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46-554: The House of Lynden is one of the oldest families of the Dutch nobility , originating in the Duchy of Guelders . This family later gave rise to different branches. Most remained in the Netherlands and produced several Dutch politicians, ministers, and military leaders. The oldest van Lynden (Linde) is mentioned in the year 1307 (" Uradel "). The family takes its name from the village Lienden in

92-537: A Royal Decree of 25 January 2002 (Government Gazette 41), due to the fact of her marriage to the Prince of Orange . In 2016, a survey was conducted among nobles in which at least a quarter stated that they support the resumption of (non-royal) ennoblements, while approximately a third opposed them and the rest had no or a weak opinion. Members of the Nederlandse Adelsvereniging, the organization which represents

138-493: A degree in economics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) in 1995. This private university is governed by a directory of local bishops, including the current Pope Francis , then Archbishop of Buenos Aires and Grand Chancellor of UCA. During her student years, Francis presided over the traditional Mass at the beginning of classes. She later completed her studies with a master's degree in

184-644: A mental health platform created in collaboration with the MIND Foundation . Queen Máxima currently serves as the United Nations Secretary-General's Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development (UNSGSA). In September 2009 then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon designated her to this role in order to raise awareness on the importance of inclusive financial systems for achieving economic and development goals such as poverty alleviation , food security and education. In her work as UNSGSA,

230-628: A minister took place during the later stages of the Dirty War (1974–1982), a period of repression that saw about 30,000 people killed or disappeared during the seven-year military regime. At the request of the States General , Michiel Baud, a Dutch professor in Latin American studies, carried out an inquiry into the involvement of Zorreguieta in the Dirty War. Zorreguieta claimed that, as a civilian, he

276-445: A more inclusive financial system that works for the poor. In later years, her focus as a special advocate expanded to advocating digital financial inclusion, financial health, responsible technology for financial inclusion to support Sustainable Development Goals and agricultural finance. Máxima is also an advocate for increasing access to financial services, improving consumer protection and enhancing financial literacy. According to

322-530: A new title of nobility is created. There are seven titles of nobility. In order of precedence, these are Prince , Duke , Marquis , Count , Viscount , Baron and Knight . People in the nobility who have not been granted a title carry the predicate Jonkheer or Jonkvrouw . The Nederland's Patriciaat is a registry of non-noble armigerous families which have held influential roles in Dutch society for at least 150 years or six generations. Many families date from

368-458: A register of the nobility, the filiatieregister . In the constitutional amendment of 1848, the feudal society was abolished, and the constitutional role of the nobility again came to an end. The only legal privilege the nobility retained was the right to hold a predicate or a title. In 1994, the constitutional article was replaced by a separate Nobility Act which codified the existing practice. According to this law, nobility can still be granted in

414-661: A speech to the Scientific Council for Government Policy she said that in the seven years that she had been in the Netherlands, she had been unable to find the Dutch identity . Maxima is quoted as having said the following: ... but 'the' Dutch identity? No, I have not found it. The Netherlands is: large windows without curtains so everyone can look in; but also adherence to privacy and coziness. The Netherlands is: one biscuit at tea; but also great hospitality and warmth. The Netherlands is: sobriety, control and pragmatism; but also

460-793: Is a patron of the Orange Fund (established to promote social welfare and cohesion in the Netherlands); and she also chairs the Board of Trustees of the Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity of the International Institute of Social Studies and the University of Utrecht . Máxima is one of the few members of royal families anywhere in the world to be an open supporter of gay rights , and

506-620: Is created. The electoral colleges for the (indirect) elections of the Senate and the House of Representatives of the States General consisted of the knighthoods, amongst others. In 1814, William I established the High Council of Nobility  [ nl ] which, as his advisory body, would help him re-establish a strong nobility. From then on, new members of the knighthoods would also be recruited from regent families. The Council started maintaining

