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82-661: VALCO was a joint venture with Kaiser Aluminum and ALCOA , major aluminum conglomerates both based in the United States , in the British Gold Coast colony in 1948. In 1961, Kaiser Aluminum & the Ghana Government invested in the Akosombo Hydroelectric Project to provide energy for its aluminum smelters. The company had negotiated favorable terms for power purchase with the government. The agreement

164-506: A strategic alliance with China's largest aluminum producer, at its Pingguo facility; however, it was unsuccessful. Alcoa sold their stake in Chalco on September 12, 2007, for around $ 2 billion. In 2004, Alcoa's specialty chemicals business was sold to two private equity firms led by Rhône Group for an enterprise value of $ 342 million, which included the assumption of debt and other unfunded obligations. Rhône Group then changed

246-491: A 100,000 tons/year smelter at Chalmette (1951–) , on the banks of the Mississippi River (precisely at 29°56′15″N 89°58′52″W  /  29.9376°N 89.98117°W  / 29.9376; -89.98117  ( Chalmette smelter ) ) was announced November 1950. Shortly before the plant started production at the end of 1951, doubling of the capacity was decided, primarily first for military stockpiling amidst

328-543: A 500,000 tonne per year refinery that processes bauxite into alumina. They have continued to upgrade the plant through the years, and it is now capable of 1,425,000 tonnes per year. In 1988, the Jamaican government gained a 50% share in the subsidiary and renamed the operation to Jamalco, Alcoa being the managing partner. Expansion of the operation in 2007 resulted in Alcoa owning 55% of the operation. Alcoa continues to mine bauxite in

410-625: A 60% pay increase. Since this time the Tema plant has seen several years of shutdown and reduced capacity. In May 2003 VALCO closed completely due to persistent problems in negotiating its high consumption of electricity at an affordable rate. On August 4, 2004, Alcoa and the Government of the Republic of Ghana announced that they had finalized agreements to restart the VALCO smelter in Tema. The plan, which included

492-528: A Superfund Unilateral Order on December 31, 1998, requiring Alcoa to excavate, treat and dispose of the contaminated wetlands sediments. In April 2003, Alcoa Inc. agreed to spend an estimated $ 330 million to install a new coal-fired power plant with state-of-the-art pollution controls to eliminate the vast majority of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions from the power plant at Alcoa's aluminum production facility in Rockdale , Texas. The settlement

574-747: A bath of cryolite and aluminum oxide , the then semi-rare metal aluminum remained as a byproduct. This discovery, now called the Hall–Héroult process , along with the Bayer process , are the dominant processes for production of aluminum from bauxite ore . Fewer than ten sites in the United States and Europe produced aluminum at the time. In 1887, Hall agreed to try his process at the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company plant in Lockport, New York . Still, it

656-553: A capacity of 500,000 tons of alumina per year, built at a cost of $ 25,683,385. The plant was closed and put on standby in July 1944. It began to produce again in December 1946, when since April under 5-year lease by Kaiser, at a time when Kaiser share at the Mead smelter reached 4 potlines. B. Rouge replaced the previous utilization of stockpiled alumina at Mead, but only enough soda ash was allotted by

738-570: A controversial dam project exclusively dedicated to supplying electricity to this smelter. The Fjarðaál smelter in eastern Iceland was completed in June 2007 and brought into full operation the following April. The plant processes 940 tons of aluminum a day, with a capacity of 346,000 metric tons a year, making it Alcoa's second largest capacity smelter. For power, the plant relies on the Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant , constructed and operated by

820-674: A cost of approximately $ 150 Million dollars. Construction of this line is expected to begin by the first half of 2022, and achieve initial operational capability by 2024. Kaiser Aluminum is headquartered in Franklin , Tennessee . In 2020, it recorded revenues of roughly US$ 1.173   billion . Kaiser currently owns 13 fabricating plants that can produce more than 400,000,000 pounds (180,000 long tons) of aluminum annually. The North American plants produce approximately 500,000,000 pounds (220,000 long tons) per year of value-added sheet, can sheet, plate, extrusions, forgings, rod, bar, and tube. With

