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71-554: The word veche is a transliteration of the Russian "вече" ( pl.  веча, vecha ), which is in turn inherited from Proto-Slavic *vě̑ťe ( lit.   ' council, counsel ' or ' talk ' ), which is also represented in the word soviet , both ultimately deriving from the Proto-Slavic verbal stem of * větiti ' to talk, speak ' ). Procopius of Caesarea mentioned Slavs gathering in popular assemblies in

142-568: A humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Modern-day Vladimir is a part of the Golden Ring of ancient Russian cities and a popular tourist destination. Its three chief monuments, White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal , inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following: Other remarkable monuments of pre-Mongol Russian architecture are scattered in

213-600: A 944 treaty with the Byzantine Empire : "And our grand prince Igor and his boyars, and the whole people of Rus have sent us". The earliest mentions of the veche in chronicles refer to examples in Belgorod in 997, Novgorod in 1016, and Kiev in 1068. A central role of the veche is found in the Suzdal Chronicle under the year 1176: "From of old the people of Novgorod, of Smolensk , of Kiev, of Polotsk , and of all

284-450: A campaign against Dmitry Donskoy . The latter had fled to Kostroma while the former had captured Serpukhov near the city of Moscow. Nikolay Karamzin said that the people of Moscow "at the sound of the bells assembled for a veche , remembering the ancient right of the Russian citizens to decide their own fate in important situations by a majority of votes". A semi-legendary account of Aleksandr of Suzdal ( r.  1309–1331 ) moving

355-439: A distinction between two pitch accents, traditionally called "acute" and "circumflex" accent. The acute accent was pronounced with rising intonation, while the circumflex accent had a falling intonation. Short vowels (*e *o *ь *ъ) had no pitch distinction, and were always pronounced with falling intonation. Unaccented (unstressed) vowels never had tonal distinctions, but could still have length distinctions. These rules are similar to

426-572: A few chronicle mentions. The Poliane in Kiev, according to the Primary Chronicle , are said to have consulted among themselves ( s"dumavshe poliane ) before deciding to ultimately pay tribute to the Khazars . The words duma and dumati are used in later instances to refer to the activities of the veche . The Primary Chronicle also indicates the recognition of the people as a separate political agent in

497-715: A late-period variant, representing the late 9th-century dialect spoken around Thessaloniki ( Solun ) in Macedonia , is attested in Old Church Slavonic manuscripts. Proto-Slavic is descended from the Proto-Balto-Slavic branch of the Proto-Indo-European language family, which is the ancestor of the Baltic languages , e.g. Lithuanian and Latvian . Proto-Slavic gradually evolved into the various Slavic languages during

568-541: A macron above the letter, while in the latter it is not clearly indicated. The following table explains these differences: For consistency, all discussions of words in Early Slavic and before (the boundary corresponding roughly to the monophthongization of diphthongs , and the Slavic second palatalization ) use the common Balto-Slavic notation of vowels. Discussions of Middle and Late Common Slavic, as well as later dialects, use

639-533: A young town. Accordingly, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated in 1958, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city; this enabled Nikita Khrushchev , who recently took power in the Soviet Union, to link his administration with early Russian history. In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city was instead founded in 990 by Vladimir the Great , with local historians supporting

710-592: Is a stopping point for the " Peregrine Falcon " high-speed train. Vladimir also possesses a developed suburban rail system. It was the only city in Russia with concurrent commuter trains two Russian cities with subways. The city is served by the Semyazino Airport 5 km west of the city center. Population: 349,951 ( 2021 Census ) ; 345,373 ( 2010 Census ) ; 315,954 ( 2002 Census ) ; 349,702 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Vladimir experiences

781-703: Is disputed between 990 and 1108. In the Novgorod First Chronicle , Vladimir is mentioned under the year 1108, and during the Soviet period, this year was decreed to be its foundation year with the view that attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh , who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality in 1093. It is named there as Vladimir . The chronicles also describe how inhabitants from neighbouring towns, namely Suzdal and Rostov , alluded to Vladimir as

