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132-565: There is considerable debate about the exact meaning of Waibaidu (外白渡), the name given to the wooden bridge erected by the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1873. According to one source, "The upper stream of any river was called li 裡 (internal, inside); the lower stream was called “wai”." Xue Liyong (薛理勇), indicates in his book on the history of the Bund : In several instances, the Chinese used

264-433: A Han Chinese subgroup originating from Guangzhou and its satellite cities and towns (such as Hong Kong and Macau ). In a more general sense "Cantonese people" can refer to any Han Chinese people originating from or residing in the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi (collectively known as Liangguang ), or it may refer to the inhabitants of Guangdong province alone. Historically centered around Guangzhou and

396-678: A courtesan was known as "walking the Garden Bridge", as it involved soliciting on the bridge. During the Battle of Shanghai , the Waibaidu bridge had an important role. On 12 August 1937, thousands of refugees, "a milling mass of humanity", from Greater Shanghai streamed into the foreign settlements through the Garden Bridge to escape the Japanese. Journalist Rhodes Farmer recorded: Word had been passed back that barbed wire and Japanese sentries blocked all

528-508: A "total length was 104.39 metres, with 11.20 metres for vehicles and 2.9 metres on each side for pedestrians. The space between the bridge and the river reached a maximum of 5.57 metres at low ebb and 3.25 metres at high ebb." The bridge weighed 900 tons. According to Cranley, "The local governor (taotai in Wade–Giles) declined the SMC’s request for Chinese government investment in the construction of

660-508: A Principal Component Analysis, shows no clear difference between Cantonese from other Han Chinese groups, whether north or south, but shows significant separation from Xishuangbanna Dai (a Tai-speaking or Bai Yue group), implying that the Bai Yue component, while detectable, is the minor component in Cantonese ancestry. The Cantonese, while being primarily of Han Chinese ancestry, also possess, to

792-558: A check that revealed weakness in the structure and a tendency to sink into the ground (12.7 cm since 1907). In June 1947, a private company was contracted to reinforce the structure and prevent further sinking. No other major work was done thereafter, except the widening of the walkways for pedestrians after 1949. In 1957 The Shanghai Municipal Council's Engineering Bureau, and the Municipal Engineering Design Institute, conducted an extensive examination to assess

924-515: A colony of the Portuguese Empire in 1887. Macau was returned to China in 1999. By 2002, Macau had become one of the world's richest cities and by 2006, it had surpassed Las Vegas to become the world's biggest gambling centre. Macau is also a world cultural heritage site due to its Portuguese colonial architecture. The term "Cantonese" is used to refer to the native culture, language, and people who can trace their ancestral roots back to

1056-462: A cost of 19,513 taels (exclusive of the stone abutments ). The new bridge was opened to traffic on 2 August 1873. In October 1873, the Shanghai Municipal Council bought out the owners of the Wills' bridge and eliminated the toll. Thus should have ended the errant complaints of discrimination against locals. Indeed, complaints might have been aimed in the opposite direction. "Wills' bridge was destroyed, and

1188-504: A gentle bow, and wishing him 'GOOD MORNING.' Foreigners must realize that the Japanese soldier doing such duty represents the EMPEROR OF JAPAN." In June 1938 an American physician Dr J.C. Thompson was slapped by Japanese sentries on the Garden Bridge. In early July 1938 bombs were thrown at a Japanese sentry post on the Garden Bridge as part of a co-ordinated attack by Chinese resistance fighters on Japanese businesses. From 20 July 1938,

1320-590: A great profit from the tolls collected from those using the bridge, and claimed it had received a charter from the Taotai (Chinese:道台 pinyin : daotai) giving it a right to this monopoly for 25 years. The public, however, protested, and denied the authority of the Taotai to grant any such charter." Wills soon became a wealthy person, but died on 9 September 1857 at sea on board the P&;O steamer Bengal . By 1870, Wills' bridge

1452-509: A horse-cart and one tael for a pedestrian". "The bridge was open to anyone who could pay the small toll, a 'thing hateful to the Shanghai public.'" Both Chinese and foreigners paid this toll, but as with many goods and services in Shanghai, foreigners paid on credit – thus the impression on the part of many Chinese that foreigners passed free." In 1863, when the British and American Settlements merged,

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1584-510: A legally protected treaty port . The term " bund " was borrowed into English from Hindustani : बंद / بند , romanized :  band , lit.   'enclosure; dam; embankment', originally referred to a dyke or embankment, which the Hindustani word itself comes from Classical Persian : بند , romanized :  band . Within the Chinese treaty ports, it was applied specifically to an embanked quay which ran along

1716-449: A lesser extent, a minority, i.e. Baiyue component in their heritage, and so differ slightly from other Han Chinese groups in skin tone, build, stature and a higher incidence of certain diseases such as nasopharyngeal cancer. Until the 19th century, Cantonese history was largely the history of Guangdong and Guangxi, collectively known as Liangguang or Guangnan. Throughout history, there have been multiple migrations of Han people from

1848-536: A memorial commemorating Chinese revolutionary martyrs, as well as those who have died fighting natural disasters in China. The Bund houses 52 buildings of various architectural styles, generally Eclecticist , but with some buildings displaying predominantly Romanesque Revival , Gothic Revival , Renaissance Revival , Baroque Revival , Neo-Classical or Beaux-Arts styles, and a number in Art Deco style (Shanghai has one of

1980-593: A muddling of dialectical pronunciations of " Guangdong " (e.g., Hakka Kóng-tûng ). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city of Guangzhou, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors. Within Guangdong and Guangxi, Cantonese is considered the prestige dialect and is called baahk wá , [pàːk wǎː] ( 白話 ) which means "vernacular". It is also known as "Guangzhou speech" or Guangzhounese (廣州話, 广州话, Gwóngjāu wá). Other Yue peoples are sometimes labelled as "Cantonese" such as

2112-454: A new bridge was constructed. It built a new bridge that was completed in August 1876. Its size was slightly bigger: 110.30 metres (385 feet) long and 12.19 metres (40 feet) wide, with walkways on each side (2.13 metres). The bridge has cost 12,900 taels. The second bridge remained in place until 1906." The first extensive repairs to the bridge were made in 1881, with 4,012 taels spent on re-planking