902-531: A long term ground lease with Alcoa; Alcoa retains its on site four unit coal fired generating station, smelting assets, and land assets with the remainder of the facility to be operated by Kaiser. Presently, Kaiser Aluminum Warrick operates a cast house, hot mill, cold mills, finishing mills/coating lines, and slitter lines, producing flat rolled aluminum sheet for the food and beverage container market. In July 2021, Kaiser Aluminum announced plans to construct an additional roll coating line at Kaiser Aluminum Warrick, at

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984-531: A major Ghanaian customer of VALCO is Aluworks . While one motivation for establishing the plant was the local availability of bauxite in Ghana, the major raw material of alumina, VALCO has for many decades imported alumina to produce aluminum. The smelter has a capacity to produce 200,000 metric tons per year of ingots. In early 2011, it began operating again at about 20% of its capacity, producing 3,000 tons per month, mostly for local consumption, with plans to activate

1066-410: A refinery at Baton Rouge and smelters and finishing plants in various regional markets, drawing from more war surplus plants (at Newark, Ohio and Halethorpe, Maryland ) as well as starting entirely new and fairly large plants (at Chalmette, Louisiana and at Ravenswood, West Virginia ). This growth was also stimulated by significant demand created by the military, both for new production, but also for

1148-523: A reminder of the environmental dimensions of industrial operations. Alcoa Road's transition from an access route for mining to a gateway for environmental observation underscores the evolving relationship between industry and conservation. Alcoa's affiliate in Ghana , the Volta Aluminum Company , was completely closed between May 2003 and early 2006 due to problems with its electricity supply. Alcoa

1230-520: A remote area 250 km north of Quebec City . Infrastructure was necessary to support the workforce required by the aluminum plant, so the company funded the construction of schools, parks, playgrounds, and medical facilities. Davis was named chairman of Alcoa's board of directors in 1928 and remained in that role for thirty years until his retirement. In 1938, the Justice Department charged Alcoa with illegal monopolization and demanded that

1312-608: A second potline to bring monthly production up to 6,000 tons in Tema . 11 years later in 2022, the 600-acre plant was still operating at about one-fifth of its rated capacity, producing liquid aluminium, rolling ingot, and extrusion billet. These are used for electrical cables and conductors, holloware (including pots and pans) and roofing sheets. The government is seeking to internalise bauxite mining and aluminium smelting and production in Ghana, with new mines and plant updates. Industry media suggests in 2023 that despite retaining 750 workers

1394-536: A third site opened at Niagara Falls . Hunt left the company in 1898 to fight in the Spanish–American War . While in Puerto Rico, he contracted Malaria . Less than a year after his return to the states, he died from complications of the disease at age 44. By about 1903, after a settlement with Hall's former employer, and while its patents were in force, the company was the only legal supplier of aluminum in

1476-645: Is a major owner of the Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée through Halco Mining , together with Rio Tinto Alcan and the Guinean government. Guinea is the second global producer of bauxite and it is said to have half of the world's reserves. In 2005, Alcoa began construction in Iceland on Alcoa Fjarðaál , a state-of-the-art aluminum smelter and the company's first greenfield smelter in more than 20 years, albeit under heavy criticism by local and international NGOs related to

1558-592: Is an American aluminum producer. It is a spinoff from Kaiser Aluminum and Chemicals Corporation , which came to be when common stock was offered in Permanente Metals Corporation and Permanente Metals Corporation's name was changed to Kaiser Aluminum and Chemicals Corporation. Founded in 1946, Henry J. Kaiser's corporation entered the aluminum business by leasing, then purchasing three government-owned aluminum facilities in Washington state. These were

1640-716: Is now managed locally and renamed Westfield Industrial Park. Several of the large buildings are leased out to local businesses. Alcoa operates bauxite mines, alumina refineries, and aluminum smelters through Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals (AWAC), a joint venture between Alumina Limited and Alcoa. Alcoa operates two bauxite mines in Western Australia—the Huntly and Willowdale mines. Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals owns and operates three alumina refineries in Western Australia : Kwinana, Pinjarra , and Wagerup . The Wagerup expansion plans were put on hold due to

1722-593: The 2008 Global Financial Crisis . In January 2024, Alcoa announced it would cease alumina production at its Kwinana refinery that year. Two aluminum smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry ; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014. Alcoa Australia Rolled Products, a 100% Alcoa Inc. venture, operates two rolling mills. The Point Henry Rolling Mill in Victoria and

