Misplaced Pages

#598401

84-427: Viktar Dzmitryevich Babaryka ( Belarusian : Віктар Дзмітрыевіч Бабарыка or Viktor Dmitryevich Babariko ; born 9 November 1963 – disappeared 28 April 2023) is a Belarusian banker, philanthropist, public and opposition political figure who intended to become a candidate in the 2020 Belarusian presidential election . He is considered a political prisoner after having his candidacy rejected, followed by being detained by

168-508: A closed session Minsk City Court considered and dismissed Babaryka's complaint about the decision of the Court of Central District to keep him in custody. On 10 October 2020, Lukashenko spoke with the imprisoned Babaryka, his son Eduard, and fellow candidate Sergei Tikhanovsky in a four-hour meeting concerning changes to the Constitution. Babaryka's election campaign coordinator Yuriy Voskresensky

252-477: A criminal case pursuant to part 2 of Article 243 "Tax and duties evasion on a massive scale" and part 2 of Article 245 "Money laundering on a massive scale". At first, Viktar Babaryka was not targeted by the investigation, but, according to the Head of State Control Committee Ivan Tertel, the investigation team had "solid evidence of Babaryka's involvement in illegal activities" and "most of the detainees are cooperating with

336-632: A doctoral dissertation on the history of the theatre. In 1988, Zianon Pazniak made public his researches of NKVD mass executions in the forest of Kurapaty near Minsk . At that time, he became a leader of the Belarusian national movement for freedom and independence. In 1988, along with Vasil Bykaŭ , he was one of the founders of the Belarusian Popular Front and the Belarusian Martyrologue. From May 1990 until January 1996, Pazniak

420-673: A government search and seizure campaign started in Belgazprombank. Three members of Babaryka's initiative group, including the coordinator in Mogilev Region , former vice-mayor of Mogilev Uladzimir Dudarau, were detained. On the next day, the State Control Committee of the Republic of Belarus announced that 15 former and current employees of Belgazprombank had been detained. The committee's Department of Financial Investigation brought

504-485: A number of Lukashenko's opponents, as prisoners of conscience . On 2 July 2020, it was reported that Viktar Babaryka was accused of criminal offence pursuant to part 2 of Article 243 (tax and duties evasion on a massive scale), part 2 of Article 245 (money laundering on a massive scale) and part 2 of Article 431 (recurrent bribery or bribery on a massive scale) of the Belarusian Criminal Code. On 3 July, during

588-479: A number of names, both contemporary and historical. Some of the most dissimilar are from the Old Belarusian period. Although closely related to other East Slavic languages , especially Ukrainian , Belarusian phonology is distinct in a number of ways. The phoneme inventory of the modern Belarusian language consists of 45 to 54 phonemes: 6 vowels and 39 to 48 consonants , depending on how they are counted. When

672-461: A number of radical changes. A fully phonetic orthography was introduced. One of the most distinctive changes brought in was the principle of akanye (Belarusian: а́канне ), wherein unstressed "o", pronounced in both Russian and Belarusian as /a/ , is written as "а". The Belarusian Academic Conference on Reform of the Orthography and Alphabet was convened in 1926. After discussions on the project,

756-453: A perception that Belarusian was a "rural" and "uneducated" language. However, the census was a major breakthrough for the first steps of the Belarusian national self-awareness and identity, since it clearly showed to the Imperial authorities and the still-strong Polish minority that the population and the language were neither Polish nor Russian. The rising influence of Socialist ideas advanced

840-519: A potential arrest by the forces of the Belarusian president Aliaksandar Lukashenka . He was granted political asylum in the United States . On June 19, 1997, Belarus's prosecutor's office opened a criminal case against Pazniak accusing him of incitement to ethnic hatred against Russian people. Following emigration, Zianon Pazniak is still active in leading the CCP-BPF ( Christian Conservative Party of

924-493: A report from the United Nations Human Rights Committee . The European Parliament has also condemned Babaryka's disappearance and blamed the government of Belarus. Prison officials have denied that Babaryka has disappeared, claiming that he is "alive and healthy" and continues to serve out his sentence. According to unofficial Internet polls, at least half of respondents were ready to support Babaryka in