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852-402: Is referred to the people. The veche is thought to have originated in the tribal assemblies of Eastern Europe , thus predating the state of Kievan Rus' . Although most authors have adopted this view, the evidence is not abundant and is mainly based on the statement of Procopius and a few other communications from foreign authors such as Byzantine emperor Maurice 's Strategikon , as well as

923-473: Is slight dialectal variation. It also covers Late Common Slavic when there are significant developments that are shared (more or less) identically among all Slavic languages. Two different and conflicting systems for denoting vowels are commonly in use in Indo-European and Balto-Slavic linguistics on the one hand, and Slavic linguistics on the other. In the first, vowel length is consistently distinguished with

994-484: Is the unattested , reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages . It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium BC through the 6th century AD . As with most other proto-languages, no attested writings have been found; scholars have reconstructed the language by applying the comparative method to all the attested Slavic languages and by taking into account other Indo-European languages . Rapid development of Slavic speech occurred during

1065-524: The City of Vladimir —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Vladimir is incorporated as Vladimir Urban Okrug . Vladimir is home to several electrical and chemical factories, several food processing plants and two large thermal power stations. Tourism related to the historical sites is a major contributor to the city's economy. The headquarters of

1136-643: The 27th Guards Rocket Army of the Strategic Missile Troops is located in the city. During the Cold War , Vladimir was host to the Dobrynskoye air force base. Since 1861, there has been a railway connection between Vladimir and Moscow. Vladimir is also linked to Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod by the M7 highway . Local transport includes buses, trolleybuses, fixed-route minivans, and taxis. Vladimir bus service links

1207-605: The Pskov Land and later Pskov Republic had legislative powers; it could appoint military commanders and hear ambassadors' reports. It also approved expenses such as grants to princes and payments to builders of walls, towers and bridges. The veche gathered at the court of the Trinity Cathedral , which held the archives of the veche and important private papers and state documents. The veche assembly included posadniki (mayors), "middle" and common people. Historians differ on

1278-630: The Republic of Venice ; it became the lower chamber of the parliament. An upper chamber knowns as the Council of Lords ( sovet gospod ) was also created which oversaw the veche , with title membership for all former city magistrates ( posadniki and tysyatskiye ). Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called vechniki . Some recent scholars call this interpretation into question. The Novgorod veche could be presumably summoned by anyone who rang

1349-626: The Torpedo Stadium (built 1952), a reinforced concrete arch bridge over the river Klyaz'ma (1960), the Hotel Vladimir (1956), the Drama Theatre (1971) and others. In 1971 the city was awarded the Order of Red Banner of Labor . Vladimir is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with seventeen rural localities , incorporated as

1420-640: The Vladimir Governorate in the same borders. In the years 1838–1840, Alexander Herzen was exiled in Vladimir, passing through the city on the infamous Vladimirka . In December 1858 the city began to operate telegraph . On June 14, 1861, the Moscow–Nizhny Novgorod Railway  [ ru ] began to operate through Vladimir. In 1866, construction of a running water supply was completed, with telephone lines being put up in 1887 and

1491-598: The veche bell , although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. The whole population of the city, including boyars, merchants, and common citizens, then gathered in front of the Cathedral of Saint Sophia or at Yaroslav's Court on the Trade Side . Of all other towns of Novgorod Land , the chronicles only mention a veche in Torzhok ; however they possibly existed in all other towns as well. The veche of

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1562-509: The veche bell from Vladimir to his appanage center Suzdal during his reign as grand prince is found in chronicles: This Prince Alexander from Vladimir took the veche bell from the Church of the Holy Mother of God to Suzdal and the bell ceased to ring as in Vladimir. And Prince Alexander thought he had been rude to the Holy Mother of God, and he ordered it taken back to Vladimir. And when the bell

1633-566: The 12th century. Two of its Russian Orthodox cathedrals, a monastery, and associated buildings have been designated among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In the past, the city was also known as Vladimir-on-Klyazma ( Владимир-на-Клязьме ) and Vladimir-Zalessky ( Владимир-Залесский ), to distinguish it from another Vladimir/Volodymyr in Volhynia (modern-day Ukraine ). The founding date of Vladimir

