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65-628: The villa is named after its former owner, the 5th Earl of Rosebery , who served as British prime minister in 1894–1895 for the Liberal Party . Originally built as a cottage in the grounds of the Belvedere (now the Palazzina Borbonica) in 1801 by Count Thurn, an Austrian officer in the service of the King of Naples. The original building was rebuilt under the ownership of Don Agostino Serra Terranova in

130-517: A " bantam battalion " in 1915. Though Lloyd George offered him "a high post not involving departmental labour" to augment his 1916 coalition, Rosebery declined to serve. On 20 March 1878, 31-year-old Rosebery married 27-year-old Hannah de Rothschild (1851–1890), only child and sole heiress of the Jewish banker Mayer Amschel de Rothschild , and the wealthiest British heiress of her day. Her father had died four years previously in 1874, and bequeathed to her

195-423: A brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive. For example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI ; had George fathered a legitimate son, then that child would have displaced Elizabeth in the line of succession and become heir apparent. However, a granddaughter could for example be heir apparent if she were

260-729: A businessman, Gustavo Delahente, who in turn sold it to Lord Rosebery , the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , in 1897. In 1909 Lord Rosebery presented the building to the British Government for the use of the British Ambassador to Italy. In 1932 the British Government in turn presented the building to the Italian State and the villa was used as a summer royal residence. From June 1944 until his abdication and exile in May 1946,

325-849: A career in the House of Commons. Rosebery inherited his title from his grandfather in 1868, aged 21, together with an income of £30,000 a year (equivalent to £3.41 million in present-day terms ). He owned 40,000 acres (160 km ) in Scotland , and land in Norfolk , Hertfordshire, and Kent . Rosebery is reputed to have said that he had three aims in life: to win the Derby , to marry an heiress, and to become Prime Minister . He managed all three. At Eton, Rosebery notably attacked Charles I of England for his despotism , and went on to praise his Whig forebears – his ancestor, James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope ,

390-438: A daughter of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope . Lord Dalmeny died on 23 January 1851, having predeceased his father, when the courtesy title passed to his son, the future Rosebery, as the new heir to the earldom. In 1854 his mother remarried to Lord Harry Vane (later after 1864 known as Harry Powlett, 4th Duke of Cleveland ). The relationship between mother and son was very poor. His elder and favourite sister Lady Leconfield

455-414: A female heir apparent. The Revolution settlement that established William and Mary as joint monarchs in 1689 only gave the power to continue the succession through issue to Mary II, elder daughter of the previous king, James II . William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, and his (hypothetical) children by a wife other than Mary would be placed in his original place (as Mary's first cousin) in

520-502: A male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at least one daughter, then the eldest daughter would replace her father as heir apparent to whatever throne or title is concerned, but only when it has become clear that the widow of the deceased is not pregnant. Then, as the representative of her father's line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. For example, had George, Prince of Wales (the future George IV) predeceased his father, King George III , between 1796 and 1817,

585-561: A prime minister in retirement, called on Britain to intervene alone. The added pressure weakened Rosebery. His designs in foreign policy, such as an expansion of the fleet, were defeated by disagreements within the Liberal Party. He angered all the European powers. The Unionist-dominated House of Lords stopped the whole of the Liberals' domestic legislation. The strongest figure in the cabinet

650-794: A trophy, the Rosebery Charity Cup , to be competed for by clubs under the jurisdiction of the East of Scotland Football Association. The competition lasted over sixty years and raised thousands of pounds for charities in the Edinburgh area. Rosebery also became Honorary President of the national Scottish Football Association , with the representative Scotland national team and Honorary President of Heart of Midlothian . The national team occasionally forsook their traditional dark blue shirts for his traditional racing colours of primrose and pink. This occurred nine times during Rosebery's lifetime, most notably for

715-489: Is an experience which no sane man would repeat." Sir Edmund Backhouse wrote in his unpublished memoirs that he had been one of Rosebery's lovers – although it has been suggested that many of Backhouse's claims were dubiously made. Robert Rhodes James , who wrote a biography of Rosebery in 1963 (when homosexuality was still illegal in Britain), makes no mention of homosexual relationships at all, while for Leo McKinstry , who