SECTION 10

#1733127001599

1008-481: A special accreditation (not a single media agency possesses such an accreditation); electoral ratings of politicians have not been published in the country since 2016. On 31 May, Viktar Babaryka presented the Declaration of Fair Elections. According to Belarusian legislation, in order to be registered as a presidential candidate, a person has to submit 100,000 signatures in his/her support – the initiative group gathered

1092-515: A study done by the Belarusian government in 2009, 72% of Belarusians speak Russian at home, while Belarusian is actively used by only 11.9% of Belarusians (others speak a mixture of Russian and Belarusian, known as Trasianka ). Approximately 29.4% of Belarusians can write, speak, and read Belarusian, while 52.5% can only read and speak it. Nevertheless, there are no Belarusian-language universities in Belarus. The Belarusian language has been known under

1176-716: Is a Belarusian nationalist politician, one of the founders of the Belarusian Popular Front and leader of the Conservative Christian Party – BPF . He was the Belarusian Popular Front nominee for President of Belarus in the 1994 election . Zianon Pazniak has lived in the United States since 1996. Zianon Pazniak was born in the village of Subotniki in Baranavichy Region during the German occupation of Belarus (present-day Grodno Region ). He graduated from

1260-546: Is declared as a "familiar language" by about 316,000 inhabitants, among them about 248,000 Belarusians, comprising about 30.7% of Belarusians living in Russia. In Ukraine , the Belarusian language is declared as a "native language" by about 55,000 Belarusians, which comprise about 19.7% of Belarusians living in Ukraine. In Poland , the Belarusian language is declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 40,000 inhabitants According to

1344-399: Is found in the representation of vowel reduction, and in particular akanje , the merger of unstressed /a/ and /o/, which exists in both Russian and Belarusian. Belarusian always spells this merged sound as ⟨a⟩ , whereas Russian uses either ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩ , according to what the "underlying" phoneme is (determined by identifying the related words where

1428-400: Is mostly synthetic and partly analytic, and overall quite similar to Russian grammar . Belarusian orthography, however, differs significantly from Russian orthography in some respects, due to the fact that it is a phonemic orthography that closely represents the surface phonology, whereas Russian orthography represents the underlying morphophonology . The most significant instance of this

1512-496: Is rarely used. Standardized Belarusian grammar in its modern form was adopted in 1959, with minor amendments in 1985 and 2008. It was developed from the initial form set down by Branislaw Tarashkyevich (first printed in Vilnius , 1918), and it is mainly based on the Belarusian folk dialects of Minsk - Vilnius region. Historically, there have been several other alternative standardized forms of Belarusian grammar. Belarusian grammar

1596-560: Is the usual conventional borderline between the Ruthenian and Modern Belarusian stages of development. By the end of the 18th century, (Old) Belarusian was still common among the minor nobility in the eastern part, in the territory of present-day Belarus, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (hereafter GDL). Jan Czeczot in the 1840s had mentioned that even his generation's grandfathers preferred speaking (Old) Belarusian. According to A. N. Pypin,

1680-542: The 2020 Belarusian presidential election . On 19 June 2020, Babaryka was detained. The detainment is believed to be politically motivated. Amnesty International considers Babaryka, his son and several other arrested opposition figures to be prisoners of conscience . In 2008, Viktar Babaryka became one of the founders of the International Children's Charity Foundation "Chance". The foundation has been providing charity support to seriously ill children. In 2018, on

1764-588: The Belarusian Democratic Republic , Belarusian was used as the only official language (decreed by Belarusian People's Secretariat on 28 April 1918). Subsequently, in the Byelorussian SSR , Belarusian was decreed to be one of the four (Belarusian, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish) official languages (decreed by Central Executive Committee of BSSR in February 1921). A decree of 15 July 1924 confirmed that

SECTION 20

#1733127001599

1848-670: The Belarusian Democratic Republic 100th Jubilee Medal from the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in Exile . In the summer of 2020, Pazniak founded the association "Free Belarus", which, according to its own statements, "advocates the protection, development and representation of the Belarusian nation, the Republic of Belarus and Belarusians around the world". During the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 Pazniak called to support