1704-749: The 14th century as the seat of the Grand Prince, the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin became the site of their coronation. The Moscow cathedral was loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original. After the rise of Moscow, Grand Princes of Moscow continued to build several new churches in Vladimir. Notable examples include the Annunciation Church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers northwest of

1775-567: The 6th century: But when the report was carried about and reached the entire nation, practically all the Antae assembled to discuss the situation, and they demanded that the matter be made a public one(...). For these nations, the Sclaveni and the Antae, are not ruled by one man, but they have lived from of old under a democracy, and consequently everything which involves their welfare, whether for good or ill,

1846-620: The Golden Gate. They are included among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal , designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . During Andrey's reign, a royal palace in Bogolyubovo was built, as well as the world-famous Church of the Intercession on the Nerl , now considered one of the jewels of ancient Russian architecture . Andrey was assassinated at his palace at Bogolyubovo in 1175. Vladimir

1917-538: The Kievan period is connected with dynastic crises. There are not many references of a veche in towns in the 11th century, but there are significantly more in the 12th century, with such references mostly concerning Novgorod and Pskov. Medieval chronicles, such as the Primary Chronicle , and the Novgorod First Chronicle for Novgorod especially, are the basic source regarding the veche . The Primary Chronicle remains

1988-670: The Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered. The most important Rus' prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes a Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, but the title had become an honorific symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of the metropolitans of Kiev and All Rus', until Metropolitan Peter moved the See to Moscow in 1325. The Grand Princes of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir in

2059-483: The Novgorod veche consisted of entirely free males or was instead dominated by a small group of nobles known as boyars . The Novgorod veche grew to become more structured in a way that it could be compared to similar bodies in Italian and Flemish towns during the same period. Traditional scholarship argues that a series of reforms in 1410 transformed the veche into something similar to the public assembly ( Concio ) of

2130-644: The Pious), the city became the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality . It had a Golden Age, which lasted until the Mongol invasion of Rus' in 1237. During this time, Vladimir enjoyed immense growth and prosperity. Andrey oversaw the building of the city's Golden Gates and the Dormition Cathedral . In 1164, Andrey attempted to establish a new metropolitanate in Vladimir, separate from that of Kiev. He

2201-681: The Polish parliament (the General Sejm ). Proto-Slavic language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl. , PS. ; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic )

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2272-464: The Proto-Slavic period, coinciding with the massive expansion of the Slavic-speaking area. Dialectal differentiation occurred early on during this period, but overall linguistic unity and mutual intelligibility continued for several centuries, into the 10th century or later. During this period, many sound changes diffused across the entire area, often uniformly. This makes it inconvenient to maintain

2343-552: The Proto-Slavic/Common Slavic time of linguistic unity roughly into three periods: Authorities differ as to which periods should be included in Proto-Slavic and in Common Slavic. The language described in this article generally reflects the middle period, usually termed Late Proto-Slavic (sometimes Middle Common Slavic ) and often dated to around the 7th to 8th centuries. This language remains largely unattested, but

2414-617: The Pskov veche was the adoption of the Pskov Judicial Charter , likely after 1462, which was the most comprehensive Russian legislation enacted until the Sudebnik of 1497 under Ivan III, the first collection of laws of the unified state. In the autumn of 1509, Grand Prince Vasily III visited Novgorod, where he received complaints from the Pskov veche against the Muscovite governor of

2485-564: The Slavic notation. For Middle and Late Common Slavic, the following marks are used to indicate tone and length distinctions on vowels, based on the standard notation in Serbo-Croatian : There are multiple competing systems used to indicate prosody in different Balto-Slavic languages. The most important for this article are: The following is an overview of the phonemes that are reconstructible for Middle Common Slavic. Middle Common Slavic had

2556-525: The South Slavic languages, as well as Czech and Slovak, tended to preserve the syllabic sonorants, but in the Lechitic languages (such as Polish) and Bulgarian, they fell apart again into vowel-consonant or consonant-vowel combinations. In East Slavic, the liquid diphthongs in *ь or *ъ may have likewise become syllabic sonorants, but if so, the change was soon reversed, suggesting that it may never have happened in