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780-424: Is known as heir presumptive . Today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles (e.g. titles of nobility) or offices, especially when only inheritable by a single person. Most monarchies refer to the heir apparent of their thrones with the descriptive term of crown prince or crown princess , but they may also be accorded with a more specific substantive title : such as Prince of Orange in

845-564: The House of Commons . The title is part of the old Peerage of Scotland , from which 16 members ( Scottish representative peers ) were elected to sit in the Lords for each session of Parliament. However, in 1828, Rosebery's grandfather had been created 1st Baron Rosebery in the Peerage of the United Kingdom , which did entitle Rosebery to sit in the Lords like all peers of the United Kingdom, and barred him from

910-446: The line of succession to a title or office is secure, regardless of future births. An heir presumptive , by contrast, can always be "bumped down" in the succession by the birth of somebody more closely related in a legal sense (according to that form of primogeniture) to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a childless bearer of a hereditary title that can only be inherited by one person. If at any time

975-608: The 1900 British Home Championship match against England , which the Scots won 4–1. These colours were used for the away kit of the Scotland national team in 2014 and were Heart of Midlothian's away colours for season 2016/17. He was a keen collector of fine books and amassed an excellent library. It was sold on 29 October 2009 at Sotheby's , New Bond Street. Rosebery unveiled the statue of Robert Burns in Dumfries on 6 April 1882. Rosebery

1040-577: The House of Lords; nevertheless it was defeated overwhelmingly in the autumn of 1893. The first bill had been defeated in the House of Commons in 1886. Rosebery became a leader of the Liberal Imperialist faction of the Liberal Party and when Gladstone retired, in 1894, Rosebery succeeded him as Prime Minister, much to the disgust of Sir William Harcourt , the Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of

1105-686: The Liberal government that returned to power in 1905. Rosebery turned to writing, including biographies of Lord Chatham , Pitt the Younger , Napoleon , and Lord Randolph Churchill . Another one of his passionate interests was the collecting of rare books. The last years of his political life saw Rosebery become a purely negative critic of the Liberal governments of Campbell-Bannerman and Asquith . His crusade "for freedom as against bureaucracy, for freedom as against democratic tyranny, for freedom as against class legislation, and ... for freedom as against Socialism"

1170-782: The Netherlands, Duke of Brabant in Belgium, Prince of Asturias in Spain (also granted to heirs presumptive), or the Prince of Wales in England and Wales; former titles include Dauphin in the Kingdom of France , and Tsesarevich in Imperial Russia . The term is also applied metaphorically to an expected successor to any position of power, e.g. a political or corporate leader. This article primarily describes

1235-481: The Netherlands, and Princess Elisabeth of Belgium; they are, respectively, the oldest children of Kings Carl XVI Gustaf , Willem-Alexander , and Philippe . Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, who is heir apparent to the Norwegian throne, and Victoria herself has a female heir apparent in her elder child, Princess Estelle . Victoria was not heir apparent from birth (in 1977), but gained

1300-525: The Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, later Charles III , and his son William, Prince of Wales ) were already eldest born children, and in 2013 William's first-born son Prince George of Wales became the next apparent successor. But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if

1365-578: The Unionist leader, Lord Salisbury , to form a government. The following month, the Unionists won a crushing victory in the 1895 general election , and held power for ten years (1895–1905) under Salisbury and Arthur Balfour . Rosebery remained the Liberal leader for another year, then permanently retired from politics. Rosebery resigned as leader of the Liberal Party on 6 October 1896, to be succeeded by William Harcourt and gradually moved further and further from

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1430-717: The United States . Gladstone spoke from open-deck trains, and gathered mass support. In 1880, he was duly elected Member for Midlothian and returned to the premiership. Rosebery served as Foreign Secretary in Gladstone's brief third ministry in 1886. He served as the first chairman of the London County Council, set up by the Conservatives in 1889. Rosebery Avenue in Clerkenwell is named after him. He served as President of