1932-579: The Belarusian State Institute of Theatre and Arts in 1967 and completed his postgraduate studies at the Institute of Ethnography, Art and Folklore in 1972. Upon completion of his university studies, Pazniak worked as an arts researcher. After a wave of Soviet political-administrative repressions in 1974 resulting in the loss of his work at the Arts Institute, Pazniak worked as an archaeologist at

2016-560: The House of Representatives of the National Assembly set the presidential election in the Republic of Belarus on 9 August 2020. On 12 May, Viktar Babaryka expressed the wish to run for the presidency, and on 20 May he registered the second biggest initiative group that included 8,904 persons. The size of the candidate's initiative group almost matched the size of President Alexander Lukashenko with his 11 thousands. The candidacy of Babaryka

2100-654: The Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment . In January 2023, during the Battle of Bakhmut , he visited the Belarusian fighters of the Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment on the front line. Zianon Pazniak's grandfather was Jan Pazniak (1887 (1895 ?) – 1939 ?), a Belarusian publisher, editor, publicist and politician. Jan Pazniak took part in the activity of the Belarusian Christian educational movement and

2184-737: The Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Belarusian form was defined in 1918, and consists of thirty-two letters. Before that, Belarusian had also been written in the Belarusian Latin alphabet (Łacinka / Лацінка), the Belarusian Arabic alphabet (by Lipka Tatars ) and the Hebrew alphabet (by Belarusian Jews ). The Glagolitic script was used, sporadically, until the 11th or 12th century. There are several systems of romanization of Belarusian written texts. The Belarusian Latin alphabet

2268-543: The Russian Academy of Sciences refused to print his submission, on the basis that it had not been prepared in a sufficiently scientific manner. From the mid-1830s ethnographic works began to appear, and tentative attempts to study the language were instigated (e.g. Shpilevskiy's grammar). The Belarusian literary tradition began to re-form, based on the folk language, initiated by the works of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich . See also : Jan Czeczot , Jan Barszczewski . At

2352-502: The "soft sounding R" ( мякка-эравы ) and "strong akanye " ( моцнае аканне ), and the South-Western dialect is chiefly characterized by the "hard sounding R" ( цвёрда-эравы ) and "moderate akanye" ( умеранае аканне ). The West Polesian dialect group is separated from the rest of the country by the conventional line Pruzhany – Ivatsevichy – Tsyelyakhany – Luninyets – Stolin . There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility among

2436-431: The 1897 Russian Empire census , about 5.89 million people declared themselves speakers of Belarusian (then known as White Russian). The end of the 19th century, however, still showed that the urban language of Belarusian towns remained either Polish or Russian. The same census showed that towns with a population greater than 50,000 had fewer than a tenth Belarusian speakers. This state of affairs greatly contributed to

2520-784: The Archaeological Division of the History Institute of the Belarusian Science Academy. His specialisation was the Late Middle Ages in Belarus. He was heavily involved in efforts to preserve the remaining section of the historic centre of Minsk, which was considerably damaged by the redevelopment efforts undertaken by the Soviet administration after the end of the Second World War. In 1981 Pazniak successfully defended

2604-570: The BPF ). His endeavour to participate in the presidential elections of 2006 was set back when he refused to forward the requisite number of signatures gathered for his candidacy. Pazniak and the Conservative Christian Party – BPF refused to join elections in the oppositional coalition led by Aliaksandar Milinkevich in 2006 election . He is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism . In 2018, Pazniak received

Viktar Babaryka - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-619: The Belarusian government over charges of "illegal [financial] activities"; charges that are considered to be politically motivated. Babaryka was born on 9 November 1963 in Minsk . In 1981, he graduated from secondary school No. 92 of Minsk. In 1988, he graduated from the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of the Belarusian State University , in 1995 – the Academy of Public Administration under