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1804-540: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). AWA will pay the DoJ $ 223 million in five equal installments over the next four years, bringing the company's total bill for the scandal to $ 384 million. In June 2016, Alcoa Inc. announced plans to split itself into two companies: Alcoa Inc would be renamed as Arconic and would take over the business of designing and building processed metal parts, primarily for

1886-494: The Hall–Héroult process , the first inexpensive technique for refining aluminum, drastically reducing the price of aluminum while increasing its availability. Hall approached Hunt and Davis to form a company to bring his process to market; the three founded Alcoa as the Pittsburgh Reduction Company , which expanded quickly. Hunt died in 1898 after fighting in the Spanish–American War . The company changed its name to

1968-699: The Rank Group for $ 2.7 billion in 2008. In 2000, Alcoa also purchased Cordant Technologies Inc. for $ 57 a share in cash, or $ 2.3 billion, and assumed $ 685 million of Cordant's debt for a total transaction value of $ 2.9 billion. Cordant's divisions included Huck Fasteners, Jacobson Mfg. Co., Continental/Midland Group, its 85% interest in Howmet International Inc. , and Thiokol Corporation . In 2001, Alcoa sold Thiokol for $ 2.9 billion to Alliant Techsystems (ATK) . Alcoa purchased an 8% stake of Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco) in 2001. It tried to form

2050-627: The forging plant at Erie ( 42°7′46″N 80°5′6″W  /  42.12944°N 80.08500°W  / 42.12944; -80.08500  ( Erie forging plant ) ), formerly operated by Willys-Overland. Plancor 1395. In August 1954, plans for the construction of a new plant (later to become an integrated mill at Ravenswood (1955–) ) on the banks of the Ohio River ( 38°55′58″N 81°49′34″W  /  38.93264°N 81.82616°W  / 38.93264; -81.82616  ( Ravenswood integrated mill ) , precisely) were announced. Work

2132-519: The $ 7,000,000 war surplus facility since at least the spring of 1946. During the war, the plant was operated by the Revere Copper & Brass Co . The plant was with Kaiser Alu until at least 1961. On February 11, 1953, first shipment of 10,000 tons from Port Kaiser (precisely at 17°51′45″N 77°36′18″W  /  17.86255°N 77.60492°W  / 17.86255; -77.60492  ( Port Kaiser ) , also called Little Pedro Point )

2214-588: The 10-inch mill into a 3/8-inch rod nearly 1/2 mile long in 55 seconds, in total 235,000 pounds per shift. Rods and bars were either sold, or rods were used to make wires up to 0.0056 inches thin. The wire train started with nine 8 and 10-die tandem drawing machines, followed if desired by one 13-die machine, followed if desired by one of twenty up-to-16-dies machines for the finest wire. Intermediate anneals as necessary. Wires could then be stranded around aluminum and steel cores or coated with insulation. Wire production capacity of 18,000,000 pounds / year. Construction of

2296-544: The Aluminum Company of America in 1907. Alcoa increased production by 40% during World War I and was an essential supplier of aluminum in World War II. In the 2000s, Alcoa purchased numerous competitors, including Reynolds Group Holdings (makers of Reynolds Wrap). On November 1, 2016, Alcoa Inc. split into two entities: a new one called Alcoa Corporation, which is engaged in the mining and manufacture of raw aluminum, and

2378-569: The Jamaican parishes of Clarendon and Manchester, while competitors' operations occur in nearby parishes. In the 1970s, Alcoa negotiated with the Dominican Republic government concerning its bauxite mining operations. The U.S. Department of State expressed concerns that the Dominican Republic might follow Jamaica's lead in imposing higher taxes on Alcoa's operations. This period was marked by intense discussions and negotiations regarding

2460-675: The Korean War. As a consequence this incurred an increase by 60 percent of the Baton Rouge refinery, together with matching increase of bauxite mining in Jamaica. Construction at Chalmette started February 20, 1951, production commenced on December 11 with completion of the first potline. Eight potlines were expected to produce 400,000,000 pounds per year when completed mid-1953. This would then bring Kaiser aluminum production to 790,000,000 pounds per year or 28 percent nationwide. Total spending on Chalmette

2542-714: The Oakland-based parent of Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Company. Kaiser Aluminum filed for bankruptcy in 2002, due to labor disputes, the West Coast energy crisis , and asbestos liabilities. The steel workers union was suspicious of Hurwitz on the collapse of the Kaiser Aluminum Corporation and closely watched his 1995 FDIC lawsuit because Hurwitz has a history of loss-plagued businesses. The company emerged from bankruptcy four years later. In March 2006, Kaiser Aluminum determined to restate its financial statements for