2627-540: The Vladimir Governorate was abolished and the city became part of the newly formed Ivanovo Industrial Oblast . On August 14, 1944, Vladimir became the administrative center of a new Vladimir Oblast carved from Ivanovo Oblast . In 1950 from the basis of the teachers' institute the Vladimir Pedagogical Institute was created. On November 5, 1952, the first trolleybus line began to operate in

2698-448: The accent (moved it to the preceding syllable). This occurred at a time when the Slavic-speaking area was already dialectally differentiated, and usually syllables with the acute and/or circumflex accent were shortened around the same time. Hence it is unclear whether there was ever a period in any dialect when there were three phonemically distinct pitch accents on long vowels. Nevertheless, taken together, these changes significantly altered

2769-452: The accent was free and thus phonemic; it could occur on any syllable and its placement was inherently a part of the word. The accent could also be either mobile or fixed, meaning that inflected forms of a word could have the accent on different syllables depending on the ending, or always on the same syllable. Common Slavic vowels also had a pitch accent . In Middle Common Slavic, all accented long vowels, nasal vowels and liquid diphthongs had

2840-455: The alternative foundation date and citing various chronicle sources. Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in the Hypatian Codex , which mentions that the region was visited by Vladimir the Great , the "father" of Russian Orthodoxy , in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as

2911-614: The beginning of the Polish statehood in the Kingdom of Poland . Issues were first debated by the elders and leaders, and later presented to all the free men for a wider discussion. One of the major types of wiec was the one convened to choose a new ruler. There are legends of a 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the Piast dynasty , Piast the Wheelwright , and a similar election of his son, Siemowit , but sources for that time come from

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2982-617: The beginning of the syllable. By the beginning of the Late Common Slavic period, all or nearly all syllables had become open as a result of developments in the liquid diphthongs . Syllables with liquid diphthongs beginning with *o or *e had been converted into open syllables, for example *TorT became *TroT, *TraT or *ToroT in the various daughter languages. The main exception are the Northern Lechitic languages ( Kashubian , extinct Slovincian and Polabian ) only with lengthening of

3053-503: The chairman, while in other instances, the prince could assume this role. The chronicles also mention the existence of a veche bell in not only Novgorod and Pskov, but also in Vladimir . Almost all that is known about treaty-making activities of towns concerns Novgorod, and to a lesser extent, Pskov. During Tatar rule, there was little room for veche independence. The cities in the northwest were less affected by Tatar overlordship, and so

3124-470: The city to all the district centers of Vladimir Oblast, as well as Moscow, Ivanovo , Kostroma , Nizhny Novgorod , Ryazan , Yaroslavl and other cities. At least 20 pairs of long-distance trains pass daily through Vladimir station, giving Vladimir year-round direct rail links to Moscow ( Kursk Station ), St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Since the summer of 2010 Vladimir (on the Nizhny Novgorod line)

3195-659: The city, and a church in the Knyaginin Nunnery (ca. 1505), which today includes murals dating from 1648. Remains of the prince-saint Alexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity Abbey of Vladimir until 1703, when Peter the Great had them transferred to the Monastery (now Lavra) of Alexander Nevsky in St. Petersburg . The Nativity Church (built from 1191 to 1196) collapsed several years later, after workmen tried to fashion more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten

3266-508: The city. In 1958 the Vladimir–Suzdal Museum and Reserve  [ ru ] was created, composed of a group of unique architectural monuments of Russian defense and church architecture. The monuments are located in three cities—Vladimir, Suzdal and Gus-Khrustalny —as well as villages of Bogolyubovo and Kideksha . Architecture of the Soviet period is present in structures such as building complexes and polytechnic colleges,

3337-466: The city. At first, Vasily encouraged complaints against the governor, but soon demanded that the city abolish its traditional institutions, including the removal of the veche bell. From that point on, Pskov was to be ruled exclusively by his governors and officials, and on 13 January 1510, the veche bell was removed and transported to Moscow. The veche , known in Poland as wiec , were convened even before

3408-541: The date of the city's foundation. The city administration officially recognizes 990 as the foundation date. The city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for the Rostov-Suzdal Principality , Vladimir had little political or military influence throughout the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), or his son Yury Dolgoruky ("Far-Reaching") (1154–1157). Under Dolgoruky's son, Andrey Bogolyubsky (1157–1175) (also known as Andrew