2244-565: A pedestrian transit tunnel under the riverbed crosses the Huangpu River from the Bund. Passengers board slow-moving SK people movers which travel along the tunnel, with light effects projected onto the walls of the tunnel. These effects are marketed as a tourist attraction; the charge for the tunnel is ten times the fee for crossing the river on Line 2 and 20 times the 2 RMB fee for crossing by ferry. There are numerous studies in Chinese and English, and many popular representations . The Bund

2376-625: A result, there are today many Cantonese communities throughout the world, including in Southeast Asia , the Pacific Islands , the Americas , the Caribbean and Western Europe , with Chinatowns commonly being established by Cantonese communities. There have been a large number of interracial marriages between Cantonese men and women from other nations (especially from Cuba, Peru, Mexico), as most of

2508-516: A section of Zhongshan Road (East Zhongshan Road No.1) within the former Shanghai International Settlement , which runs along the western bank of the Huangpu River in the eastern part of Huangpu . The area along the river faces the modern skyscrapers of Lujiazui in Pudong . The Bund usually refers to the buildings and wharves on this section of the road, as well as some adjacent areas. This region has

2640-405: A significant European influence, with the style of many structures most comparable to that of European cities, particularly Gothic , Baroque , Neoclassical , Romanesque , Art Deco , and Renaissance architecture. Additionally, some of the city's top eateries are located there. From the 1860s to the 1930s, it was the rich and powerful center of the foreign establishment in Shanghai, operating as

2772-601: A significant and immediate cultural shift at the time of Nanyue's establishment, especially in larger tombs, which began to deploy Han Chinese features such as ramps and compartmentalized coffins, and to contain traditional Han Chinese drinking vessels such as the hu, he , and ding as well as incense burners such as the xun lu . Buildings began to feature architectural elements from the Central Plains, including covered galleries, drains, stone lintels, and columnar bases. The Han aristocratic elite, however, did adopt features of

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2904-450: A variety of discriminatory laws, including the prohibition of Chinese female immigrants. The relaxation of immigration laws after World War II allowed for subsequent waves of migration to the Western world from southeastern mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau regional origin in

3036-507: A very early and continual stream of Han settlers from the Central Plains since the Qin era. Mass migration of Han Chinese produced a demographic change in the south, leading to the absorption of Tai-speaking minority groups. Paternally, the Cantonese population show no genetic difference from other northern and southern Han Chinese populations - Cantonese are generally descended from Northern Chinese Han males, and their Y-chromosome haplotypes conform

3168-410: Is a largely circular road which formed the traditional conceptual boundary of Shanghai city "proper". To the west of this stretch of the road stands some 52 buildings of various Western classical and modern styles which is the main feature of the Bund (see Architecture and buildings below). To the east of the road was formerly a stretch of parkland culminating at Huangpu Park . (This park is the site of

3300-536: Is a setting (and namesake) of the Hong Kong television series The Bund (1980) and film Shanghai Grand (1996). The story of both involve pre- World War II era gangsters competing for control of the Bund. "The Bund" is a song composed by electronic music group The Shanghai Restoration Project released on the group's first eponymous release, inspired by the Shanghai jazz bands of the 1930s. An instrumental version of

3432-483: Is made up by migrant workers from elsewhere in China that speak non-Cantonese variants of Chinese and Standard Chinese . Though in recent years it is slowly falling out of favour with the younger generation prompting fears in Cantonese people that the language may die out. Cantonese language's erosion in Guangzhou is due to a mix of suppression of the language and the mass migration of non-Cantonese speaking people in to

3564-707: Is treated as the sole language of the region. This is inaccurate as "Canton" itself technically only refers to the capital Guangzhou, and the Cantonese language specifically refers to only the Guangzhou dialect of the Yue Chinese languages. David Faure points out that there is no direct Chinese translation of the English term "Cantonese". People living in Guangdong and Guangxi may speak other Yue dialects or dialects from other Chinese language groups such as Mandarin , Min , Hakka , and Pinghua . The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cantão or Cidade de Cantão ,

3696-524: The Beiyang government , was assassinated on the Garden Bridge en route to the Japanese consulate, with a bomb thrown by Wang Mingshan (王明山), and eighteen shots fired by Wang Xiaofeng (王晓峰), another anti-monarchist revolutionary, using two Mauser automatic pistols . Revolutionary general Chen Qimei (陳其美), who was loyal to Sun Yat-sen , commanded the operation. The shelling of the Zhabei District during

3828-665: The Ningpo massacre after the defeat of Portuguese pirates. The First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) led to the loss of China's control over Hong Kong and Kowloon , which were ceded to the British Empire . Macau also became a Portuguese settlement . Between 1855 and 1867, the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars caused further discord in Guangdong and Guangxi. The third plague pandemic of 1855 broke out in Yunnan and spread to

3960-459: The Pearl River outside Canton, merchants traded goods such as silk , porcelain ("fine china") and tea , allowing Guangzhou to become a prosperous city. Links to overseas contacts and beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s have also contributed to the city's ongoing growth. Guangzhou was named a global city in 2008. The migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 percent of

4092-658: The Shanghai Incident on 28 January 1932, resulted in over 600,000 Chinese refugees attempting to cross the Garden Bridge into the International Settlement. The Japanese military restricted access to the bridge for several weeks. By 20 February 1932, the approaches to "the garden bridge into the foreign settlement again [was] glutted with a human" tide of those "writhing this morning with the torch of war against her breast". Many White Russian female refugees became prostitutes in Shanghai. The final (or lowest) stage for

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4224-635: The Shanghai World Financial Center in Pudong and its observation deck on the 100th floor. The Bund stretches one mile (1.6 km) along the bank of the Huangpu River. Traditionally, the Bund begins at Yan'an Road (formerly Edward VII Avenue) in the south and ends at Waibaidu Bridge (formerly Garden Bridge) in the north, which crosses Suzhou Creek . The Bund centres on a stretch of the Zhongshan Road , named after Sun Yat-sen. Zhongshan Road

4356-564: The Taishanese people ( 四邑粵人 ; sei yāp yuht yàhn ), even though Taishanese ( 台山話 ) has low intelligibility to Standard Cantonese . Some literature uses neutral terminology such as Guangdongese and Guangxiese to refer to people from these provinces without the cultural or linguistic affiliations to Cantonese. Cantonese peoples are predominantly of Han Chinese ancestry and lineage with various local genetic clusters suggesting regional language-based endogamy . The Cantonese originate from