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2624-524: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice over charges of bribing Bahraini officials. Under the settlement terms, they will pay the SEC $ 175 million to settle the charges. To resolve the criminal claims with the DoJ, Alcoa World Alumina (AWA, a company within Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals) is pleading guilty to one count of violating the anti-bribery provisions of

2706-589: The United States . By 1902, New Kensington consisted of 173,000 sq. feet on 15 acres with 276 employees. The company operated hydropower and reduction plants in Niagara Falls, NY (1895), Shawinigan Falls, Quebec (Northern Aluminum Company), mining operations in Bauxite, AR (1901), and reduction facilities in East St. Louis, IL (1902). "The Aluminum Company of America" became the firm's new name on January 1, 1907. Davis

2788-575: The Yennora Rolling Mill in N.S.W. have a combined rolling capacity of approx. 200,000 tonnes. Alcoa uses 12,600 GWh, or 15% of Victoria's electricity annually. Alcoa's Western Australian Wagerup plant has a troubled history in the context of claims that pollution from the plant has harmed the health of members of the adjacent local community. Alcoa announced it would acquire Alumina for $ 2.2 billion in an all-stock deal in February 2024. As part of

2870-692: The York Oil federal Superfund site in Moira, New York , in accordance with the Environmental Protection Agency. The site, a former waste oil recycling storage facility, accepted waste oil from several companies, including Alcoa. The facility was improperly managed and operated, and as a result, soils on the York Oil Property and nearby wetlands sediments and groundwater were contaminated. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued

2952-576: The acquisition of the former Alcoa Warrick, LLC (now Kaiser Warrick, LLC), Kaiser Aluminum now employs approximately 3,700 persons. In February 1946 Kaiser was awarded the right to lease the smelter at Mead (1946-2004 ) ( 47°45′58″N 117°21′18″W  /  47.76611°N 117.35500°W  / 47.76611; -117.35500  ( Mead smelter ) ). The rolling mill at Trentwood (1946–) ( 47°41′59″N 117°12′39″W  /  47.69972°N 117.21083°W  / 47.69972; -117.21083  ( Trentwood rolling mill ) )

3034-404: The automotive and aerospace industries; a new company, Alcoa Corporation, would be set up and spun out of the remainder of Alcoa Inc. and retain the Alcoa name. Alcoa Corp. would continue the mining, smelting, and refining of raw aluminum. The split was completed on November 1, 2016. In February 1999, Alcoa cleaned soils and sediment contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and lead at

3116-472: The company be dissolved. The case of United States v. Alcoa was settled six years later. Aluminum products were of crucial use during World War II. A German U-Boat sank the SS Alcoa Puritan in 1942, as it carried a load of bauxite ore. In 1998, Alcoa acquired Alumax in a cash and share deal for $ 2.8 billion. Alcoa paid $ 50 a share in cash for half of the shares and 0.6975 Alcoa share for each of

3198-465: The complex housing six departments (tubes, sheets, rods, bar and wire, extrusion, jobbing, foil) and two subsidiaries (Aluminum Cooking Utensil Company and Aluminum Seal Company). In 1907, it created the "company town" of Pine Grove, New York , for workers outside Massena. In Badin, Alcoa, Maryville and other locations, the company funded the construction of schools, parks, playgrounds, and medical facilities. Historian George David Smith notes that "war

3280-673: The deal Alcoa would gain full ownership of AWAC. The acquisition was completed in August. On January 3, 2003, Alcoa opened its new operations headquarters on the North Shore of Pittsburgh . This move came about after it donated its 50-year-old skyscraper headquarters in Downtown Pittsburgh to the Regional Development Authority. Alcoa created a plant just outside Maryville in Blount County , Tennessee. To support

3362-599: The establishment of the strategic stockpile following the exhaustion caused by the recent war and the next one in Korea . Kaiser Aluminum previously owned a subsidiary that developed real estate, including in Rancho California, California ; Oregon, Washington, and Arizona. In 1986, Kaiser Aluminum sold the bulk of the $ 450 million real estate holdings to an investor group led by Peter B. Bedford. In 1988, Charles Hurwitz and his company Maxxam, Inc. purchased KaiserTech Ltd,

