing a form of immunization by drying and inhaling powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. Around the 15th century in India , the Ottoman Empire , and east Africa , the practice of inoculation (poking the skin with powdered material derived from smallpox crusts) was quite common. This practice was first introduced into the west in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu [the phrase "first introduced into

924-542: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that "Multiple studies in different settings have consistently shown that infection with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination each result in a low risk of subsequent infection with antigenically similar variants for at least 6 months. Numerous immunologic studies and a growing number of epidemiologic studies have shown that vaccinating previously infected individuals significantly enhances their immune response and effectively reduces

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968-461: The innate immune system . Naturally acquired active immunity occurs as the result of an infection. When a person is exposed to a live pathogen and develops a primary immune response , this leads to immunological memory. Many disorders of immune system function can affect the formation of active immunity, such as immunodeficiency (both acquired and congenital forms) and immunosuppression . Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by

1012-412: The 1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus , the antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic immunology. In Europe , the induction of active immunity emerged in an attempt to contain smallpox . Immunization has existed in various forms for at least a thousand years, without the terminology. The earliest use of immunization

1056-491: The 9th century. In the treatise, Al Razi describes the clinical presentation of smallpox and measles and goes on to indicate that exposure to these specific agents confers lasting immunity (although he does not use this term). Until the 19th century, the miasma theory was also widely accepted. The theory viewed diseases such as cholera or the Black Plague as being caused by a miasma, a noxious form of "bad air". If someone

1100-708: The ability to cause serious disease. Pasteur adopted the name vaccine as a generic term in honor of Jenner's discovery, which Pasteur's work built upon. In 1807, Bavaria became the first group to require their military recruits to be vaccinated against smallpox, as the spread of smallpox was linked to combat. Subsequently, the practice of vaccination would increase with the spread of war. There are four types of traditional vaccines : In addition, there are some newer types of vaccines in use: A variety of vaccine types are under development; see Experimental Vaccine Types . Most vaccines are given by hypodermic or intramuscular injection as they are not absorbed reliably through

1144-680: The area between the Papamoa mountain and the Coromandel Range for his son Waitaha. Waitaha indeed lived close to Maketū , along with Tapuika. Over 13 generations ago, Te Arawa iwi including the Waitaha were pushed out of Maketū by Te Rangihouhiri. It took several generations before Ngāti Whakaue and the descendants of Waitaha and Tapuika managed to win back Maketū, and negotiate an uneasy truce. The early 1820s saw continued arrivals of many European migrants to New Zealand, bringing diseases to which

1188-476: The battle on Ngāi Te Rangi's behalf by attacking Te Arawa's Te Mātaipuku–Ōhinemutu pā, the gateway of which was named Pūkākī. Immunity (medical) The immune system has innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity is present in all metazoans , immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis . The adaptive component, on the other hand, involves more advanced lymphatic cells that can distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in

1232-402: The battle with Te Rangihouhiri, the first European migrant to the region, Phillip Tapsell , brought muskets to the iwi. Te Arawa worked against Ngāi Te Rangi and Ngāti Awa in jealousy and competition for the muskets. All tribes would be constantly working to gather flax which was then exported for rope making - several tonnes of flax would be exchanged for a single musket. One skirmish between

1276-470: The coast from Cape Runaway to the Hauraki Gulf . The priest Ngātoroirangi performed rituals to conceal the tribe's atua and guardians in the landscape, brought to the new island from the old marae at Taputapuātea . They gathered new supplies and moved on, deciding that the western Bay of Plenty would be the best place to settle. The crew began claiming parts of the land for their descendants. Hei claimed

1320-413: The course of the disease and were themselves free from apprehensions. For no one was ever attacked a second time, or not with a fatal result". Active immunotherapy may have begun with Mithridates VI of Pontus (120-63 BC) who, to induce active immunity for snake venom, recommended using a method similar to modern toxoid serum therapy , by drinking the blood of animals which fed on venomous snakes. He

1364-448: The face of some opposition. However, inoculation had been reported in Wales since the early 17th century"]. In 1798, Edward Jenner introduced the far safer method of deliberate infection with cowpox virus, ( smallpox vaccine ), which caused a mild infection that also induced immunity to smallpox. By 1800, the procedure was referred to as vaccination . To avoid confusion, smallpox inoculation