1495-428: The United States in 1873, 1874 and 1876. He was pressed to marry Marie Fox , the sixteen-year-old adopted daughter of Henry Fox, 4th Baron Holland . She declined him because she was unwilling to renounce Roman Catholicism . When his grandfather died in 1868, Dalmeny became 5th Earl of Rosebery . The earldom did not of itself entitle Archibald Primrose to sit in the House of Lords , nor disqualify him from sitting in

1560-669: The accompaniment, as he had requested, of a gramophone recording of the " Eton Boating Song ". Survived by three of his four children, he was buried in the small church at Dalmeny . By the time of his death, he was the last Victorian-era British Prime Minister alive. As a result of his marriage to Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery acquired the Mentmore Towers estate and Mentmore stud near Leighton Buzzard which had been built by Mayer Amschel de Rothschild . Rosebery built another stable and stud near Mentmore Towers at Crafton, Buckinghamshire , called Crafton Stud . Rosebery won several of

1625-611: The bulk of his estate. The wedding was held (registered) at the office of the Board of Guardians in Mount Street, London . Later the same day, the marriage was blessed at a Christian ceremony in Christ Church, Down Street, Piccadilly . The Prince of Wales and the Queen's cousin, the army commander Prince George, Duke of Cambridge , were among the guests who attended the ceremony. The marriage

1690-454: The continual dissension in his Cabinet. On 21 June 1895, the government lost a vote in committee on army supply by just seven votes. While this might have been treated merely as a vote of no confidence in Secretary for War Campbell-Bannerman, Rosebery chose to treat it as a vote of censure on his government. On 22 June, he and his ministers tendered their resignations to the Queen, who invited

1755-477: The dissolution of parliament in December 1910. After assaulting the "ill-judged, revolutionary and partisan" terms of the 1911 Parliament Bill , which proposed to curb the Lords' veto, he voted with the government in what proved to be his last appearance in the House of Lords. This was effectively the end of his public life, though he made several public appearances to support the war effort after 1914 and sponsored

1820-625: The first day of the 1890 Co-operative Congress . In 1892 he was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Garter . Rosebery's second period as Foreign Secretary, 1892–1894, predominantly involved quarrels with France over Uganda . To quote his hero Napoleon , Rosebery thought that "the Master of Egypt is the Master of India"; thus he pursued the policy of expansion in Africa. He helped Gladstone's Second Home Rule Bill in

1885-490: The five English Classic Races . His most famous horses were Ladas who won the 1894 Derby , Sir Visto who won it in 1895 (Rosebery was Prime Minister on both occasions), and Cicero in 1905. Rosebery became the first president of the London Scottish Rugby Football Club in 1878, also developed a keen interest in association football and was an early patron of the sport in Scotland. In 1882 he donated

1950-644: The former's daughter, Princess Charlotte , being his only legitimate child, would have become heir apparent to the British throne. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne; several times an heir apparent has died, but each example has either been childless or left a son or sons. However, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages (e.g. Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley , and Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth ). In one special case, however, England and Scotland had

2015-451: The line of succession—after Mary's younger sister Anne . Thus, after Mary's death William continued to reign, but he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of William's reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable: it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, however, extraordinary events—such as

Villa Rosebery - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-487: The mainstream of the party. With the Liberals in opposition divided over the Boer War which started in 1899, Rosebery, although officially politically inactive, emerged as the head of the " Liberal Imperialists " faction of the party, opposed to Irish Home rule . He supported the war, and brought along many nonconformists likewise. However the war was opposed by a younger faction of Liberals, including David Lloyd George and

2145-520: The mid 19th century as the Casino Gaudiosa, achieving much of its current form. Sold after Don Agostino's death in 1857, the villa came into the ownership of Prince Luigi, Count of Aquila , the commander of the Neapolitan Navy, who renamed the property La Brasiliana in honour of his sister's husband, the emperor Pedro II of Brazil . Following Garibaldi 's revolution the villa was sold in 1860 to