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3444-537: The experiments. Their first commercial aluminum pour was on Thanksgiving Day in 1888. The Pittsburgh Reduction Company began with an experimental smelting plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with Hunt as president and Hall as vice president. In 1891, the company began production in New Kensington, Pennsylvania . Davis was named general manager and appointed to the board of directors in 1892. In 1895,

3526-474: The fact that the government had just gained royalty-free patent rights from Alcoa for an alumina production process in January 1946 (presumably as a result of United States v. Alcoa ) and that leasees of government plants were allowed to benefit from the arrangement. In the early 1950s, Kaiser Aluminum grew to be a vertically integrated aluminum producer (minus their own steamship company) with own mines on Jamaica,

3608-413: The factory, Alcoa built a small city and named it as such. The Alcoa Tenn Federal Credit Union was the first employee-created credit union in the state. The plant is no longer an Alcoa business. Alcoa's Massena West plant is the longest-operating smelter in the United States, continuously operating since 1902. The Reynolds Aluminum Plant became Massena East when the companies merged in 2000. Alcoa had

3690-515: The former source in South America. Differences in ore composition and increased capacity necessitated a $ 23,000,000 expansion and remodeling program at Baton Rouge, bringing the capacity there to 800,000 tons of alumina per year. Baton Rouge was the supply for all 3 (Mead, Tacoma, Chalmette) smelters. The overall expansion program to reach 800,000,000 pounds per year corporation-wide was approximately worth $ 200,000,000. In October 1954, Kaiser leased

3772-468: The government to run Baton Rouge at 85% of the Mead requirements at the beginning. Together with the almost finished Chalmette plant, its capacity was decided to be increased in November 1951, to 800,000 tons per year. The war surplus smelter at Tacoma (1947–) ( 47°14′29″N 122°27′34″W  /  47.24139°N 122.45944°W  / 47.24139; -122.45944  ( Tacoma smelter ) )

3854-640: The government. The equipment that was in 1954 still in operation from those early days of wartime production were remelt furnaces, one 38-inch 2-high blooming mill and one 22-inch 3-high finishing mill. New equipment was installed at a cost of $ 9,000,000 and surveyed thusly in 1954: one 10-inch finishing mill, wire drawing machines, stranding bays, continuous vulcanizing machines and plastic tuber, banbury mixer, rubber mills, triplers and quadrupler and finally electrical conductor test equipment. The wire mill trains started out with 12 feet long and 6 inches square ingots, cut down to pieces of 70-inch length and then rolled on

3936-451: The industry: technology, mining, refining, smelting, fabricating, and recycling. Alcoa emerged in 1888 as the brainchild of Charles Martin Hall , with the funding of Alfred E. Hunt and Arthur Vining Davis . Alcoa was the first mass producer of aluminum. Before Alcoa's formation, aluminum was difficult to refine and, as a result, was more expensive than silver or gold. In 1886, Hall discovered

4018-505: The name to Almatis, Inc. In 2006, Alcoa relocated its top executives from Pittsburgh to New York City while its operational headquarters was still at its Corporate Center in Pittsburgh. Alcoa employed approximately 2,000 people at its Corporate Center in Pittsburgh and 60 at its New York office. Alcoa moved its headquarters back to Pittsburgh effective September 1, 2017, as part of a general consolidation of administrative facilities around

4100-663: The office in Reykjavik. In 2005 Alcoa acquired two major production facilities in Russia, at Samara and Belaya Kalitva . On November 21, 2006, Alcoa announced that it planned to close the Waunarlwydd works in Swansea , with the loss of 298 jobs. Production ceased at the Swansea plant on January 27, 2007. A small site closure team worked until December 31, 2008. Alcoa still owns the site, but it

4182-558: The only one of the DPC plants making use of the process, and the one with the poorest wartime performance record. Power provided by the Bonneville Power Administration . Soda ash plant at Owens Lake (1947–1950) ( 36°26′00″N 117°57′03″W  /  36.4332°N 117.9509°W  / 36.4332; -117.9509  ( Owens lake soda ash plant ) ). In the spring of 1947 Kaiser entered into 20-year lease with

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4264-481: The plant included 4 potlines with a capacity of 145,000 tons per year and a new hot rolling mill began operation. Bauxite was delivered from Jamaica via Baton Rouge (for refining). The favorable near-market location at Ravenswood, and the shortening of the production chain by cutting out the Washington state plants, came at the price of no cheap source of power. A 40-year contract for 450,000kW of coal-generated electricity