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1408-559: The form of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Passive transfer is used prophylactically in the case of immunodeficiency diseases, such as hypogammaglobulinemia . It is also used in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poisoning . Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for only a short period of time, and there is also a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions, and serum sickness , especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin. The artificial induction of passive immunity has been used for over

1452-473: The gut. Live attenuated polio and some typhoid and cholera vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel . Hybrid immunity is the combination of natural immunity and artificial immunity. Studies of hybrid-immune people found that their blood was better able to neutralize the Beta and other variants of SARS-CoV-2 than never-infected, vaccinated people. Moreover, on 29 October 2021,

1496-777: The native Māori had little or no acquired immunity . These diseases would wipe out entire villages, and many bodies would lie untouched and unburied out of fear of contagion and infection. These places today are tapu , or used as cemeteries. These plagues such as the coughing death, or Te Rewharewha , impacted Te Arawa even though no Europeans had yet visited their region; so too did the arrival of muskets offset their way of life, when Ngāpuhi under Hongi Hika slaughtered many Te Arawa tribes at Lake Rotoehu in 1823. Ngāpuhi were assisted by Te Rangihouhiri's descendants, Ngāi Te Rangi . Te Arawa were so demoralised during these times, that they considered moving south to Kapiti Island for protection under Ngāti Toa . In 1829, five generations after

1540-441: The presence of "self". The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation while the non-reaction to self substances is described as immunity. The two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammatorily and immunologically eliminated. "Disease" can arise when what

1584-502: The risk of subsequent infection, including in the setting of increased circulation of more infectious variants. ..." Immunity is determined genetically. Genomes in humans and animals encode the antibodies and numerous other immune response genes. While many of these genes are generally required for active and passive immune responses (see sections above), there are also many genes that appear to be required for very specific immune responses. For instance, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

1628-428: The same pathogen later. A fetus naturally acquires passive immunity from its mother during pregnancy. Maternal passive immunity is antibody -mediated immunity. The mother's antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. This occurs around the third month of gestation . IgG is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta. Passive immunity

1672-409: The term by referring to polio vaccine , measles vaccine etc. Passive immunity is the immunity acquired by the transfer of ready-made antibodies from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, such as when maternal antibodies are transferred to the foetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse ) antibodies specific for

1716-443: The transfer of "sensitized" or activated T-cells from one individual into another. It is rarely used in humans because it requires histocompatible (matched) donors, which are often difficult to find. In unmatched donors this type of transfer carries severe risks of graft versus host disease . It has, however, been used to treat certain diseases including some types of cancer and immunodeficiency . This type of transfer differs from

1760-556: The tribe migrated to New Zealand on board the Ngā rākau rua a Atuamatua , named in honour of Waitaha and Tamatekapua's grandfather. They encountered the sea creature named Te Parata that was summoned by the people on the Tainui . They were saved from it by a great mythical shark, and in its honour renamed their canoe and themselves to Te Arawa . Upon arriving to the North Island , they explored

1804-456: The tribes in late March 1836 resulted in the Ngāti Hauā chief Te Waharoa destroying the trading station at Maketū. Many such skirmishes all culminated into the battle of Te Tūmū on 20 April 1836. Te Arawa suffered greatly, but defeated Ngāi Te Rangi and regained Maketū. They extended their territory from Wairaki at Pāpāmoa to Te Kaokaoroa at Matatā . Some months later, Te Waharoa tried to avenge

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1848-554: The west in 1721 by lady Montagu" is quite not accurate and should be rendered "first promoted in the west, by lady Montague, in 1721". Because, as you can read here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation , the procedure was already known in Wales: "The method was first used in China, India, parts of Africa and the Middle East before it was introduced into England and North America in the 1720s in

1892-456: Was exposed to the miasma in a swamp, in evening air, or breathing air in a sickroom or hospital ward, they could catch a disease. Since the 19th century, communicable diseases came to be viewed as being caused by germs/microbes. The modern word "immunity" derives from the Latin immunis, meaning exemption from military service, tax payments or other public services. The first scientist who developed

1936-417: Was increasingly referred to as variolation , and it became common practice to use this term without regard for chronology. The success and general acceptance of Jenner's procedure would later drive the general nature of vaccination developed by Pasteur and others towards the end of the 19th century. In 1891, Pasteur widened the definition of vaccine in honour of Jenner, and it then became essential to qualify

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