2210-482: The more left-wing Liberals. Rosebery's selection was largely because Queen Victoria disliked most of the other leading Liberals. Rosebery was in the House of Lords , but Harcourt controlled the House of Commons , where he often undercut the prime minister. Rosebery's government was largely unsuccessful, as in the Armenian crisis of 1895–96 . He spoke out for a strongly pro-Armenian and anti-Turkish policy. Gladstone,

2275-450: The only daughter of the deceased eldest son of the sovereign (e.g. Queen Elizabeth II would have been heir apparent to George V if her oldest uncle and father both had died before their father). In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur. As succession to titles, positions, or offices in the past most often favoured males, females considered to be an heir apparent were rare. Absolute primogeniture

2340-592: The party leader Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman . Rosebery's acolytes, including H. H. Asquith and Edward Grey , regularly implored him to return as party leader and even Campbell-Bannerman said he would serve under Rosebery, if he accepted fundamental Liberal party doctrine. In a much trailed speech to the Chesterfield Liberal Association in December 1901, Rosebery was widely expected to announce his return but instead delivered what Harcourt's son and private secretary Lewis described as "an insult to

2405-455: The preliminary hearing of the case against Wilde, a letter from Queensberry was produced referring to him as 'a damned cur and coward of the Rosebery type'. On 18 October 1894, sixteen months after his ennoblement, Drumlanrig died from injuries received during a shooting party. The inquest returned a verdict of "accidental death", but his death was rumoured potentially to be suicide or murder. It

2470-516: The spa town of Bad Homburg with the declared intention of giving him a horse-whipping, and had to be dissuaded by the Prince of Wales who was also staying there. In his recollections, Rosebery wrote: "I cannot forget 1895. To lie awake night after night, wide awake, hopeless of sleep, tormented of nerves, and to realise all that was going on, at which I was present, so to speak, like a disembodied spirit, to watch one's own corpse, as it were day after day,

2535-562: The status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession . Her younger brother Carl Philip (born 1979) was thus heir apparent for a few months (and is a rare example of an heir apparent losing this status without a death occurring). In 2015, pursuant to the 2011 Perth Agreement , the Commonwealth realms changed the rules of succession to the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before

2600-422: The term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture —it may be less applicable to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir (performed either while alive, e.g. crowning the heir as a rex iunior , or through the monarch's will ). In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture , an heir apparent is easily identifiable as the person whose position as first in

2665-412: The title bearer were to produce children, those children would rank ahead of any person who had formerly been heir presumptive. Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health. In such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Indeed, when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV ,

Villa Rosebery - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-671: The villa was the residence of King Victor Emmanuel III . From 1946 to 1949 it was used by the Accademia Aeronautica , and after a period of dis-use it became an official residence of the President of the Italian Republic in 1957. 40°48′02″N 14°12′18″E  /  40.8006°N 14.205°E  / 40.8006; 14.205 Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery, 1st Earl of Midlothian , (7 May 1847 – 21 May 1929)

2795-713: The war was clouded by two personal tragedies: his son Neil 's death in Palestine in November 1917 and Rosebery's own stroke a few days before the armistice . He regained his mental powers, but his movement, hearing, and sight remained impaired for the rest of his life. His sister Constance described his last years as a "life of weariness, of total inactivity, and at the last of almost blindness". John Buchan remembered him in his last month of life, "crushed by bodily weakness" and "sunk in sad and silent meditations". Rosebery died at his Epsom , Surrey home of The Durdans on 21 May 1929, to

2860-508: The whole past of the Liberal party", by telling the party to "clean its slate". In 1902 Rosebery was installed as president of the newly formed " Liberal League " which superseded the Liberal Imperialist League and counted amongst its vice presidents Asquith and Grey. He was Honorary Colonel of the 1st Midlothian Artillery Volunteers from January 1903 until his death in 1929. Rosebery's positions made it impossible to join