2772-558: The Belarusian grammar. In 1915, Rev. Balyaslaw Pachopka had prepared a Belarusian grammar using the Latin script. Belarusian linguist S. M. Nyekrashevich considered Pachopka's grammar unscientific and ignorant of the principles of the language. But Pachopka's grammar was reportedly taught in an unidentified number of schools, from 1918 for an unspecified period. Another grammar was supposedly jointly prepared by A. Lutskyevich and Ya. Stankyevich, and differed from Tarashkyevich's grammar somewhat in

2856-453: The Belarusian language was spoken in some areas among the minor nobility during the 19th century. In its vernacular form, it was the language of the smaller town dwellers and of the peasantry and it had been the language of oral folklore. Teaching in Belarusian was conducted mainly in schools run by the Basilian order . The development of Belarusian in the 19th century was strongly influenced by

2940-682: The Belarusian, Russian, Yiddish and Polish languages had equal status in Soviet Belarus. In the BSSR, Tarashkyevich's grammar had been officially accepted for use in state schooling after its re-publication in unchanged form, first in 1922 by Yazep Lyosik under his own name as Practical grammar. Part I , then in 1923 by the Belarusian State Publishing House under the title Belarusian language. Grammar. Ed. I. 1923 , also by "Ya. Lyosik". In 1925, Lyosik added two new chapters, addressing

3024-511: The Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian languages. Within East Slavic, the Belarusian language is most closely related to Ukrainian . The modern Belarusian language was redeveloped on the base of the vernacular spoken remnants of the Ruthenian language , surviving in the ethnic Belarusian territories in the 19th century. The end of the 18th century (the times of the Divisions of Commonwealth )

3108-536: The Commission had actually prepared the project for spelling reform. The resulting project had included both completely new rules and existing rules in unchanged and changed forms, some of the changes being the work of the Commission itself, and others resulting from the resolutions of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926), re-approved by the Commission. Notably, the use of the Ь (soft sign) before

3192-643: The Conference made resolutions on some of the problems. However, the Lyosik brothers' project had not addressed all the problematic issues, so the Conference was not able to address all of those. As the outcome of the conference, the Orthographic Commission was created to prepare the project of the actual reform. This was instigated on 1 October 1927, headed by S. Nyekrashevich, with the following principal guidelines of its work adopted: During its work in 1927–29,

3276-419: The East Slavic languages, Belarusian shares many grammatical and lexical features with other members of the group. To some extent, Russian, Ukrainian , and Belarusian retain a degree of mutual intelligibility . Belarusian descends from a language generally referred to as Ruthenian (13th to 18th centuries), which had, in turn, descended from what is referred to as Old East Slavic (10th to 13th centuries). In

3360-773: The Maskouski District Court in Minsk. On the first day of the trial, his attorney Dzmitry Layeuski requested house arrest for the defendant, and to have him tried by a lower level court. Both motions were denied by Judge Ihar Lyubavitski. The public is not permitted to enter the courtroom as audience members. The only media permitted in the courtroom were state-affiliated media. He faces charges of grand bribery by an organized group and large-scale laundering of illicit funds. If found guilty, he may face up to 15 years in prison. On 28 June 2021, he pled innocent and said he could not "confess to crimes he did not commit". On 6 July 2021, Babaryka

3444-567: The Republic of Belarus (KGB), as the defendants "put at risk national security interests". On 20 June, charges were pressed against Viktar Babaryka, and on the following day, against his son Eduard. In both cases the grounds for arrest were kept secret. Viktar and Eduard Babaryka are kept in custody in the Pre-Trial Detention Centre of the KGB of Belarus. On 29 June 2020, Amnesty International recognized Viktar and Eduard Babaryka, as well as

Viktar Babaryka - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-493: The Russian language and literature department of St. Petersburg University, approached the board of the Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva with a proposal that a Belarusian linguist be trained under his supervision in order to be able to create documentation of the grammar. Initially, the famous Belarusian poet Maksim Bahdanovič was to be entrusted with this work. However, Bahdanovič's poor health (tuberculosis) precluded his living in

3612-460: The South-Western. In addition, there is a transitional Middle Belarusian dialect group and the separate West Polesian dialect group. The North-Eastern and the South-Western dialects are separated by a hypothetical line Ashmyany – Minsk – Babruysk – Gomel , with the area of the Middle Belarusian dialect group placed on and along this line. The North-Eastern dialect is chiefly characterized by