4346-449: The plant is aging, requiring at least US$ 600m of investment, to bring production up to 300,000 tpa. Ghana imports up to 45,000 tonnes of aluminium products and also sees potential in joining the ' green metals ' sector given the plant is still mostly powered by hydroelectricity. 5°40′04″N 0°01′16″E  /  5.66778°N 0.02111°E  / 5.66778; 0.02111 Kaiser Aluminum Kaiser Aluminum Corporation

4428-412: The plant was shut down in June 1944 when no longer needed after being in operation for 18 to 20 months. The still government-owned plant was activated in January 1951 and operated by Kaiser Aluminum. A delivery contract for 186,000 tons of primary aluminum from Canada in the years 1953-1958 was announced on May 25, 1953. A similar contract with Alcoa called for 600,000 tons in the same period. Almost all

4510-435: The primary reduction plants at Mead and Tacoma , the rolling mill at Trentwood and also an alumina refinery at Baton Rouge, Louisiana . Kaiser benefited at that early juncture from some preferential treatment, the government found it more important to establish a third competitor in the aluminum industry besides Alcoa and Reynolds than to accept the highest bid (by Reynolds). Both Reynolds and Kaiser were also helped by

4592-538: The quantity (13 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions. More recently Alcoa ranked first in the United States even though they had reduced their emissions to less than 5 million pounds in 2014. Alcoa's most recently published ranking has dropped to 72nd based on 2020 data. Alcoa formed the Alcoa Minerals of Jamaica subsidiary on the island in 1959, shipping their first load of bauxite in 1963 from Rocky Point . Later in 1972, Alcoa established

4674-556: The quarters ended March 31, 2005; June 30, 2005; and September 30, 2005, to adjust its VEBA -related payments and derivative financial instrument transactions. The company previously owned a stake in Anglesey Aluminium , a joint venture with Rio Tinto Group . The smelter at this facility was closed in 2009, and the entire facility was fully closed in 2013. In April 2021, Kaiser Aluminum completed acquisition of Alcoa Warrick, LLC, renaming it Kaiser Warrick, LLC. Kaiser entered into

4756-655: The remaining Alumax shares. Alcoa also assumed $ 1 billion in debt. Alumax's assets included the Eastalco aluminum smelter in Adamstown, Maryland , the Intalco aluminum smelter in Ferndale, Washington , and the Kawneer brand of building construction products. In 2000, Alcoa acquired Reynolds Metals Co. in an all-share deal for $ 4.5 billion. To clear anti-competition regulatory hurdles, Alcoa

4838-554: The renaming of Alcoa Inc. to Arconic Inc. , which processes aluminum and other metals. Alcoa has been criticized for its lax environmental record, but it no longer ranks highly as one of the worst polluters in the United States. In 1886, Charles Martin Hall , a graduate of Oberlin College , discovered the process of smelting aluminum, almost simultaneously with Paul Héroult in France. He realized that by passing an electric current through

4920-472: The restart of 3 potlines, representing 120,000 metric tons per year (mtpy), was to be implemented in the first quarter of 2006.]. It reopened in early 2006, However the plant shut again between 2007 and 2011. In June 2008, ALCOA sold its 10% stake in VALCO to the government of Ghana, leaving it wholly in government ownership and with no source of foreign investment capital. VALCO smelts alumina to produce aluminium ingots at its smelter at Tema . Locally,

5002-593: The state of California to extract approximately 500,000 tons of brine per year from Owens Lake, to be converted to 100,000 tons of soda ash. This plant was rapidly constructed and produced at 100 tons a day by April, filling a critical bottleneck. The plant was closed in 1950, after the supply situation had been dealt with. In 1948 the war surplus rod mill later to become the rod and wire mill at Newark (1948–) (precisely at 40°00′55″N 82°27′57″W  /  40.01541°N 82.46577°W  / 40.01541; -82.46577  ( Newark rod and wire mill ) )

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5084-528: The state-owned Landsvirkjun specifically for the smelting operation. That project was subject to controversy due to its impact on the environment. In 2006, Alcoa and the government of Iceland signed an agreement on instigating a thorough feasibility study for a new 250,000 tpy (Tons Per Year) smelter in Bakki by Húsavík in Northern Iceland. In October 2011, the proposed project was dropped because "the power availability and proposed pricing would not support an aluminum smelter". Alcoa announced plans to close