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552-521: Is overseen by the High Council of Nobility  [ nl ] , an official state institution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands which also maintains the official nobility register. During the period between 1581 and 1795, when the Netherlands was a republic ( Republic of the Seven United Netherlands ), the native nobility kept their constitutional significance. In each province, the nobility

598-506: Is the daughter of Jorge Zorreguieta (1928–2017), who served as Secretary of Agriculture under General Jorge Rafael Videla during Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976–1983), and his second wife, María del Carmen Cerruti (born 1944). She has two brothers, a sister (deceased), and three half-sisters by her father's first wife, Marta López Gil. She is named after her paternal great-grandmother Máxima Bonorino González (1874–1965), of Italian and Spanish descent. Originally from

644-581: The Basque country, her ancestor carrying the Zorreguieta surname, José Antonio Sorreguieta y Oyarzábal Gamboa y Sagastume, migrated to Argentina around the year 1790. Maxima's father was a scion of the Zorreguieta family who had been landed gentry , professionals, regional politicians, and statesmen for generations. Her maternal great-grandfather was also from the landed gentry; Domingo Carricart Etchart (1885–1953)

690-591: The Dutch nobility in CILANE , are more likely to support ennoblements, and are more likely to uphold traditional noble values and marry endogamously. In 2020, nobility expert and director of the foundation Stichting Adel in Nederland John Töpfer also spoke out in favor of a new ennoblements in a radio interview. The continuing practice of hereditary ennoblements in Belgium is often cited by proponents of new nobility in

736-407: The Dutch province of Gelderland . Members carry the title of baron or count . This coat of arms is depicted in the medieval Gelre Armorial (folio 89v). Dutch nobility The Dutch nobility was a small elite social class consisting of individuals or families recognized as noble , and with or without a title of nobility in the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The existence of nobility

782-603: The Future of the Global Financial System. Máxima convened the CEO Partnership for Economic Inclusion. By a decree issued on 25 January 2002, upon the solemnization of marriage, Máxima Zorreguieta was granted the titles Princess of the Netherlands and Princess of Orange-Nassau, and the style Royal Highness was formally conferred upon her. She also became "mevrouw van Amsberg" (Mrs. van Amsberg). Another decree issued on

828-843: The G20 Action Plan on Financial Inclusion, and the G20 Financial Inclusion Peer Learning Program. Previously, the Queen was a member of the Advisors Group for the United Nations' International Year of Microcredit 2005 and until 2009, was a member of UN Advisors Group on Inclusive Financial Sectors. She also work as the Global Agenda Trustee for the World Economic Forum's Global Challenge Initiative on

874-531: The King, and the ways in which this could happen were clarified by Sovereign Decree no. 60, signed on 13 February 1815. Initially this was by appointment into the re-established knighthoods, but after several years exclusively through acknowledgement, incorporation or elevation. These terms refer to the acknowledgement of indigenous titles of nobility existing before 1795, the incorporation of originally foreign titles of nobility, and elevation where an entirely new title

920-467: The Microfinance Council in 2011. The Queen is committed to extending the reach of various financing opportunities, both through coaching and by providing credit for new and existing small businesses in the Netherlands. She also works to increase the number of women entrepreneurs and the scope they have to expand their businesses. Since March 2022 Queen Máxima is a Honorary President of "MIND Us" –

966-489: The Netherlands Princess Beatrix * Princess Margriet * Professor Pieter van Vollenhoven * Máxima (born Máxima Zorreguieta on 17 May 1971) is Queen of the Netherlands as the wife of King Willem-Alexander . Argentinian by birth, she worked in finance when she met Willem-Alexander, eldest son and heir apparent of Queen Beatrix , in 1999. They married in 2002, and became king and queen on

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1012-509: The Netherlands in 2024. The series is set to focus on her early life in Argentina and meeting King Willem-Alexander. The couple announced their engagement on 30 March 2001; Máxima addressed the nation in Dutch (which at the time she only spoke at a basic conversational level) during the live televised broadcast. Máxima was granted Dutch citizenship by a royal decree on 17 May 2001 and now has dual citizenship: Argentine and Dutch. The engagement