3696-595: The aegis of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus . Five years later, he finished master courses at the Belarusian State Economic University . Babaryka has been working in the banking system of Belarus since July 1995. In July 2000, he was appointed as the chairman of the management board of Belgazprombank . On 12 May 2020, he voluntarily resigned as chairman of the management board of Belgazprombank and declared his intention to participate in

3780-545: The all-Russian " narodniki " and Belarusian national movements (late 1870s–early 1880s) renewed interest in the Belarusian language (See also: Homan (1884) , Bahushevich , Yefim Karskiy , Dovnar-Zapol'skiy , Bessonov, Pypin, Sheyn, Nasovič). The Belarusian literary tradition was also renewed ( see also : F. Bahushevich ). It was in these times that F. Bahushevich made his famous appeal to Belarusians: "Do not forsake our language, lest you pass away" (Belarusian: Не пакідайце ж мовы нашай, каб не ўмёрлі ). The first dictionary of

3864-584: The beginning of the 1860s, both the Russian and Polish parties in Belarusian lands had begun to realise that the decisive role in the upcoming conflicts was shifting to the peasantry, overwhelmingly Belarusian. So a large amount of propaganda appeared, targeted at the peasantry and written in Belarusian; notably, the anti-Russian, anti-Tsarist, anti-Eastern Orthodox "Manifesto" and the first newspaper Mužyckaja prauda ( Peasants' Truth ) (1862–1863) by Konstanty Kalinowski , and anti-Polish, anti-Revolutionary, pro-Orthodox booklets and poems (1862). The advent of

3948-459: The claims of the State Control Committee, the President and his press-secretary about Babaryka's complicity and the guilt of persons detained within Belgazprombank case were unacceptable and crudely violated human rights, and was only intended to cut off Babaryka's presidential bid. On 18 June 2020, Viktar Babaryka and his son and head of the initiative group Eduard Babayka were detained – later on it

4032-488: The climate of St. Petersburg, so Branislaw Tarashkyevich , a fresh graduate of the Vilnya Liceum No. 2 , was selected for the task. In the Belarusian community, great interest was vested in this enterprise. The already famous Belarusian poet Yanka Kupala , in his letter to Tarashkyevich, urged him to "hurry with his much-needed work". Tarashkyevich had been working on the preparation of the grammar during 1912–1917, with

4116-419: The combinations "consonant+iotated vowel" ("softened consonants"), which had been previously denounced as highly redundant (e.g., in the proceedings of the Belarusian Academic Conference (1926)), was cancelled. However, the complete resolution of the highly important issue of the orthography of unstressed Е ( IE ) was not achieved. Zianon Pazniak Zianon Stanislavavich Pazniak (born 24 April 1944)

4200-531: The educational system. The Polish and Russian languages were being introduced and re-introduced, while the general state of the people's education remained poor until the very end of the Russian Empire. In summary, the first two decades of the 19th century had seen the unprecedented prosperity of Polish culture and language in the former GDL lands, and had prepared the era of such famous Polish writers as Adam Mickiewicz and Władysław Syrokomla . The era had seen

4284-514: The effective completion of the Polonization of the lowest level of the nobility, the further reduction of the area of use of contemporary Belarusian, and the effective folklorization of Belarusian culture. Nevertheless, at the beginning of the 19th century "there began a revival of national pride within the country ... and a growth in interest [in Belarusian] from outside". Due both to the state of

SECTION 50

#1733127001599

4368-427: The emancipation of the Belarusian language even further ( see also: Belarusian Socialist Assembly , Circle of Belarusian People's Education and Belarusian Culture , Belarusian Socialist Lot , Socialist Party "White Russia" , Alaiza Pashkevich , Nasha Dolya ). The fundamental works of Yefim Karsky marked a turning point in the scientific perception of Belarusian. The ban on publishing books and papers in Belarusian