4488-467: The Taishanese people who speak Taishanese , may or may not be considered Cantonese. The Hakka and Teochew people who also reside in Guangdong are usually differentiated from the Cantonese as they speak non-Yue Chinese languages. "Cantonese" has been generally used to describe all Chinese people from Guangdong since "Cantonese" is commonly treated as a synonym with "Guangdong" and the Cantonese language

4620-400: The Bai Yue culture, including the use of feathered headdresses as represented on Nanyue cauldrons, in order to bolster their authority amongst the indigenous people in the new hybrid Han-Yue polity. The Nanyue kingdom, which was led by a Han aristocracy and adopted Han bureaucratic structures, and which adopted a policy of assimilation and fusion with the native Bai Yue, then went on to become

4752-454: The Bund and Pudong, which had served the area's original purpose, were removed. A number of pleasure cruises still operate from some nearby wharves. In the 1990s, the Shanghai government attempted to promote an extended concept of the Bund to boost tourism, and land value in nearby areas, as well as to reconcile the promotion of "colonial relics" with the Socialist ideology. In its expanded form,

4884-458: The Bund was carried out. The first stage of the plan involved the southern end of the Bund, and saw the demolition of a section of the Yan'an Road elevated expressway, including removal of the large elevated expressway exit structure that formerly dominated the confluence of Yan'an Road and the Bund. A second phase involved the year-long restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge at the northern end of

5016-503: The Bund, and in preparation for World Expo 2010 to be held in Shanghai, Waibaidu Bridge was cut into two sections, detached from its abutments , and moved by boat into a shipyard in Pudong for extensive repairs and restoration. On 6 April 2008, the southern part of the bridge was removed and on 7 April 2008, the northern part was removed as well. The restoration work was undertaken by Shanghai Shipyards at its Minsheng Road docks in Pudong , and formally started on 5 April 2008. According to

5148-405: The Bund. In a third stage, the former 10-lane Bund roadway was reconstructed in two levels, with six lanes carried in a new tunnel. The vacated road space was used to widen the landscaped promenade along the waterfront. The new concrete bridge that was built in 1991 to relieve traffic on Waibaidu Bridge was rendered obsolete by the new double-levelled roadway, and demolished. The Bund was reopened to

5280-453: The Bund. The most popular remaining ferry service runs from Jinling Road wharf, near the southern end of the Bund, to Dongchang Road wharf, at the southern end of Lujiazui across the river. A full fare ride on the ferry costs 2 RMB. A number of companies offer Huangpu River cruises (boat tours) departing from the wharf; all of the major buildings in the Bund, and in Pudong, are illuminated each evening. Bund Sightseeing Tunnel (外滩观光隧道),

5412-526: The Cantonese migrants were men. As a result, there are many Afro-Caribbeans and South American people of Cantonese descent including many Eurasians. Unlike the migrants from Fujian , who mostly settled in Southeast Asia , many Cantonese emigrants also migrated to the Western Hemisphere , particularly the United States , Canada , Australia and New Zealand and Burma. Many Cantonese immigrants into

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5544-616: The Cantonese themselves, and the other dialect groups of Guangdong during the Tang dynasty including the Hakka and the Teochew. Waves of migration and intermarriage meant that the indigenous populations of both Guangxi and Guangdong provinces were either assimilated or displaced, but some native groups like the Zhuangs remain. One notable migration occurred in the aftermath of the deadly An Lushan rebellion in

5676-504: The Central Plains into the region that is now Southeastern and Southern China. The first Chinese presence in Guangdong can be traced to the conquest by the Qin general Zhao Tuo and his subsequent establishment of the Nanyue kingdom, a hybrid Han-Yue polity as an independent state. There was a second wave of migration during the Han dynasty during the troubled reign of the usurper Wang Mang. However, it

5808-719: The Consul of Sweden and Norway in Shanghai, with the finances provided by a consortium of twenty investors, called the Soochow Creek Bridge Company, the first company in China focusing mainly on bridge construction, constructed the first foreign bridge across the Suzhou Creek , at the location of the outermost ferry crossing to ease traffic between the British Settlement to the south, and the American Settlement to

5940-614: The Garden Bridge without passes. In late February 1938, the garrison commander of the Japanese Expeditionary Forces in China released a list of regulations and inducements to encourage foreigners to return to the Hongkou District to live, shop or do business: "Foreigners returning to districts North of the Creek are especially requested to respect the sentry on point duty at the Garden Bridge and at street corners by giving him

6072-420: The Garden Bridge. To the Japanese all Chinese must remove their hats; so I took pleasure in removing mine to our Scottish sentries also." Kemp Tolley indicates: "A Japanese sentry stood on the Garden Bridge, over odoriferous Soochow Creek, which separated Honkew from the rest of the International Settlement. Foreigners were expected, on pain of a possible slap in the face, to bow gently from the waist when passing

6204-527: The Garden Bridge: "There is much local criticism of the Japanese naval authorities who, still persist in their refusals to permit foreigners to cross the Garden Bridge." After August 1937 the Waibaidu Bridge was the de facto border between the International Settlement and Japanese occupied Hongkew (now Hongkou ) and Zhabei . As Mark Gayn recalls: "The creek became the boundary between two worlds. To

6336-458: The Han Chinese soldiers, conscripts, and laborers under Zhao Tuo's command were incorporated into the Nanyue kingdom and ordered to mix with the local inhabitants. Like the founder Zhao Tuo, the aristocratic elite and military class of the newly formed Nanyue state were of Central Plains origin and mediated the transmission of Han culture to the local inhabitants. Grave goods and burial pits show

6468-474: The Japanese began at the top with the Gendarmerie and the inquisitors, and carried down. The Garden Bridge, which leads north into Hongkew, was the scene of many slappings and strikings and jabbings by the Japanese guards." Since the 1940s, the Waibaidu Bridge has undergone four major repairs and reinforcements, including the most recent one in 1999. By 1947, after 40 years of service, the municipal government did