3479-463: The distribution of the pitch accents and vowel length, to the point that by the end of the Late Common Slavic period almost any vowel could be short or long, and almost any accented vowel could have falling or rising pitch. Most syllables in Middle Common Slavic were open . The only closed syllables were those that ended in a liquid (*l or *r), forming liquid diphthongs, and in such syllables,

3550-450: The extent to which the veche was dominated by the elites, with some saying that real power was held in the hands of boyars, with others considering the veche to be a democratic institution. Conflicts were common and the confrontation between the veche and the posadniki in 1483–1484 led to the execution of one posadnik and the confiscation of the property of three other posadniki who fled to Moscow. The most significant achievement of

3621-404: The first electrical power lines on December 5, 1908. On November 29, 1898, Vladimir provincial scientific archival commission was established. After the establishment of Soviet power, many streets were renamed in Vladimir; most of the parish churches were closed and condemned to be demolished. In the first decades of Soviet rule industrialization occurred in Vladimir. On January 14, 1929,

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3692-471: The first place. Vladimir, Russia Vladimir ( Russian : Влади́мир , IPA: [vlɐ'dʲimʲɪr] ) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast , Russia, located on the Klyazma River , 200 kilometers (120 mi) east of Moscow . It is served by a railway and the M7 motorway . Population: 349,951 ( 2021 Census ) . Vladimir was one of the medieval capitals of Russia , with significant buildings surviving from

3763-479: The following vowel system ( IPA symbol where different): The columns marked "central" and "back" may alternatively be interpreted as "back unrounded" and "back rounded" respectively, but rounding of back vowels was distinctive only between the vowels *y and *u. The other back vowels had optional non-distinctive rounding. The vowels described as "short" and "long" were simultaneously distinguished by length and quality in Middle Common Slavic, although some authors prefer

3834-424: The institution survived longer there. In 1262, veche meetings were held in Rostov , Suzdal , Vladimir and Yaroslavl , in which it was decided to throw out the tax collectors sent by the Tatars. In 1304, the citizens of Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod rebelled against the local aristocracy at the veche meetings. There is also a final mention of a veche meeting in Moscow in 1382, when Tokhtamysh had launched

3905-408: The interior. The city was the center of Vladimir Province  [ ru ] , part of Moscow Governorate from its establishment by Peter the Great in 1708. Vladimir was separated from Moscow Governorate and made the center of a new Vladimir Viceroyalty  [ ru ] by a ukase of Catherine the Great in 1778. In 1796, Paul I 's administrative reform transformed the viceroyalty into

3976-407: The lands have assembled for counsel in veches". Some scholars have used this quote in their argument that the veche was a universal occurrence and has immemorial origins. The assemblies discussed matters of war and peace, adopted laws, and called for and expelled rulers. In Kiev, the veche was summoned in front of the Cathedral of St. Sophia . The majority of references to veche meetings during

4047-517: The later centuries and their validity is disputed by scholars. The election privilege was usually limited to the elites, which in the later times took the form of the most powerful nobles ( magnates , princes ) or officials, and was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler. By the 12th or 13th century, the wiec institution likewise limited its participation to high ranking nobles and officials. The nationwide gatherings of wiec officials in 1306 and 1310 can be seen as precursors of

4118-450: The latter half of the first millennium AD, concurrent with the explosive growth of the Slavic-speaking area. There is no scholarly consensus concerning either the number of stages involved in the development of the language (its periodization ) or the terms used to describe them. One division is made up of three periods: Another division is made up of four periods: This article considers primarily Middle Common Slavic, noting when there

4189-442: The least in Russian and the most in Czech. Palatalized consonants never developed in Southwest Slavic (modern Croatian, Serbian, and Slovenian), and the merger of *ľ *ň *ř with *l *n *r did not happen before front vowels (although Serbian and Croatian later merged *ř with *r). As in its ancestors, Proto-Balto-Slavic and Proto-Indo-European, one syllable of each Common Slavic word was accented (carried more prominence). The placement of