4452-399: The first Belarusian census in 1999, the Belarusian language was declared as a "language spoken at home" by about 3,686,000 Belarusian citizens (36.7% of the population). About 6,984,000 (85.6%) of Belarusians declared it their "mother tongue". Other sources, such as Ethnologue , put the figure at approximately 3.5 million active speakers in Belarus. In Russia , the Belarusian language

4536-460: The foreign speakers' task of learning these paradigms; on the other hand, though, it makes spelling easier for native speakers. An example illustrating the contrast between the treatment of akanje in Russian and Belarusian orthography is the spelling of the word for "products; food": Besides the standardized lect , there are two main dialects of the Belarusian language, the North-Eastern and

4620-469: The headquarters office at 25/1 V. Horuzhey Street in Minsk . Then the headquarters was searched and computer equipment and documents were confiscated. At the same time, unknown persons in civilian clothes and masks entered the house of Babarika's headquarters leader and member of the presidium of the Coordination Council of the opposition Maria Kalesnikava in the center of Minsk. On 11 June 2020,

4704-553: The help and supervision of Shakhmatov and Karskiy. Tarashkyevich had completed the work by the autumn of 1917, even moving from the tumultuous Petrograd of 1917 to the relative calm of Finland in order to be able to complete it uninterrupted. By the summer of 1918, it became obvious that there were insurmountable problems with the printing of Tarashkyevich's grammar in Petrograd: a lack of paper, type and qualified personnel. Meanwhile, his grammar had apparently been planned to be adopted in

4788-503: The initiative of Babaryka, Belgazprombank financed the publication of 15,000 copies of Svetlana Alexievich 's five-volume edition and donated them to Belarusian libraries. With the support of Viktar Babaryka, the original of Francysk Skaryna 's Bible, as well as the paintings of Marc Chagall , Chaïm Soutine and Léon Bakst were returned to Belarus. Viktar Babaryka also came up with a proposal to create an art-space OK16 organising exhibitions and theatrical performances. On 8 May 2020,

4872-469: The initiative of Viktar's Babaryka team together with the team of another unregistered alternative candidate Valery Tsepkalo a meeting in Babaryka's team office was held with registered alternative candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya , where a decision of joint presidential campaign was made. Later that day teams made an announcement on joining efforts to win presidential elections. Despite popular belief, there

4956-506: The investigating authorities and making confessions". Babaryka himself maintained that the investigation had no actual compromising materials and that the criminal case had purely political implications – this statement was indirectly confirmed by Alexander Lukashenko who said that "he had commissioned the State Control Committee to inspect the activities of Belgazprombank". The lawyers of the NGO "Pravovaja Initsiativa" ("Legal Initiative") declared that

5040-786: The modern Belarusian language authored by Nasovič was published in 1870. In the editorial introduction to the dictionary, it is noted that: The Belarusian local tongue, which dominates a vast area from the Nioman and the Narew to the Upper Volga and from the Western Dvina to the Prypiac and the Ipuc and which is spoken by inhabitants of the North-Western and certain adjacent provinces, or those lands that were in

5124-415: The needed amount by 6 June. By 9 June, Babaryka broke the record of Zianon Pazniak by gathering 230,000 signatures. By 19 June, Babaryka's team reported 425,000 signatures gathered. On 17 June, the bank account of Babaryka's electoral fund in Belarusbank was blocked. According to the election team, more than 100,000 Belarusian rubles were frozen (approx. US$ 42,000). On 20 June, Babaryka's team submitted

SECTION 60

#1733127001599

5208-407: The nine geminate consonants are excluded as mere variations, there are 39 consonants, and excluding rare consonants further decreases the count. The number 48 includes all consonant sounds, including variations and rare sounds, which may be phonetically distinct in the modern Belarusian language. The Belarusian alphabet is a variant of the Cyrillic script , which was first used as an alphabet for

5292-615: The opponents of Alexander Lukashenko 's regime to unite around Babaryka, who had become the de facto leader of the Belarusian opposition. Apart from that, two former presidential candidates of the 2010 election also spoke out in support of Viktar Babaryka: Uladzimir Nyaklyayew (13 June) and   Andrei Sannikov (15 June). At the end of May, Internet polls showed that Viktar Babaryka was ranking first with more than 50% support. In view of such results, Belarusian authorities recategorized website surveys as equivalent to national public opinion polls, which can only be conducted by institutions with