5166-458: The taxation and revenue from bauxite mining, highlighting the complexities of international business operations and the impact of global commodity markets on local economies. Alcoa Road, also known as El Aceitillar, is a significant part of Alcoa's legacy in the Dominican Republic . Originally constructed for a bauxite mine, it now leads to Sierra de Bahoruco National Park . This area offers an opportunity to observe endemic species and serves as

5248-405: The world. In October 2018, Alcoa announced plans to move from Pittsburgh's North Shore to a downtown Pittsburgh location. In May 2007, Alcoa Inc. made a US$ 27 billion hostile takeover bid for Alcan in an attempt to form the world's largest aluminum producer. The bid was withdrawn when Alcan announced a friendly takeover by Rio Tinto in July 2007. On May 8, 2008, Klaus Kleinfeld

5330-450: Was $ 45,000,000. The plant had 16 pot-room buildings, two for each pot line, each room with 72 Soderberg-type pots of 40 pounds per hour capacity. Six of the lines were powered by 16 AC generators with rectifiers, two lines were powered by 80 1650 hp Nordberg radial gas engines each driving a DC generator. Fuel requirements amounted to 50 billion cuft of natural gas per year. Potline #2 went into production on March 5, 1951. A 9th potline

5412-410: Was again included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices and was named as one of the top three most sustainable corporations in the world by Corporate Knights and Innovest Strategic Value Advisors at the World Economic Forum meeting. In 2008, the Political Economy Research Institute ranked Alcoa 15th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on

5494-684: Was appointed CEO of Alcoa, succeeding Alain Belda . On April 23, 2010, Alcoa's board of directors selected Kleinfeld to the office of chairman, following Belda's planned retirement. On July 16, 2012, Alcoa announced that it would take over full ownership and operation of Evermore Recycling and make it part of Alcoa's Global Packaging group. Evermore Recycling is a leader in used beverage can recycling, purchasing more recycled cans than any other group worldwide. In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminum smelter in Venice , Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010. On January 9, 2014, Alcoa settled with

5576-399: Was bought outright by Kaiser for $ 3,000,000 in December 1946 with another $ 1,000,000 estimated to be needed to make it a viable operation. During the war the $ 6,309,240 and 41,500,000 pounds per year reduction plant was operated as by the Olin Industries, Inc. . Plancor 245 was a 100-acre facility with 233,000sqft under roof including 2 pot room buildings with a total of 240 Soderberg pots,

5658-526: Was good to Alcoa." By the end of World War I Alcoa's New Kensington facility accounted for 3,292 workers—a fifth of the local population—and covered over 1 million square feet of manufacturing space on 75 acres. The war enabled Alcoa to increase production by 40% and to export some ninety million pounds to the Western Allies. After WWI, Alcoa obtained the rights to Alfred Wilm 's duralumin patent, which led to additional research into other aluminum alloys. By 1923, Alcoa's New Kensington, Pennsylvania plant

5740-501: Was later added in the spring of 1958. In March 1951, as part of a $ 78,000,000 expansion program that included paying of the total debt to the government of $ 37,394,250, Kaiser leased for 5 years the aluminum and magnesium extrusion plant at Halethorpe (1951–) ( 39°14′23″N 76°40′49″W  /  39.23972°N 76.68028°W  / 39.23972; -76.68028  ( Halethorp extrusion forge ) ). (recently 7th potline at Mead) The government had been trying to privatize

5822-418: Was leased beginning February 1946. Production began to ramp up in July 1946, followed shortly by the commencement of operations in Mead. The alumina refinery at Baton Rouge (1946–) ( 30°27′36″N 91°11′06″W  /  30.45996°N 91.18505°W  / 30.45996; -91.18505  ( Baton Rouge alumina plant ) ) began life as Plancor 226-AO. a Bayer process plant on 318 acres with

5904-474: Was loaded onto the SS ; Evanthia (ex- George Bellows USMC hull 1947 EC2-S-C1 , Greek flag, owned by P.J. Goulandris & Sons ). The mine was 13 miles away from the port facilities, connected by a Kaiser-built railroad. Total capacity of the 19,000-acre mining claim on Jamaica was 2,000,000 tons of bauxite per year, estimated to last for at least 50 years. The $ 12,000,000 mining operation on Jamaica replaced