6600-575: The Japanese removed the hut on the Garden Bridge that used to mark the border between Hongkew and the International Settlement." Additionally, "there was now a barrier at the Garden Bridge over the Soochow Creek, sealing off the Japanese quarter from the rest of the Settlement. Barbed-wire barricades were set up throughout the city, and Japanese sentries posted at all bridges." An American resident, Edna Lee Booker, recalls: "The arrogance and possessiveness of

6732-500: The Liangguang region via Guangxi, killing thousands and spreading via water traffic to nearby Hong Kong and Macau. The turmoil of the 19th century, followed by the political upheaval of the early 20th century, compelled many residents of Guangdong to migrate overseas in search of a better future. Up until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of overseas Chinese emigrated from two provinces of China; Guangdong and Fujian . As

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6864-694: The Netherlands, and Belgium, as well as the consulates of Russia and Britain, a newspaper, the Shanghai Club and the Masonic Club. The Bund lies north of the old, walled city of Shanghai. It was initially a British settlement; later the British and American settlements were combined in the International Settlement . Magnificent commercial buildings in the Beaux Arts style sprang up in the years around

6996-722: The Qing Empire in 1895 let to its naming as the "cradle of the Xinhai Revolution". Revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was born in Zhongshan , Guangdong. Hong Kong was where he developed his thoughts of revolution and was the base of subsequent uprisings, as well as the first revolutionary newspaper. Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army was largely made up of Cantonese, and many of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese. Cantonese people and their culture are centered in Guangdong, Eastern Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau. Guangzhou,

7128-458: The Shanghai Bund, and it's managed to pop up in practically every movie ever made about the city." The most recent Waibaidu Bridge has been featured in a number of films and literary works, including: Notable places close to Waibaidu Bridge include: The Bund (Shanghai) The Bund is a waterfront area and a protected historical district in central Shanghai . The area centers on

7260-446: The Tang dynasty, creating a new local identity among the Liangguang peoples. The origin of the Cantonese people is thus said to be Han people from the Central Plains who migrated to Guangdong and Guangxi in multiple successive waves of settlement while it was still inhabited by Baiyue peoples. During the early 1800s, conflict occurred between Cantonese and Portuguese pirates in the form of

7392-451: The Tang dynasty, which led to a massive southward migration by people from the Tang heartland into the Panyu area, causing a 75% increase in the population on household registers. Unsurprisingly, the Cantonese often call themselves "people of Tang" ( 唐人 ; tòhng yàhn ). This is because Han immigration and the intermarriage with and acculturation of indigenous tribes reached a critical mass during

7524-678: The United States became railroad labourers, while many in South America were brought in as coolies . Cantonese immigrants in the United States and Australia participated in the California Gold Rush and the Australian gold rushes of 1854 onwards, while those in Hawaii found employment in sugarcane plantations as contract labourers. These early Cantonese immigrants variously faced hostility and

7656-672: The Western Hemisphere, and has not been supplanted by the Mandarin -based Standard Chinese . A large proportion of the early migrants also came from the Siyi region of Guangdong and spoke Taishanese. The Taishanese variant is still spoken in American Chinese communities, by the older population as well as by more recent immigrants from Taishan, in Jiangmen , Guangdong. Cantonese uprising against

7788-414: The Wusong Floodgate Bridge will be rendered obsolete by a new tunnel and will be demolished. In 1991 the Shanghai Municipal Council had the Shanghai Railway Bureau assess the Waibaidu bridge. In July 1991 the Shanghai Shipyard completed an overhaul and restoration of the bridge. On 15 February 1994 the Shanghai Municipal Council declared the Waibaidu bridge as the city's most outstanding construction. In

7920-441: The appearance of the Bund. Near the Nanjing Road intersection stands the only bronze statue along the Bund, a statue of military officer Chen Yi , who served as the first Communist mayor of Shanghai . At the northern end of The Bund, along the riverfront, is Huangpu Park , in which is situated the Shanghai People's Heroes Memorial Tower — a tall, abstract concrete tower constructed by the Shanghai government in 1993 to serve as

8052-414: The approaches to Shanghai save Garden Bridge and the twenty-foot wide crossing that led to it over the stinking, garbage-filled [Suzhou] Creek. The mid-day sun scorched down pitilessly, for it was still the season of tahsu — the Great Heat ...the mass pressed on at snail's pace toward what was becoming the bridge of life." At the end of August 1937, the Japanese military restricted foreigners from crossing

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8184-399: The area. Because of its tradition of usage in music, cinema, literature and newspapers, this form of Cantonese is a cultural mark of identity that distinguishes Cantonese people from speakers of other varieties of Chinese, whose languages are prohibited to have strong influences under China's Standard Mandarin policy. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Cantonese has preserved many features of

8316-500: The bridge after conducting tests on its structural integrity, necessitating the removal of the " rust , ... and aging structures strengthened during the repair". Repainting was another major task with all the rust and old paint removed from the bridge before new coats were applied. According to the project engineers, "There was a thick layer of old paint on the bridge, the result of many rounds of repainting during previous repairs. After it had all been removed, workers used anti-rust paint of

8448-409: The bridge was again referred to as "The Bridge of Sighs", as a result of handing Jiang Haisheng, a nineteen-year-old student who had been apprehended with a grenade in the International Settlement, to Japanese military authorities at the Garden Bridge. Later that month Miss Dorothea Lintihac was "rough housed" by Japanese sentries because she and her mother crossed the Garden Bridge on the wrong side of

8580-445: The bridge's two arches have been replaced with curved ones to restore the original appearance. During previous repairs, workers used the triangle structures to replace the old ones because they were easier to create than those with a curve." According to the project engineers, "Compared to the bridge's main structure, its underwater section has been drastically altered. Workers removed nearly 800 wooden pillars that were sunk 11 meters into

8712-406: The bridge, bowing en route, and pick up a conveyance in Japanese "territory." Rickshaws were not permitted to pass the Japanese sentries on the Garden Bridge. Japanese soldiers on both sides of the bridge would stop any Chinese, humiliate them and punish them if they hadn't shown proper respect. Foreigners were also expected to bow to the Japanese sentries, with some men and women forced to strip to

8844-404: The broader group of Yue languages and dialects spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi, although it is used more specifically to describe Gwóngjāu wah ( 廣州話 ), the prestige variant spoken in Guangzhou . Gwóngjāu wah is the main language used for education, literature and media in Hong Kong and Macau. It is still widely used in Guangzhou, despite the fact that a large proportion of the city's population