5376-528: The orthography of compound words and partly modifying the orthography of assimilated words. From this point on, Belarusian grammar had been popularized and taught in the educational system in that form. The ambiguous and insufficient development of several components of Tarashkyevich's grammar was perceived to be the cause of some problems in practical usage, and this led to discontent with the grammar. In 1924–25, Lyosik and his brother Anton Lyosik prepared and published their project of orthographic reform, proposing

5460-422: The particularities of different Belarusian dialects. The scientific groundwork for the introduction of a truly scientific and modern grammar of the Belarusian language was laid down by the linguist Yefim Karsky. By the early 1910s, the continuing lack of a codified Belarusian grammar was becoming intolerably obstructive in the opinion of uniformitarian prescriptivists. Then Russian academician Shakhmatov , chair of

5544-449: The past settled by the Kryvic tribe , has long attracted the attention of our philologists because of those precious remains of the ancient Ruthenian language that survived in that tongue. In 1891, in the preface to the Belarusian Flute , Francišak Bahuševič wrote, "There have been many peoples, which first lost their language… and then they perished entirely. So do not abandon our Belarusian language, lest we perish!" According to

5628-402: The people's education and to the strong positions of Polish and Polonized nobility, it was only after the 1880s–1890s that the educated Belarusian element, still shunned because of "peasant origin", began to appear in state offices. In 1846, ethnographer Pavel Shpilevskiy prepared a Belarusian grammar (using the Cyrillic alphabet) on the basis of the folk dialects of the Minsk region. However,

5712-403: The political conflict in the territories of the former GDL, between the Russian Imperial authorities, trying to consolidate their rule over the "joined provinces", and the Polish and Polonized nobility, trying to bring back its pre-Partitions rule (see also Polonization in times of Partitions ). One of the important manifestations of this conflict was the struggle for ideological control over

5796-416: The resolution of some key aspects. On 22 December 1915, Paul von Hindenburg issued an order on schooling in German Army-occupied territories in the Russian Empire ( Ober Ost ), banning schooling in Russian and including the Belarusian language in an exclusive list of four languages made mandatory in the respective native schooling systems (Belarusian, Lithuanian , Polish , Yiddish ). School attendance

5880-427: The time, he was described as being in a "moderately severe" state of health by the Telegram channel of his electoral team. He subsequently disappeared from the hospital the next day, and has not been seen since. Babaryka's disappearance, along with the disappearances of Maxim Znak , Sergei Tikhanovsky , and others, has been characterised as an enforced disappearance by the office of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya , citing

5964-459: The upcoming presidential election over incumbent Alexander Lukashenko (assuming his candidacy would be allowed). His wife Marina died on 15 August 2017. Children: Belarusian language Before Belarus gained independence in 1991, the language was known in English as Byelorussian or Belorussian , or alternatively as White Russian . Following independence, it became known as Belarusian , or alternatively as Belarusan . As one of

6048-421: The vowel is being stressed or, if no such words exist, by written tradition, mostly but not always conforming to etymology). This means that Belarusian noun and verb paradigms, in their written form, have numerous instances of alternations between written ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩ , whereas no such alternations exist in the corresponding written paradigms in Russian. This can significantly complicate

6132-636: The whole package of documents, including the needed number of signatures, to the Central Election Commission of Belarus . On 14 July 2020, Babaryka was denied the registration as a candidate for presidency. A number of political scientists believe that, by doing so, the Chairperson of the Central Election Commission of Belarus deliberately violated the Constitution under the direction of incumbent President Lukashenko. On 16 July, by

6216-437: The workers' and peasants' schools of Belarus that were to be set up, so Tarashkyevich was permitted to print his book abroad. In June 1918, he arrived in Vilnius , via Finland. The Belarusian Committee petitioned the administration to allow the book to be printed. Finally, the first edition of the "Belarusian grammar for schools" was printed ( Vil'nya , 1918). There existed at least two other contemporary attempts at codifying

