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36-657: In the Kapampangan language , banwa or banua means "sky" or "year". In the Hiligaynon Visayan language , banwa means "people", "nation" or "country." In the Malay language (the lingua franca of both Malaysia and Indonesia ), benua means "landmass" or "continent". The word for "land" in these languages and nearby Austronesian languages — e.g., in Tana Toraja , Tana Tidung or Tanö Niha – are tanah or tana . In

72-570: A Minister for Women and Social Welfare under the Fiji Labour Party election win in 1999. Mere Samisoni , businesswoman and politician, comes from the village of Lomaloma , as does the former Lami Mayor Tevita Vuatalevu , who hails from the village of Mavana . Current Flying Fijians Josh Matavesi and Sam Matavesi who were born and raised in Cornwall, England are also a native of Vanua Balavu through their paternal line. This article about

108-420: A certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The enclitic pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or discourse marker : Pronouns also combine to form a portmanteau pronoun: Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word naman : In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in

144-450: A concept encompasses a number of inter-related meanings. When speaking in English, Fijians may use the word vanua rather than an imprecise English equivalent. According to Fijian academic Asesela Ravuvu , a correct translation would be "land, people and custom". Vanua means "the land area one is identified with", but also An indigenous Fijian person is thus defined through his or her land;

180-463: A demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of iyan is den/ren ; the plural of niyan is daren ; the plural of kanyan is karen , and the plural of oian is oren . The existential form of ian is ken . Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has Austronesian alignment , and

216-637: A distant Tagalog dialect at first sight to the unfamiliar, but both languages are distantly related, as Tagalog is a Central Philippine language . Kapampangan is derived from the root word pampáng ('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the Kingdom of Tondo , ruled by the Lakans . A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the Spanish colonial period . Diego Bergaño  [ pam ] wrote two 18th-century books about

252-532: A significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in Cagayan de Oro , Davao City and South Cotabato , specifically in General Santos and the municipalities of Polomolok and Tupi . According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in

288-524: A small hospital. There was also the Lomaloma Copra Biofuel Project which provided power to three villages, Naqara, Sawana and Lomaloma, however, it is now defunct. A large sea cave , named Qaranilaca, on the southeastern tip of Vanua Balavu was excavated in 2000 and shown to have been used by humans more than 10 centuries ago. A notable person from Vanua Balavu is Laisenia Qarase , Fiji's Prime Minister from 2000 to 2006, who hails from

324-767: Is assigned the ISO 639-2 three-letter code pam , but not an ISO 639-1 two-letter code. Kapampangan is one of the Central Luzon languages of the Austronesian language family . Its closest relatives are the Sambalic languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the towns of Bolinao and Anda in Pangasinan . These languages share the same reflex /j/ of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R. Kapampangan mistakenly sounds like

360-455: Is called Hanuabada , meaning "big village". In Uneapa , the word vanua means "island". In Palauan , which is a non-Oceanic Austronesian language, beluu means "village" or "country", as can be seen in the native name of the country, Beluu er a Belau . In Vanuatu , vanua also means "land", "island" or "home." The name of the Vanua'aku Pati literally means "The party of My Land". Hence also

396-641: Is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine *tanəm is tanam ('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with Tagalog tanim , Cebuano tanom and Ilocano tanem ('grave'). Proto-Philippine *R merged with /j/ . The Kapampangan word for 'new' is bayu ; it is bago in Tagalog, baro in Ilocano, and baru in Indonesian. Kapampangan is a VSO or Verb-Subject-Object language. However,

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432-477: Is what we do'). Ini is always concrete: ining libru ('this book'), ini ing asu nang Juan ('this is Juan's dog'). In their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of; keti is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti , but will refer to their respective towns as keni ; both mean 'here'. The plural forms of

468-749: The Banjar language , banua means "village" or "homeland". In the Old Javanese language , wanwa or wanua means "village", "inhabited place" or "settlement". In the Buginese language , banua means "village", "country", "land" or "homeland". In the Toraja language , banua means "home". In the Old Sundanese language , banua or wano means "area" or "place". In all Minahasan languages , wanua means "village", "country", or "land". The word Kawanua means land of

504-403: The Kapampangan ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern Bataan , as well as in the provinces of Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , and Zambales that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few Aeta groups in the southern part of Central Luzon. The language is known honorifically as Amánung Sísuan ('breastfed, or nurtured, language'). Kapampangan

540-459: The grammatical antecedent , is present. The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati ('there is/are') and ala ('there is/are not'). Both ati yu and ati ya are correct. The plural form ('they are') is atilu and atila . Both ala la and ala lu are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are ala ya and ala yu . Kapampangan pronouns follow

576-502: The Minahasan people. In Iban (used by the Dayak people ), menua or menoa means "place", "country", "land" or "homeland". In many other Dayak languages, the word has the form binua . In some Oceanic languages of Melanesia , the root *banua has sometimes become vanua , via Proto-Oceanic * panua . In Motu , the word hanua means "village". The name of a village near Port Moresby

612-661: The Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language. Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes : 15 consonants and five vowels ; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel. Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes: There are four main diphthongs : /aɪ/ , /oɪ/ , /aʊ/ , and /iʊ/ . In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan), /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ are reduced to /ɛ/ and /o/ respectively. Monophthongs have allophones in unstressed and syllable-final positions: In

648-473: The absolutive case, and the row headings denote the ergative case . Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural. The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses. Iti usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns: iting musika ('this music'), iti ing gagawan mi ('this