2925-424: The widowed Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany , widow of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany , youngest son of Queen Victoria . Princess Helena was also the sister of Queen Emma of the Netherlands . However, Rosebery never remarried. By his wife Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery had two sons and two daughters, with whom, according to Margot Asquith , he loved to play: Throughout his life, it was rumoured that Rosebery

2990-419: The wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat : ...saving the rights of any issue of his late Majesty King William IV, which may be born of his late Majesty's consort. This provided for the possibility that William's wife, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen , was pregnant at the moment of his death, since such a posthumous child, regardless of its sex, would have displaced Victoria from the throne. Adelaide

3055-441: Was homosexual or bisexual . He was a notorious misogynist , and liked to surround himself with younger men. As a student at Eton, beyond his close relationship with his tutor, William Johnson Cory , he likely had feelings for at least one fellow student, Frederick Vyner. He was devastated by Vyner's murder at the hands of Greek brigands in 1870 , keeping the anniversary sacred for the rest of his life. Like Oscar Wilde , he

3120-523: Was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely. Daughters (and their lines) may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, but only in default of sons (and their heirs). That is, both female and male offspring have the right to a place somewhere in the order of succession, but when it comes to what that place is, a female will rank behind her brothers regardless of their ages or her age. Thus, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time

3185-454: Was Rosebery's rival, Harcourt. He and his son Lewis were perennial critics of Rosebery's policies. There were two future prime ministers in the Cabinet, Home Secretary H. H. Asquith , and Secretary of State for War Henry Campbell-Bannerman . Rosebery rapidly lost interest in running the government. In the last year of his premiership, he was increasingly haggard: he suffered insomnia due to

3250-577: Was a Liberal Imperialist who favoured strong national defence and imperialism abroad and social reform at home, while being solidly anti-socialist . Historians judge him a failure as foreign minister and as prime minister. Archibald Philip Primrose was born on 7 May 1847 in his parents' house in Charles Street, Mayfair , London. His father was Archibald Primrose, Lord Dalmeny (1809–1851), son and heir apparent to Archibald Primrose, 4th Earl of Rosebery (1783–1868), whom he predeceased. Lord Dalmeny

3315-436: Was a British Liberal Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from March 1894 to June 1895. Between the death of his father, in 1851, and the death of his grandfather, the 4th Earl of Rosebery , in 1868, he was known by the courtesy title of Lord Dalmeny . Rosebery first came to national attention in 1879 by sponsoring the successful Midlothian campaign of William Ewart Gladstone . He briefly

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3380-599: Was a courtesy title used by the Earl's eldest son and heir apparent, during the Earl's lifetime, and was one of the Earl's lesser Scottish titles . Lord Dalmeny (died 1851) was MP for Stirling from 1832 to 1847 and served as First Lord of the Admiralty under Lord Melbourne . Rosebery's mother was Lady (Catherine Lucy) Wilhelmina Stanhope (1819–1901), a historian who later wrote under her second married name "the Duchess of Cleveland",

3445-450: Was a happy one. In January 1878, Rosebery had told a friend that he found Hannah "very simple, very unspoilt, very clever, very warm-hearted and very shy ... I never knew such a beautiful character." Hannah's death in 1890 from typhoid , compounded by Bright's disease , left him distraught. More than a decade after his wife's death, in July 1901, it was speculated that Rosebery intended to marry

3510-415: Was a lonely one, conducted from the crossbenches in the Lords. He joined the die-hard unionist peers in attacking Lloyd George 's redistributive People's Budget in 1909 but stopped short of voting against the measure for fear of bringing retribution upon the Lords. The crisis provoked by the Lords' rejection of the budget encouraged him to reintroduce his resolutions for Lords reform, but they were lost with

3575-559: Was a member of the Bullingdon Club . He left Oxford in 1868: Dalmeny bought a horse named Ladas, although a rule banned undergraduates from owning horses. When he was found out, he was offered a choice: to sell the horse or to give up his studies. He chose the latter, and subsequently was a prominent figure in British horseracing for 40 years. The three Prime Ministers from 1880 to 1902, namely Gladstone , Salisbury and Rosebery, all attended both Eton and Christ Church. Rosebery toured