6300-439: Was a deputy of the Belarusian parliament. As parliamentary deputy, he was the leader of the fraction of the BPF. In 1994, he participated in the 1994 election as the Belarusian Popular Front nominee, gaining 13.1 percent of the vote. Pazniak’s candidacy was supported by the famous Belarusian writer Vasil Bykaŭ and a number of representatives of the Belarusian scientific community. In 1996, Zianon Pazniak fled Belarus, citing

6384-640: Was a member of the Christian Democratic Union since its founding in May 1917 in Petrograd. Jan Pazniak published several newspapers and magazines as “Biełarus”, “Biełaruskaja krynica” (English: Belarusian Spring ), “Chryścijanskaja Dumka” (English: Christian Thought ) and “Ranica” (English: Morning ). In September–October 1939, he was arrested by the NKVD and taken out of Vilna . According to one version, Jan Pazniak

6468-781: Was held in prison in Staraja Vilejka not far from Maladziechna until June 1941. The circumstances and date of his death are still unknown. His father was Stanisłaŭ Janavič Pazniak (1922-1944). Stanisłaŭ Pazniak was recruited into the Red Army in the summer of 1944 and died on the Eastern front in December 1944. His mother was Hanna Jaŭchimaŭna Pazniak (1922-2012). She lived in Subotniki almost all her life. When she died in April 2012, Pazniak didn't come to

6552-439: Was no joint headquarters during the presidential campaign. Babariko's staff took over the organization of performances by candidates and trustees, Tsepkalo's staff concentrated on informational work, and Tikhanovska's staff adapted the campaign to her audience. Key people: On 9 September 2020, unknown masked men seized a member of the headquarters team and a member of the presidium of the Coordination Council , Maxim Znak , from

6636-532: Was not made mandatory, though. Passports at this time were bilingual, in German and in one of the "native languages". Also at this time, Belarusian preparatory schools, printing houses, press organs were opened ( see also: Homan (1916) ). After the 1917 February Revolution in Russia, the Belarusian language became an important factor in political activities in the Belarusian lands ( see also: Central Council of Belarusian Organisations , Great Belarusian Council , First All-Belarusian Congress , Belnatskom ). In

6720-462: Was officially removed (25 December 1904). The unprecedented surge of national feeling in the 20th century, especially among the workers and peasants, particularly after the events of 1905, gave momentum to the intensive development of Belarusian literature and press (See also: Nasha Niva , Yanka Kupala , Yakub Kolas ). During the 19th and early 20th century, there was no normative Belarusian grammar. Authors wrote as they saw fit, usually representing

6804-410: Was publicly supported by Belarusian cultural figures including Nobel Prize laureate Svetlana Alexievich and director Andrej Kurejchyk. On 17 June, philosopher Uladzimir Matskevich (previously supporting the boycott of the election) left his signature to endorse Babaryka's running for presidency as a sign of solidarity with all the people who were persecuted during the election campaign and to encourage

6888-537: Was reported that Babaryka had been arrested and sent to the Pre-Trial Detention Centre of the KGB of Belarus . According to the key charges, over a couple of years Belgazprombank had transferred more than 430 million dollars from its account to Latvia, and Viktar Babaryka was the "mastermind behind the crime". Starting from 19 June, the case has been investigated by the State Security Committee of

6972-462: Was sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment after being found guilty on bribery and tax evasion. In July 2023, Eduard Babaryka was sentenced to 8 years in prison. On the night of 24 and 25 April 2023, Babaryka was, according to worker's rights group Rabočy Ruch, subjected to beating by prison security and subsequently transported to the surgical department of the Novopolotsk hospital three days later. At

7056-510: Was subsequently released and spoke against public protests on state television. Babaryka campaign manager Maria Kalesnikava refused to attend this meeting. She and Babaryka remain in custody at this time. On 6 November 2020, the court denied Babaryka's motion to end his pre-trial detention, which had been extended to 18 December. Babaryka was represented by his attorneys as he was not allowed to appear in person at this hearing. The criminal trial of Viktar Babaryka commenced on 17 February 2021 at

#598401