684-539: The actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common). Examples: Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. Genitive pronouns follow

720-462: The chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to Ilocano , Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin. Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at

756-432: The concepts of personhood and land ownership are viewed as inseparable. This is also the case for other indigenous peoples of Oceania , such as Australian Aboriginals ( see: Dreaming ) and New Zealand Māori ( see: iwi ). A vanua is also a confederation of several yavusa ("clans" established through descent from a common ancestor). A vanua in this sense is associated with its ownership of an area of vanua in

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792-403: The end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples): Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left: In Kapampangan, the proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan; it

828-399: The ergative-case ning ; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case -ng , which is cliticized onto the preceding word. DIR:direct case morpheme S‹um›ulat   ‹ AT ›will.write yang ya =ng 3SG . DIR = ACC poesia   poem ing   DIR Vanua Balavu Vanua Balavu (pronounced [βaˈnua mbaˈlaβu] ) is

864-500: The islets of Qilaqila also known as the Bay of Islands . The traditional owners of Qilaqila are the iTaukei , the mataqalis' from Mavana Village. All visitors to Qilaqila must do sevusevu and have received permission from the village elders of Daliconi Village to visit. The main village on the island is Lomaloma . Vanua Balavu has an airstrip, a post office in Lomaloma copra port, and

900-412: The land). Elsewhere, the form of the word is generally fenua . Kapampangan language Kapampangan , Capampáñgan , or Pampangan is an Austronesian language , and one of the eight major languages of the Philippines . It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac , on the southern part of Luzon 's central plains geographic region, where

936-484: The land. In Tongan , fonua means land or country. Samoan In Samoan , fanua means land. Rapa Nui In the Rapanui language , henua means land or earth. In Hawaiian honua means land, earth, or foundation, and is usually used in the more literal sense. Land in the more figurative or spiritual sense is usually represented by the word ʻāina , and locally-born people are referred to as kamaʻāina (child of

972-452: The language: Arte de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1729) and Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga (first published in 1732). Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants; Anselmo Fajardo  [ pam ; tl ] was noted for Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada , and playwright Juan Crisóstomo Soto  [ pam ; tl ; nl ] wrote Alang Dios in 1901. "Crissotan"

1008-651: The name of Vanuatu itself, and the place name Vanua Lava (literally ‘big island’ in Mota language ). In the Lo-Toga language , the word venie means "village", "island" or "country". In Mwotlap , the word vōnō means "village", "district", "island" or "country". In Fijian and in Fiji English , vanua is an essential concept of indigenous Fijian culture and society. It is generally translated in English as "land", but vanua as

1044-813: The same time', Mikakapapagsisiluguranan , 'everyone loves each other', Makapagkapampangan , 'can speak Kapampangan', and Mengapangaibuganan , 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan. Kapampangan nouns are not inflected , but are usually preceded by case markers . There are three types of case markers: absolutive ( nominative ), ergative ( genitive ), and oblique . Unlike English and Spanish (which are nominative–accusative languages ) and Inuit and Basque (which are ergative–absolutive languages ), Kapampangan has Austronesian alignment (in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns. Absolutive or nominative markers mark

1080-486: The sense of "land"; the various meanings of vanua are, here too, interrelated. The word vanua is found in the place names Vanua Levu and Vanua Balavu . Indigenous land ownership is a key issue in conservative and indigenous nationalistic Fijian politics. Several right-wing, essentially indigenous parties refer to vanua in their names: In Māori language , whenua means homeland or country. The Māori people also call themselves Tāngata whenua , or people of

1116-523: The third largest island in Fiji 's Lau archipelago , and the main island of the Northern Lau Group. This coral and volcanic island has a land area of 53 square kilometres (20 square miles). Its maximum elevation is 283 metres (928 feet). The island is characterized by steep undercut cliffs with fertile volcanic soil. It is well watered and has hot springs. There is an extensive reef system, including

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1152-401: The verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects. The direct case morphemes in Kapampangan are ing (which marks singular subjects) and reng , for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with

1188-452: The village of Mavana. Other prominent Vanua Balavu natives are the academic leader Esther Williams , from Levukana village, former Attorney-General Qoriniasi Bale , from Levukana village, and prominent former politician Filipe Bole , also from Mualevu village. Charles Walker , a former politician and Fiji diplomat hails from Sawana village with Lavinia Wainiqolo Padarath; a staunch trade unionist and former politician, Walker served as

1224-811: The word order can be very flexible and change to VOS ( Verb-Object-Subject ) and SVO ( Subject-Verb-Object ). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an agglutinative language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example: anak ('child') to ának-ának ('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example: kan ('food') to kanan ('to eat') to ' kakanan ('eating') to kakananan ('being eaten')). Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example: Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan , 'a group of people having their noses bleed at

1260-401: The word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify. The dual pronoun ikata and the inclusive pronoun ikatamu refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons. Kapampangan differs from many Philippine languages in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or

1296-705: Was written by Amado Yuzon , Soto's 1950s contemporary and Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature, to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature. Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of Pampanga and southern Tarlac ( Bamban , Capas , Concepcion , San Jose , Gerona , La Paz , Victoria and Tarlac City ). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of Bataan ( Dinalupihan , Hermosa and Orani ), Bulacan ( Baliuag , San Miguel , San Ildefonso , Hagonoy , Plaridel , Pulilan and Calumpit ), Nueva Ecija ( Cabiao , San Antonio , San Isidro , Gapan and Cabanatuan ) and Zambales ( Olongapo City and Subic ). In Mindanao,

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