1058-526: The Netherlands. Someone belongs to the Dutch nobility when either they have been granted nobility by Royal Decree, or when their father belonged to the nobility. Nobility is inherited exclusively through male lineage, which means that while daughters belong to the nobility as well, they are unable to pass it to their children. Someone can be granted nobility through acknowledgement of indigenous titles of nobility existing before 1795, through incorporation of foreign titles of nobility, or through elevation, in which

1104-594: The Platform and consults with interested parties on ways of increasing people's financial awareness and resilience. Since 10 June 2015, Queen Máxima has been the honorary chair of the Ambassadors for Music at School Platform. Queen Máxima has for some years been committed to giving as many children as possible the opportunity to create music. Queen Máxima is a member of the Committee for Enterprise and Finance, which succeeded

1150-503: The Queen focuses on how formal financial services such as savings, insurance , and credit can prevent people from falling into poverty due to expenditures on healthcare , and people who are not able to protect themselves against rising food prices and poverty because they do not have access to basic savings accounts . The role of the UNSGSA is to foster action by governments, private sector, financial system standard setters, and others towards

1196-565: The UNSGSA website, she "aims to unlock development opportunities and economic inclusion for all." Queen Máxima visited several countries on behalf of the United Nations. She also recorded a video for the launch of the Global Findex Database 2021. Queen Máxima is also the honorary patron of the G20 Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI) since June 2011. In this role she works with governments and partners to advance

1242-687: The United States. From 1989 to 1990, while still in college, she worked for Mercado Abierto Electrónico S.A. From 1992 to 1995, she worked in the sales department of Boston Securities SA in Buenos Aires, where she conducted research on software for financial markets. From July 1996 to February 1998, she worked for HSBC James Capel Inc. in New York City, where she became vice president of institutional sales for Latin America . From then until July 1999, she

1288-471: The abdication of her mother-in-law on 30 April 2013. Máxima has promoted social integration of immigrants , LGBTQ rights , and financial inclusion . She and Willem-Alexander have three daughters, Princesses Catharina-Amalia , Alexia , and Ariane , who are first, second, and third, respectively, in the line of succession . Máxima Zorreguieta was born in Buenos Aires , Argentina, on 17 May 1971. She

1334-491: The experience of intense emotions together. The Netherlands is far too diverse to summarize in one cliché. 'The' Dutchman does not exist. As a consolation I can tell you that 'the' Argentine also does not exist. I therefore find it very interesting that the title of the report of the Scientific Council for Government Policy is not 'the Dutch identity'. But: Identification with the Netherlands . That leaves room for development and diversity. She participates in conferences around

1380-660: The first non-noble to marry into the Dutch royal family, Mr. Pieter van Vollenhoven , is indeed a Dutch Patrician. Thus, it can be said that the Nobility and the Patriciate are two groups from which the aristocracy of the Netherlands is formed, and the relationship between them is somewhat reminiscent of that between the Peerage and the Gentry in Great Britain. Queen M%C3%A1xima of

1426-402: The nobility, and the oldest families are even given the same status as Barons and Counts. Many Patrician families are non-noble branches of noble families, or descend from persons who were offered ennoblement but declined it. Just like nobility, membership in the Patriciate is hereditary in the legitimate male line. Intermarriage between nobles and members of Nederland's Patriciaat is common, and

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1472-469: The participation of female immigrants in the workforce. Máxima stresses the importance for immigrants of learning the Dutch language (as she did) in order to fully participate in Dutch society. Dutch is the Queen's third language; she is also fluent in Spanish (her native language) and English. She speaks French at a conversational level. In 2007, Máxima inadvertently caused a wave of massive criticism when in

1518-504: The republican era and are descendants of magistrates and merchants, but as membership in the Patriciate is, unlike nobility, not a legal distinction, and cannot be "closed" by law, new families are admitted every year. Thus, incorporation into Nederland's Patriciaat can be considered a substitution for ennoblement, a distinction families are accorded if they maintain a high level of merit and success for several generations. The Patriciate, or at least its older families, are considered equal to