8976-402: The capital of Guangdong, has been one of China's international trading ports since the Tang dynasty. During the 18th century, it became an important centre of the emerging trade between China and the Western world, as part of the Canton System . The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top three cities in the world. Operating from the Thirteen Factories located on the banks of

9108-412: The capital situated at modern-day Guangzhou. The people of Liangguang remained autonomous until formally incorporated into the Han dynasty in 111 BC, following the Han–Nanyue War . Incorporation into Han territory Liangguang was incorporated into the Han dynasty in 111 BC, following the Han–Nanyue War . From this point on, it was directly administered by the Han Empire. Han Empire During

9240-403: The character bai was changed to a homophonic that altered the meaning to 'outer free crossing bridge'". Before bridges were built over the Suzhou Creek (then known as the Wusong River), citizens had to use one of three ferry crossings: one near Zhapu Road, one at Jiangxi Road, and one near the mouth of the Suzhou River. These crossings ( du in Chinese) were the only way to ford the river, until

9372-416: The city of Guangzhou . Their influence has spread across the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. There are cultural, economic, political, generational and geographical differences in making "Cantonese-ness" in and beyond Guangdong and Guangxi, with the interacting dynamics of migration, education, social developments and cultural representations. The term "Cantonese language" is sometimes used to refer to

9504-548: The city's total population in 2008. Most of them are rural migrants and they speak only standard Chinese. Hong Kong and Macau are two of the richest cities in the world in terms of GDP per capita and are autonomous SARs (Special Administrative Regions) that are under independent governance from China. Historically governed by the British and Portuguese empires respectively, colonial Hong Kong and Macau were increasingly populated by migrant influxes from mainland China, particularly

9636-428: The city, traffic between both sides of Suzhou River soared in the 1850s, increasing the need for a bridge close to the mouth of the river. In October 1856, a British businessman named Charles Wills, of the firm of Jardine, Matheson , and American Edward R. Cunningham (1823–1889), the "brilliant though somewhat impetuous" managing director of Russell & Co., Vice-Consul for the United States (1853) and also consul of

9768-412: The condition of the bridge in its fiftieth year of use. Repairs were made and measures taken to conserve the aging bridge. The bridge was originally designed to last fifty years. During 1961 it was necessary to repair damage to the asphalt surface of the road, and remove rot damage on the bridge deck. In 1964 the bridge was removed to the shipyard for repairs, and the tramway permanently removed. In 1965

9900-669: The construction of a sluice gate built in the Ming dynasty , later known as "Old Sluice", where the current Fujian Road bridge is located. During the Qing dynasty , another sluice bridge ("New Sluice") was constructed during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (1723–1735), near the location of today's Datong Road bridge. With Shanghai becoming an international trade port through the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, and foreign powers being granted concessions in

10032-758: The development of action-comedy genre exemplified in movies such as the God of Gamblers , the pioneering of the comedy-horror genre seen in Mr Vampire , the popularization Chinese cultivation fantasy fiction genres as seen in cult classics and experimental movies rich in special effects such as Chinese Ghost Story and Zu Warriors from Magic Mountain , and leading the way for the use of complex choreography and stunts through Jackie Chan movies such as Police Story . Recent films include Kung Fu Hustle , Shaolin Soccer , Infernal Affairs and Ip Man 3 . Cantonese cuisine

10164-532: The distribution seen in all other Han subgroups. Maternally, both southern natives and northern Han Chinese women contributed to the Cantonese gene pool. As a whole, the Cantonese show predominant Han Chinese ancestry, with their Han Chinese ancestry more pronounced on the patriline than on the matriline. This is in contrast to the Pinghua and Tanka population, who both show the reverse pattern. Whole-exome sequencing data of Hong Kong Cantonese, when subject to

10296-534: The editor of the Shenbao newspaper in 1872, expressed outrage that the Chinese had to pay a toll to cross Wills' bridge while foreigners were exempted. Another suggests that the owner of the bridge is certainly "one conversant with profit". According to Barbara Mittler, "This turned out to be untrue, however: the Municipal Council was paying a yearly fee to Wills for foreign users." According to Pott, "The company made

10428-471: The erection of a new iron bridge in 1871, two poles gave way and the part of the bridge that had been completed sank into the river." The Shanghai Municipal Council resolved the situation by approving the construction of a new wooden floating bridge, several metres west of Wills' original wooden bridge, to be opened to the public in September 1873. The Soochow Creek Bridge was built by S.C. Farnham & Co. at

10560-409: The eyes of the gorgeous granite -stone dragons who watch the passing, living stream of human wretchedness. The deformed, the leprous, the blind, and the most hideous and disgusting semblance of humanity squat in rows and knots along the sides" of this bridge. The wooden Garden Bridge was demolished in 1906 and a new steel bridge was constructed to accommodate both trams and automobiles . This bridge

10692-420: The infamous sign reported to have proclaimed "no dogs or Chinese", although this exact wording never existed. Further information, including an image of the sign, can be found at the article on Huangpu Park.) This area is now much reduced due to the expansion of Zhongshan Road. Further east is a tall levee, constructed in the 1990s to ward off flood waters. The construction of this high wall has dramatically changed

10824-563: The major financial institutions operating in China, including the "big four" national banks in the Republic of China era. However, with the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , many of these financial institutions were gradually moved to Hong Kong in the 1950s . Hotels and clubs were closed or converted to other uses. The statues of colonial figures and foreign worthies which had dotted

10956-441: The middle of 1999 the ninety-one year-old bridge "experienced the largest face-lift of its history to date and was restored to its full beauty, glory and strength. Now, in the new century, the bridge is still sturdy and ready again to endure the weathering of the elements and the busy traffic, and to greet the tourists that come to the city." In December 2007, the Waibaidu bridge celebrated its centenary . As early as March 2007 it

11088-476: The more prominent being Lingnan architecture , Lingnan school of painting , Canton porcelain , Cantonese opera , Cantonese music , among many others. Architecture Cantonese architecture or Lingnan architecture favors pale colors such as white and grey-green, demonstrates straight rather than curved roof ridges and the use of "woerlou or omega-shaped structures" at the ends, and employs open structures such as balconies, skylights and verandas to accommodate

