32-707: Te Waiohua or Te Wai-o-Hua is a Māori iwi (tribe) confederation that thrived in the early 17th century. The rohe (tribal area) was primarily the central Tāmaki Makaurau area (the Auckland isthmus ) and they had pā (fortified settlements) at Te Tātua a Riukiuta (Three Kings), Puketāpapa (Mt Roskill), Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura (Mt Albert), Maungakiekie (One Tree Hill), Maungawhau (Mt Eden), Tītīkōpuke (Mt St John), Ōhinerau (Mt Hobson), Rangitotoiti (Upland Reserve), Taurarua (Judges Bay), Rarotonga (Mt Smart), Ōtāhuhu, Te Pane o Mataaoho (Māngere Mountain), Ihumātao, Matukutūreia (McLaughlin's Mountain) and Matukutūruru (Wiri Mountain), until
64-407: A Riukiuta, Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura, Titikōpuke, Ōhinerau and Maungataketake near Ihumātao . By this period, Ngāi Tāhuhu and Te Kawerau ā Maki were considered allies to Waiohua, or hapū who were a part of the union. Around the 1730s and 1740s, Waiohua fought battles against Ngāti Pāoa to the south (based in the western Hauraki Plains Ngāti Pāoa ) and Te Taoū of Ngāti Whātua (then located around
96-671: A Treaty of Waitangi claim. This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori . Te %C4%80kitai Waiohua Te Ākitai Waiohua is a Māori iwi of the southern part of the Auckland Region of New Zealand . Te Ākitai Waiohua are descended from Kiwi Tāmaki , the grandson of Huakaiwaka, himself the ancestor of the Waiohua iwi, who lived in Tāmaki (the Auckland isthmus ). The name Te Ākitai commemorates Kiwi Tāmaki's uncle Huatau, who, in
128-459: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
160-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
192-724: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
224-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
256-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
288-504: A rohe spanning from Papakura to Ōtāhuhu , and Ngā Iwi, who settled from Ōtāhuhu to the North Shore. The confederation took the name Waiohua after the death of Te Hua-o-Kaiwaka, sometime between 1575 and the 1620s. Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi continued to have distinct identities while being a part of Waiohua as a whole. Around the year 1675, Ngāti Maru of the Marutūāhu collective sacked
320-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
352-570: Is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to
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#1732852617946384-592: The Kaipara Harbour ). Te Taoū sacked Waiohua settlements such as Maungakiekie and Māngere. Around 1741, the paramount chief of Te Waiohua, Kiwi Tāmaki , was killed in battle at Paruroa (Great Muddy Creek in Titirangi ) by Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua chief Te Waha-akiaki, in response to Kiwi Tāmaki killing several members of Te Taoū treacherously. Ngāti Whātua became the major influential force on the Auckland isthmus from then until
416-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
448-469: The invasion of the Waikato by the colonial government, Ihaka Takaanini was accused of being a rebel. Tribal land at Māngere was confiscated and Pepene Te Tihi, Ihaka, his wife and three children were arrested. Pepene, Ihaka and two of the children died in custody in 1863–1864. The surviving child, Te Wirihana Takaanini, became the chief of Te Ākitai Waiohua. The iwi's principal marae is Pūkaki Marae , which
480-496: The original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use
512-814: The 1740s, when the paramount Waiohua chief, Kiwi Tāmaki , was defeated by the Ngāti Whātua hapū , Te Taoū . The descendants of the Waiohua confederation today include, Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua . Waiohua was a confederation of tribes of the Tāmaki Makaurau region, who were united as a single unit by Huakaiwaka (from which the name of the tribe, The Waters of Hua , can be traced). Huakaiwaka lived and died at Maungawhau / Mount Eden . The three main groups who Huakaiwaka merged were known as Ngā Oho , based in Papakura , Ngā Riki, based in South Auckland with
544-499: The 1780s Te Ākitai Waiohua re-established settlements at Wiri , Pūkaki and Ōtāhuhu . Kiwi Tāmaki had a surviving son named Rangimatoru, who lived in South Auckland with Ngā Oho , a hapū of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei formed by intermarriages between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua people. He died circa 1793, fighting alongside Ngāti Whatua in a war with Hauraki Gulf-based iwi Ngāti Pāoa , and was succeeded by his son Pepene te Tihi. In