5986-727: Was made with the Ohio Power Company . The plant ran around-the-clock in the summer of 1958, additional cold-rolling capacity was planned with the goal of reaching a capacity of 175,000 tons per year. The capital investment in Ravenswood up to that point was approximately $ 200,000,000. Download coordinates as: A flourspar mine at Gabbs (-1957) , closed in 1957 due to depletion. A flourspar mill at Fallon (-1957) placed on standby in 1957. A magnesium plant at Manteca, California , probably never owned by Kaiser. Built as Plancor 707. An emergency reserve operation of inferior efficiency,

6068-590: Was named company president in 1910 when the acronym "Alcoa" was coined. Hall remained a vice president until he died in 1914. It was given as a name to two of the locales where major corporate facilities were located (although one of these has since been changed), and in 1999, was adopted as the official corporate name. From 1902 until 1915, additional plants in Massena, New York (1903), Alcoa, Tennessee (1911), Edgewater, New Jersey (1915), Badin, North Carolina (1915) came online while New Kensington had 31 buildings in

6150-486: Was not used, and Hall left after one year, teaming up with Alfred E. Hunt to form a new company. After graduating from Amherst College in 1888, Arthur Vining Davis joined the new venture because Arthur's father knew Alfred Hunt. At the time, aluminum sold at almost $ 5 per pound, making it too expensive to be used commercially. They were determined to lower the cost of production using Charles Hall's ideas; Hall, Davis, and others worked 12-hour days together for months on

6232-545: Was purchased by Kaiser Aluminum. Built as Plancor 936, a bar and rod mill of 300,000,000 pounds/year capacity costing $ 23,198,000, operated during wartime beginning May 1943 by Alcoa. Ingots 486m pounds/year, blooming 348m, 180m pounds of blooms usable for production of 150m pounds of rods and bars. In January 1947 was leased by the Reynolds Metals Company., but in September 1947 again offered for purchase or lease by

6314-459: Was re-negotiated in 1985, by the Rawlings government, to reflect the increased value of electrical energy. Documentaries reported favourable conditions for employees, with a hospital on site, maternity leave, long service rewarded by imported white goods (fridges, washing machines, etc.), and housing. Industrial relations had cooled by 1993, when the first union backed strike took place. This resulted in

6396-638: Was required to sell Reynolds's 25% interest in a Washington smelter and all of Reynolds's alumina refineries. Reynolds owned a 56% interest in the Worsley alumina refinery in Australia, a 50% interest in a refinery in Germany, and a 100% interest in a Texas refinery. Alcoa also planned to sell Reynolds's construction and distribution business and the company's $ 400 million transportation business. Alcoa sold its packaging and consumer business, formerly called Reynolds Metals, to

6478-626: Was the ninth case the Bush administration pursued to bring the coal-fired power plant industry into full compliance with the Clean Air Act . Alcoa was unlawfully operating at the Rockdale facility since it overhauled the Rockdale power plant without installing necessary pollution controls and without first obtaining proper permits required by " New Source Review " program of the Clean Air Act. In 2005, Alcoa

6560-494: Was to be provided by Alcan, who was expecting to start production at Kitimat in the summer of 1954. Alcoa Alcoa Corporation (an acronym for " Aluminum Company of America ") is an American industrial corporation. It is the world's eighth-largest producer of aluminum . Alcoa conducts operations in 10 countries. Alcoa is a major producer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combined, through its active and growing participation in all major aspects of

6642-533: Was to begin in January 1955 on a 72 million pounds re-roll facility to be supplied by Trentwood. Immediately to follow was a program to upgrade the plant to become capable of all rolling and finishing steps and produce 250 million pounds of sheets and foil from supplies of aluminum pig out of the Chalmette plant near New Orleans. This was number 3 of Kaiser production plants in the east, after Newark (rod, bar, wire, electrical conductor) and Halethorpe (extrusions). In 1958

6724-562: Was using horizontal extrusion presses, with preheated billets, for aerospace and construction applications. One of the first industrial uses was for the Navy's Shenandoah , followed ten years later with airplane applications . The Northern Aluminum Company in Quebec was renamed the Aluminum Company of Canada (ALCAN) in 1925. They were responsible for the rapid development of Arvida, Quebec,

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