11220-414: The municipal government to construct a tall levee along the riverfront, with the result that the embankment now stands some 10 metres higher than street level. In the 1990s, Zhongshan Road (named after Sun Yat-sen ), the road on which the Bund is centred, was widened to ten lanes. As a result, most of the parkland which had existed along the road disappeared. Also in this period, the ferry wharves connecting

11352-517: The nearby Guangdong Province. For that reason, the culture of Hong Kong and Macau became a mixture of Cantonese and Western influences, sometimes described as "East meets West". Hong Kong Island was first colonised by the British Empire in 1842 with a population of 7,450; however, it was in 1898 that Hong Kong became a British colony , when the British also colonised the New Territories (which constitute 86.2% of Hong Kong's modern territory). It

11484-570: The new Garden Bridge, which replaced Wills Bridge in 1907. So residents of the Chinese municipality enjoyed free crossing of the Suzhou Creek from the 1870s thanks to the ratepayers of the International Settlement (a majority of whom were wealthy Chinese, who were taxed but did not have the right to representation on the SMC until the 1920s)." At noon on 10 November 1915 Admiral Tseng Ju Cheng (pinyin: Zheng Ru Cheng; 鄭汝成), governor of Shanghai district loyal to

11616-483: The north of Suzhou River. Built to replace a Chinese bridge that had collapsed in 1855, and "that the Chinese were unable to reconstruct", this new bridge, which soon became known as Wills' Bridge, was made entirely of wood, and "had a total length of 137.16 metres (450 feet) and width of 7.01 metres (23 feet)". It had a "draw" on the Hongkou side to allow larger boats to enter or exit Suzou Creek. According to Francis Pott, it

11748-555: The north was the world of fear, death, and the Japanese bayonet . To the south, law was still supreme and life remained as normal as it could be with bombs exploding....Of all the bridges, the Garden Bridge alone remained open to traffic, and on its narrow roadway the two hostile worlds met and glared at each other.", The west end of Garden Bridge, was guarded by members of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps . Harold Rattenbury recalls: "Japanese and Scottish sentries face one another on

11880-531: The official language of the Tang dynasty with elements of the ancient Yue language . Written Cantonese is very common in manhua , books, articles, magazines, newspapers, online chat, instant messaging, internet blogs and social networking websites. Anime , cartoons and foreign films are also dubbed in Cantonese. Some videogames such as Sleeping Dogs , Far Cry 4 , Grand Theft Auto III and Resident Evil 6 have substantial Cantonese dialogues. Cantonese people have created various schools or styles of arts, with

12012-425: The previous year, were responsible for building the bridge, which started on 4 August 1906. The bridge was completed on 29 December 1907. When it was opened on 20 January 1908, "it was the most substantial structure in China." It was the largest steel bridge in Shanghai and was the first steel truss bridge to be built in China, and is the only surviving example of a camelback truss bridge in the country. The bridge had

12144-650: The project engineers, Almost 160,000 rivets hold China's first steel bridge together. Once common practice in the construction industry, the use of rivets has been replaced by welding . Riveting, a dying art, is now only used on a small scale for building railway bridges and ships. Bridge repairers Shanghai Shipyard found and recruited nearly 60 riveters from two factories in Shanhaiguan of Hebei Province and Xi'an of Shaanxi Province and flew them to Shanghai. They worked in four-man groups, heating rivets to between 900 and 1,000 degrees Celsius before hammering them into

12276-436: The public on Sunday 28 March 2010 after restoration for the 2010 Expo . A stampede occurred on December 31, 2014, at 11:36 p.m. in the waterfront. At least 36 people were killed and 47 injured in the incident. The primary incident took place near Chen Yi Square , where a large crowd, estimated at around 300,000, had gathered for the new year celebration. The bund is one of the most prominent features when viewed from

12408-430: The rate was doubled, causing serious protests by the Chinese population. The local population regarded Wills' toll policy as yet another of many restrictions for Chinese people by foreign powers. They responded with protest and boycotted the bridge, and Cantonese merchants opened new ferry services across Soochow Creek." Zhan Re, from Guangdong , established a free ferry near today's Shanxi Road intersection. One letter to

12540-539: The reason for the restoration project was "to make way for the construction of a huge two-level vehicle tunnel called the "Bund Passage" below the Bund, or Zhongshan Road E1, to alleviate ground traffic congestion." According to the Shanghai Daily newspaper in 2008, "Despite its 100 years of use, the bridge recently passed a quality test which showed it would have been safe to use for at least 30 years even without this major facelift." The restoration plan, whose key concept

12672-506: The region in 214 BC and later, after the collapse of the Qin empire, founded the independent kingdom of Nanyue in 204 BC. Zhao Tuo's retinue included hundreds of thousands of predominantly male Qin conscripts, and he is recorded as petitioning the Qin Emperor for 30,000 wives from the Central Plains for his restless soldiers. Following the collapse of central authority in the Qin Empire,

12804-440: The richest collections of Art Deco architectures in the world). From the south, the main buildings are: While Shanghai Metro Line 2 crosses the Bund, there are no plans to build a station on the Bund. The closest station is East Nanjing Road , about a five-minute walk up Nanjing Road . East-1 Zhongshan Road is a major bus route. There were previously frequent ferry services operating by Shanghai Ferry from wharves on and near

12936-426: The river bed. Now the bridge's three piers will be sitting on 36 one-metre-wide concrete supports that are deeply-rooted to a depth of 67 metres under the bottom of the creek." The restored bridge stands on new concrete piles that are wider and deeper than the original wooden supports and is expected to have a safe lifespan of at least another 50 years. The restored bridge was reopened to pedestrians on 8 April 2009. It

13068-447: The riverside were also removed. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, with the thawing of economic policy in the People's Republic of China , buildings on the Bund were gradually returned to their former uses. Government institutions were moved out in favour of financial institutions, while hotels resumed trading as such. Also during this period, a series of floods caused by typhoons motivated

13200-470: The roadway and footpaths. Sometime after the Public Garden at the northern end of the Bund opened in 1886, and due to its proximity, the Waibaidu bridge was also called the "Garden Bridge" in English. Colloquially, the bridge was also known as the 'Beggars' Bridge" or "Bridge of Sighs" by 1873, because "here may be seen the most abject poverty and human misery, - sights pitiful enough to draw tears from