576-521: The 1820s Ngāpuhi of Northland acquired muskets and attacked Tāmaki, leading the local tribes to retreat to the Waikato. In 1835 the tribes returned and Te Ākitai Waiohua resettled at Pūkaki, Papakura, Pukekiwiriki (near Papakura) and Pōkeno. Te Ākitai Waiohua became supporters of the Māori King Movement when it arose in the 1850s. By 1861 the chiefs of Te Ākitai Waiohua were Pepene Te Tihi, grandson of Kiwi Tāmaki, and his son Ihaka Wirihana Takaanini . They lived at Pūkaki, Māngere and Ramarama. Before
608-555: The 1840s, Waiohua descendant tribes returned to their papakāinga (settlements) at Ihumātao , Pūkaki, Papahinu and Waimahia, while Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei moved their main settlement from Māngere / Onehunga to Ōrākei on the Waitematā Harbour . In 1863 due to fears of the Māori King Movement and invasion, Governor George Grey ordered the eviction of all Māori in the Manukau harbour and South Auckland area who did not swear an oath to
640-539: The Queen and give up arms. Many Waiohua-descendant tribes felt that there was no choice but to leave for the Waikato, due to their shared ties with the Waikato Tainui tribes. While leaving for the Waikato, Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takaanini was arrested alongside his family by his former neighbour Marmaduke Nixon , and accused of being a rebel. While taken hostage at Rakino Island , Ihaka Takaanini died. Days after
672-405: The Waiohua pā located at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill , Maungawhau and Maungarei / Mount Wellington . Around 1680, Ngāti Whātua warrior chief Kāwharu led war parties to attack and sack two Waiohua pā located at Matukutūreia (McLaughlins Mountain) and Matukutūruru (Wiri Mountain), in the western part of Wiri , South Auckland . Te Ikamaupoho, son of Te Huakaiwaka, begun to lead Te Waiohua in
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#1732852617946704-607: The announcement, the Crown began the Invasion of the Waikato . After the invasion, much of the Waiohua tribes' land was confiscated, subdivided and sold to British immigrants. Many iwi and hapū trace their lineage back to Waiohua, including: Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and
736-556: The bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
768-484: The early 1800s. In the 1750s, many remaining members of Waiohua settled among Waikato Tainui to the south, in locations such as Drury , Pōkeno and Papakura , while others intermarried with Ngāti Whātua. In around 1765, the Waikato-based refugees of Waiohua returned to Manukau, and are now known as Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua . Members of Waiohua (Ngāti Te Ata) who intermarried with Te Taoū re-adopted
800-459: The early 18th century, died at sea in the Manukau Harbour and whose body was dashed up ( āki ) by the sea ( tai ) on Puketutu Island . Kiwi Tāmaki was killed in battle with Te Taoū hapū (sub-tribe) of Ngāti Whātua in the mid-18th century. Ngāti Whātua settled in Tāmaki and the Waiohua retreated to Drury , Pōkeno , Kirikiri/ Papakura , Ramarama and other parts of South Auckland. In
832-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
864-478: The late 17th century, and by early 1700s the confederation was the main influential force on the Auckland isthmus. The pā at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill had become the tribal centre for Waiohua. It was the residence of most high chiefs in the confederation, and the location where many traditional rituals were undertaken. By the 1720s, the major settlements of Waiohua included Maungawhau, Maungakiekie, Māngere Mountain ("Te Pane o Mataoho"), Ōtāhuhu, Puketāpapa, Te Tātua
896-563: The name Ngā Oho, and today are a hapū of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei . Te Ākitai Waiohua began to resettle the southern rohe of Waiohua up to Ōtāhuhu. By the 1790s, Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua allied forces against Ngāti Pāoa who were settling along the Tāmaki River . In the 1820s during the Musket Wars , Ngāti Whatua, Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , returning in 1835. During
928-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
960-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
992-591: The tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to
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1024-532: The word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019
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