3640-576: Was a minister to George I of Great Britain . Benjamin Disraeli often met with Rosebery in the 1870s to try to recruit him for his party, but this proved futile. Disraeli's major rival, William Ewart Gladstone , also pursued Rosebery, with considerable success. As part of the Liberal plan to get Gladstone to be MP for Midlothian , Rosebery sponsored and largely ran the Midlothian Campaign of 1879. He based this on what he had observed in elections in

3705-401: Was hounded by John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry for his association with Francis Douglas, Viscount Drumlanrig , Queensberry's first born son – who had become his private secretary in 1892 when Rosebery became Foreign Secretary. A few months later he arranged for Drumlanrig, who was 26 at the time, to be made a junior member of the government with a seat in the House of Lords. During

3770-532: Was in charge of Scottish affairs. His most successful performance in office came as chairman of the London County Council in 1889. He entered the cabinet in 1885 and served twice as foreign minister, paying special attention to French and German affairs. He succeeded Gladstone as prime minister and leader of the Liberal Party in 1894; the Liberals lost the 1895 election . He resigned the party leadership in 1896 and never again held political office. Rosebery

3835-533: Was never confirmed. Using a minor defeat in Parliament that did not warrant such action, Rosebery resigned from the Premiership on 22 June 1895. This was a few months after the death of Drumlanrig and not quite a month after Wilde was convicted on 25 May, his life and reputation destroyed by a man who was also pursuing Rosebery for the same reason he was after Wilde. In August 1893, Queensberry had followed Rosebery to

3900-488: Was not practised by any modern monarchy for succession to their thrones until the late twentieth century, with Sweden being the first to adopt absolute primogeniture in 1980 and other Western European monarchies following suit. Since the adoption of absolute primogeniture by most of the Western European monarchies, examples of female heirs apparent include Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Princess Catharina-Amalia of

3965-631: Was speculated at the time that Drumlanrig may have had a romantic, if not sexual, relationship with Rosebery. The suggestion was that Queensberry had threatened to expose the Prime Minister if his government did not vigorously prosecute Wilde for the latter's relationship with Drumlanrig's younger brother, Lord Alfred Douglas . Queensberry believed, as he put it in a letter, that "Snob Queers like Rosebery" had corrupted his sons, and he held Rosebery indirectly responsible for Drumlanrig's death. He claimed to have evidence of Rosebery's transgressions but that

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4030-400: Was the owner of twelve houses. By marriage, he acquired: With his fortune, he bought: Heir apparent Philosophers Works An heir apparent is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. A person who is first in the current order of succession but could be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir

4095-543: Was the wife of Henry Wyndham, 2nd Baron Leconfield . Dalmeny attended preparatory schools in Hertfordshire and Brighton , and then Eton College (1860–65 ). At Eton, he formed a close attachment to his tutor William Johnson Cory : they visited Rome together in 1864, and maintained correspondence for years afterwards. Dalmeny proceeded to Christ Church, Oxford , matriculating in January 1866. During his time at Oxford he

4160-480: Was widely known as a brilliant orator , an outstanding sportsman and marksman, a writer and historian, connoisseur and collector. All of these activities attracted him more than politics, which grew boring and unattractive. Furthermore, he drifted to the right of the Liberal party and became a bitter critic of its policies. Winston Churchill , observing that he never adapted to democratic electoral competition, quipped: "He would not stoop; he did not conquer." Rosebery

4225-514: Was writing in 2005, the evidence that Rosebery was homosexual is circumstantial. Michael Bloch , in 2015, has, however, no doubt that Rosebery was at least romantically interested in men, making him one of the four figures presented in the first chapter of his book on homosexual and bisexual British politicians of the 20th century. In his view, any remaining evidence (of which he gives a long list) can only be circumstantial in any case, considering Rosebery's paranoid taste for secrecy. The last year of

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