13332-417: The same silver-grey colour as before. Now, not only does the bridge look like new, but it has even more protection against rusting than before." The restoration project required 205 tons of steel. Some of the original components will go on display at museums in Shanghai. Liu Yanbin, a member of the project team, indicated, "The iron handrails and the cement pavements have will be replaced with wooden ones, and

13464-571: The sentries "considered themselves representatives of Emperor Hirohito , and many foreigners had been slapped or clubbed for 'disrespectfully' smoking in front of Imperial Representatives." In August 1937 Admiral Harry E. Yarnell , Commander-in-Chief of the US Asiatic Fleet , was "deliberately and grossly insulted by Japanese naval sentries on the Garden bridge." On 27 December 1937 Japanese authorities announced that foreigners would be permitted to cross

13596-446: The sentry. Chinese coolies grunted, groaned and yei-hoed, pushing heavily loaded carts up the bridge's steep approaches. An occasional bayonet thrust into a bale or a prick in some tender part of a coolie's anatomy reminded everyone who was boss. Although Honkew was a part of the International Settlement, the Settlement taxis and rickshaws were not allowed there. One had to hire a ramshackle vehicle especially licensed — or walk across

13728-481: The shore. The Chinese name for the Bund is unrelated in origin: it literally means "outer bank ", and distinguishes this part of the riverfront from the "inner bank" adjacent to the old city of Shanghai . The Shanghai Bund has dozens of historical buildings, lining the Huangpu River, that once housed numerous banks and trading houses from the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Italy, Russia, Germany, Japan,

13860-728: The song titled "The Bund (Instrumental)" was released in 2008 on the group's Day – Night (Instrumentals) album. The Bund was featured in the premiere of The Amazing Race 21 , the finale of The Amazing Race: China Rush 1 , and the premiere of The Amazing Race: China Rush 3 . The Bund is one of the playable stages in The King of Fighters XIV . 31°14′16.9″N 121°29′10.1″E  /  31.238028°N 121.486139°E  / 31.238028; 121.486139  ( The Bund ) Cantonese people The Cantonese people ( 廣府人 ; 广府人 ; gwong fu jan ; Gwóngfú Yàhn ) or Yue people ( 粵人 ; 粤人 ; jyut jan ; Yuht Yàhn ), are

13992-455: The street to avoid both dangerous traffic and barbwire entanglements. Subsequently, they were arrested and detained later. The British Consul General Herbert Phillips protested the incident and the "increasingly belligerent attitude" of the Japanese sentries. In the early hours of 8 December 1941, as Pearl Harbor was being attacked, the International Settlement was occupied by Japanese military forces. Now that "they controlled all of Shanghai,

14124-529: The strongest state on the southern periphery of the Han, with many neighboring kingdoms declaring their allegiance to Nanyue rule. Zhao Tuo took the Han territory of Hunan and defeated the Han dynasty's first attack on Nanyue, later annexing the kingdom of Minyue in the east and conquering Âu Lạc , Northern Vietnam, in the west in 179 BC. The greatly expanded Nanyue kingdom included the territories of modern-day Guangdong, Guangxi and Northern Vietnam (Tonkin), with

14256-414: The structure. "At night, it was like watching a meteor flying across the sky as one worker cast a heated rivet high and the other quickly took it with tools and hammered it on the bridge without a second's delay, a Shanghai Shipyard engineer said. Ultimately, "some 63,000 steel rivets have been replaced - about 40% of the total." The Shanghai Morning Post reported that engineers found high sulfur content in

14388-424: The surrounding Pearl River Delta , the Cantonese people established the Cantonese language as the dominant one in Hong Kong and Macau during their 19th century migrations within the times of the British and Portuguese colonial eras respectively. Cantonese remains today as a majority language in Guangdong and Guangxi, despite the increasing influence of Mandarin. Speakers of other Yue Chinese dialects, such as

14520-521: The term "Bund" (as "New Bund" or "Northern Bund") was used to refer to areas south of Yan'an Road , and a stretch of riverfront north of the Suzhou River ( Zhabei ). Such use of the term, however, remains rare outside of tourism literature. On March 28, 2010, the eve of the opening of the World Expo, the Bund fully completed its renovation project. From 2008, a major reconfiguration of traffic flow along

14652-437: The terms li 裡 (internal) and wai 外 (external) to denote varying degrees of proximity of a location. An intermediate degree was indicated by zhong 中 (middle) for places situated between these two extremes. Several place names in Shanghai still reflect this practice. The Chinese name of the Garden Bridge – waibaidu qiao 外白渡橋 – is such a case. The name makes sense only in relation with another bridge called libaidu qiao 裡白渡橋 that

14784-449: The triangular truss will be replaced with an arc, as it was in 1907." Wooden sidewalks were restored on both sides of the bridge's vehicle lanes. Mao Anji, a project manager, indicated: "The roadways are to be paved after the bridge is moved back to the creek. We will replace the previous concretes with wooden materials to build the new sidewalks to bring back the bridge's original and old style." Additionally, "some triangle-shaped frames on

14916-640: The tropical climate in the south. Buildings are also generally taller than in the north. It also features narrow structures known as "cold alleys" to promote the increase of windspeed, and thus the cooling and ventilation of buildings. Cantopop during its early glory had spread to mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Well-known Cantopop singers include Andy Lau , Aaron Kwok , Joey Yung , Alan Tam , Roman Tam , Anita Mui , Danny Chan , Leslie Cheung , Jacky Cheung , Leon Lai , Sammi Cheng and Coco Lee , many of whom are of Cantonese or Taishanese origin. The Hong Kong movie industry

15048-472: The troubled period of Wang Mang 's reign in the Han dynasty (206BC–220AD), there were influxes of Han Chinese migrants into Guangdong and Guangxi, western coast of Hainan, Annam (now Northern Vietnam) and Eastern Yunnan. 4th-12th century AD During the 4th–12th centuries, yet more waves of Han Chinese people from the central plains migrated and settled in the South of China. This gave rise to peoples, including

15180-471: The turn of the 20th century as the Bund developed into a major financial center of East Asia. Directly to the south, and just northeast of the old walled city, the former French Bund (the quai de France , part of the Shanghai French Concession ) was of comparable size to the Bund but functioned more as a working harbourside. By the 1940s, the Bund housed the headquarters of many, if not most, of