4260-413: The main source for the early history of Kievan Rus', but its narrative ends at 1116. The next generation of chronicles, including the Suzdal Chronicle , are also important sources. Following the Mongol invasions , most references concern Novgorod and Pskov. Most of the information about the veche concerns the 13th to 15th centuries. For veche proceedings, the veche had to be convoked first, often by

4331-414: The preceding vowel had to be short. Consonant clusters were permitted, but only at the beginning of a syllable. Such a cluster was syllabified with the cluster entirely in the following syllable, contrary to the syllabification rules that are known to apply to most languages. For example, *bogatьstvo "wealth" was divided into syllables as * bo-ga-tь-stvo , with the whole cluster * -stv- at

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4402-417: The prince, but the main topic of the meeting usually was about a conflict between the prince and the population. As a result, there was no regular procedure to be followed, which often led to violence among the participants. There are several mentions of the prince being deposed and the crowd pillaging the residence of the prince. Not much is known about actual proceedings except that the bishop could function as

4473-421: The restrictions that apply to the pitch accent in Slovene . In the Late Common Slavic period, several sound changes occurred. Long vowels bearing the acute (long rising) accent were usually shortened, resulting in a short rising intonation. Some short vowels were lengthened, creating new long falling vowels. A third type of pitch accent developed, known as the "neoacute", as a result of sound laws that retracted

4544-460: The syllable and no metathesis (*TarT, e.g. PSl. gordъ > Kashubian gard ; > Polabian * gard > gord ). In West Slavic and South Slavic, liquid diphthongs beginning with *ь or *ъ had likewise been converted into open syllables by converting the following liquid into a syllabic sonorant (palatal or non-palatal according to whether *ь or *ъ preceded respectively). This left no closed syllables at all in these languages. Most of

4615-491: The terms "lax" and "tense" instead. Many modern Slavic languages have since lost all length distinctions. Vowel length evolved as follows: In § Grammar below, additional distinctions are made in the reconstructed vowels: Middle Common Slavic had the following consonants (IPA symbols where different): The phonetic value (IPA symbol) of most consonants is the same as their traditional spelling. Some notes and exceptions: In most dialects, non-distinctive palatalization

4686-447: The traditional definition of a proto-language as the latest reconstructable common ancestor of a language group, with no dialectal differentiation. (This would necessitate treating all pan-Slavic changes after the 6th century or so as part of the separate histories of the various daughter languages.) Instead, Slavicists typically handle the entire period of dialectally differentiated linguistic unity as Common Slavic . One can divide

4757-536: The vicinity. For more information on them, see Suzdal , Yuriev-Polsky , Bogolyubovo , and Kideksha . Vladimir is the site of the following education establishments: Vladimir is also home to the Federal Centre for Animal Health and Welfare. The city association football team, FC Torpedo Vladimir , currently plays in the second tier of Russian football having entered the league after seventeen years of competing in Russian third and fourth tiers. Vladimir VC (previously known as Skat and Dinamo Vladimir) represents

4828-403: Was besieged by the Mongol - Tatars of the Golden Horde under Batu Khan . It was finally overrun on February 8, 1238. A great fire destroyed thirty-two limestone buildings on the first day alone, while the grand prince's family perished in a church where they sought refuge from the flames. The grand prince escaped, but was killed at the Battle of the Sit River the following month. After

4899-463: Was brought back and installed in its place, its peal once again became acceptable to God. The Novgorod veche was the highest legislative and judicial authority in the city until 1478, after Novgorod was formally annexed by Ivan III . Each of the kontsy (boroughs or "ends") of Novgorod also had their own veche to elect borough officials. The veche for the city selected the prince, posadnik and archbishop. Historians debate whether

4970-576: Was probably present on all consonants that occurred before front vowels. When the high front yer *ь/ĭ was lost in many words, it left this palatalization as a "residue", which then became distinctive, producing a phonemic distinction between palatalized and non-palatalized alveolars and labials. In the process, the palatal sonorants *ľ *ň *ř merged with alveolar *l *n *r before front vowels, with both becoming *lʲ *nʲ *rʲ. Subsequently, some palatalized consonants lost their palatalization in some environments, merging with their non-palatal counterparts. This happened

5041-400: Was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople . Scores of Russian, German , and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, monastery, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today: the Dormition Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius , and

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