15312-460: The waist. Rena Krasno, a Jewish refugee remembered: "Everyone crossing the Garden Bridge is compelled to remove their hat and bow....The tram halted in front of the Japanese guards, all the passengers bowed and the bayonet-clasping soldiers waved us on with their free hand." For the Japanese, "the sentry was the personification of the glory and power of the Japanese army, and woe befall those who did not pay proper respect to him." According to Clark Lee,

15444-582: The wooden pedestrian sidewalks were replaced with new materials, the concrete columns were reinforced, tooth plate joints were installed, and the bridge repainted. In 1967, during the Cultural Revolution , Neale Hunter, an Australian who lived in the Broadway Mansions for nine months, described the Garden Bridge as "an ugly tangle of bolted iron struts", while Red Guards renamed the bridge, "Anti-Imperialism Bridge". In 1970 extensive sandblasting

15576-647: The world. Macau natives are known as the Tanka people . A dialect similar to Shiqi , originating from Zhongshan in Guangdong, is also spoken in the region. Parts of Macau were first loaned to the Portuguese by China as a trading centre in the 16th century, with the Portuguese required to administer the city under Chinese authority. In 1851 and 1864, the Portuguese Empire occupied the two nearest offshore islands Taipa and Coloane respectively and Macau officially became

15708-400: Was "not a very sightly structure." Wills brought capital into China and invested in infrastructure that benefited Chinese and foreigner alike. He invested $ 12,000 in the 450-foot span (complete with drawbridge ), and naturally charged a crossing fee. According to Henriot, "The investment made was to be repaid by a fee charged on all vehicles and passers-by at a rate of 5 taels per year for

15840-543: Was "restoring and reinforcing the original style", was approved by the State Cultural Relic Bureau, with the stipulation that "the bridge's body above the lowest water level was kept intact". On 29 February 2008, the Garden Bridge was closed to all traffic, in preparation for its removal. On 1 March 2008, as part of the Bund Refurbishment Project, an extensive reconfiguration of traffic flow along

15972-522: Was also designed to reduce electricity consumption and make the bridge more attractive at night. The Waibaidu bridge has been featured in several novels, including: According to film critic William Arnold, "Since colonial days, the focal point of the City of Shanghai has been the spot where the Garden Bridge crosses the meandering Suzhou Creek as it runs into the Huangpo River. It marks the northern boundary of

16104-644: Was built under the supervision of the Shanghai Municipal Council , and imported the steel from England. This second "Waibadu Bridge" ("Garden Bridge"), was designed by the British firm Howarth Erskine Ltd . of Singapore . The Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company Co. Ltd. of Darlington , County Durham , England , who had built the Victoria Falls Bridge over the Zambezi River in Rhodesia

16236-486: Was conducted on all the steel components of the Waibaidu bridge to remove all rust. A rust-proof zinc spray was then added to the bridge, and the sidewalk railings repainted grey, while the side safety fences were painted white. In 1977 the Shanghai Municipal Design Institute examined and reinforced the beams of the bridge. In 1985 all of the paint on the bridge was scraped off, and then the bridge

16368-444: Was decided to strengthen the Waibaidu bridge due to "concerns that construction of a nearby tunnel could damage the structure. Construction of the tunnel - known as the Bund passage project - will begin this year for completion in 2010. The piers along the steel truss Waibaidu Bridge will be upgraded following a complete inspection....City engineers have managed to track down the original blueprints, which were written in English." Part of

16500-427: Was during this period that migrants from China entered, mainly speaking Cantonese, the prestige variety of Yue Chinese , as a common language. During the following century of British rule, Hong Kong grew into a hub of Cantonese culture and has remained as such since the handover in 1997 . Today Hong Kong is one of the world's leading financial centres and the Hong Kong dollar is the thirteenth most-traded currency in

16632-506: Was featured in the 1984 novel Empire of the Sun by British author J. G. Ballard , based on his experiences as a boy during the Japanese invasion and occupation. The book was made into a film by Steven Spielberg . The opening pages of the 1999 novel Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson are set on the Bund in November 1941, as civil order collapses under the threat of Japanese invasion. The Bund

16764-593: Was located further inside the Soochow Creek , whereas the Garden Bridge was located at the mouth of the creek where it merges into the Huangpu river. Another source indicates that in Shanghainese , waibaidu means passing through the bridge without paying. Because there was no longer any toll collected to cross the bridge, it began to be called Waibaidu, but "whereas the old name meant 'foreigners/outer ferry crossing bridge'

16896-527: Was only under much later dynasties such as the Jin dynasty , the Tang dynasty , and the Song dynasty , when major waves of Han Chinese began to migrate south into Guangdong and Guangxi, that the region acquired the cultural characteristics that last until the present day. Formation of Nanyue kingdom What is now Guangdong and later Guangxi, was first brought under Qin influence by a general named Zhao Tuo , who conquered

17028-429: Was opened to vehicular traffic early in the morning of 11 April. According to the bridge's repairers, The bridge will "weigh more than 1,000 tons as the result of its 10-month repair and restoration program. It was the most in-depth restoration effort since Waibaidu Bridge was built in 1907." One of the improvements was the installation of an LED lighting system on the bridge, which cycles through different colours, and

17160-413: Was quite worn out. The Shanghai Municipal Council instructed the owners to repair it, but it was ignored. "In the end the Municipal Council stepped in, built another bridge a dozen paces from Mr Wills's, and allowed everyone to traverse it for free." With profits for the wooden bridge decreasing, the Soochow Creek Bridge Company decided to build a new bridge. According to Pott, "When the company attempted

17292-466: Was re-painted. In the 1980s to 1990s the traffic volume on the Bund increased dramatically, and the then 90-year-old Waibaidu Bridge could no longer cope. In 1991, the Wusong Floodgate Bridge, a new concrete road bridge was constructed to the west of Waibaidu Bridge, and the river crossing traffic was mainly diverted onto the new bridge. After the completion of the Bund reconfiguration project,

17424-439: Was the third-largest movie industry in the world (after Hollywood and Bollywood ) for decades throughout the 20th century, with Cantonese-language films viewed and acclaimed around the world for its innovative style. Cantonese popular culture through the medium Hong Kong cinema has been responsible for pioneering the development of new genres and styles and paving the path for the rest of Chinese cinema. These innovations include

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