1564-476: The same day also granted her own personal coat of arms and a personal standard. On 13 May 2011, the Dutch parliament confirmed that Máxima would become queen consort of the Netherlands upon her husband's accession, after a debate over her future title and style. On 28 January 2013, it was announced that Queen Beatrix would abdicate on 30 April in favour of Willem-Alexander. Máxima is the kingdom's first queen consort since Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont ,

1610-456: The three aforementioned ways, although the possibilities are significantly reduced. Elevation, which had not taken place since 1939 and was practically abolished by the council of ministers in 1953, has been reduced to the Royal House. Government policy has since focused on rewarding personal merit through royal decorations. The last elevation into the Dutch nobility concerns Princess Máxima , in

1656-668: The world representing the Netherlands. She was granted a seat in the Dutch Council of State on 20 October 2004, the highest advisory body and court of administration. She was a member of the Committee for Ethnic Minority Women's Participation from July 2003 until 2005. She has a seat on the board of governors of the Chair on the Management of Diversity and Integration at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam ; she (along with her husband)

1702-525: Was a landowner, politician, Director of the Banco de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , first mayor of González Chaves , and mayor of Tres Arroyos . She also has Portuguese ancestry through her father's side, and is a descendant of King Afonso III of Portugal . She grew up in the Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires and studied at Northlands School , a bilingual school of the city of Olivos. She graduated with

1748-459: Was a prince. She thought he was joking when he later told her that he was the Prince of Orange and heir apparent to the Dutch throne. According to the unauthorised biography "Máxima. La construcción de una reina", she was invited to Seville by a friend living in New York who openly said she would introduce her to two European princes. They agreed to meet again two weeks later in New York, where Máxima

1794-606: Was established in the Constitution of the Netherlands of 1814. Those who belong to the nobility were entitled to certain privileges, in particular to take a seat in the "Ridderschap", a former executive and legislative assembly at the regional or provincial level, and herewith the power to select members for the States-Provincial . . The nobility are currently regulated by the Nobility Act, passed into law on 1 August 1994, and

1840-515: Was formally approved by the States General later that year—a necessary step for Willem-Alexander to remain in line to the throne. Máxima and Willem-Alexander were married on 2 February 2002 in a civil ceremony in the Beurs van Berlage , Amsterdam , which was then followed by a religious ceremony at Amsterdam's Nieuwe Kerk ( "New Church" ). Máxima's parents were not present at the wedding; her father

1886-609: Was organised in knighthoods, which maintained representation in the States-Provincial . In 1795, after the Batavian Revolution , the positions and thus the nobility were abolished. With the establishment of the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands in 1813, the rights of the nobility were restored, and the peerage regained official status. The Constitution established that nobility would be granted by

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1932-501: Was the first member of a royal family to attend an LGBT rights conference, having attended a conference concerned with LGBT rights on 5 March 2008. Queen Máxima has been honorary chair of the Money Wise Platform since 2010. In this capacity, the Queen focuses attention on the importance of financial education and managing money sensibly, especially where children and young people are concerned. The Queen acts as special advisor to

1978-490: Was told he could not attend due to his role as a cabinet minister during the National Reorganization Process , and her mother chose not to attend without her husband. The couple are the parents of three daughters: Queen Máxima has a particular concern for the integration of immigrants into Dutch culture . She was a member of a special parliamentary commission which sought to recommend ways to increase

2024-509: Was unaware of the Dirty War while he was a cabinet minister. Baud determined that Máxima's father had not been directly involved in any of the numerous atrocities that took place during that period. However, Baud also concluded that Zorreguieta was almost certainly aware of them; in Baud's view, it was highly unlikely that a cabinet minister would not have known about them. A television series Máxima Zorreguieta: Motherland began airing on Videoland in

2070-706: Was vice president of the emerging markets division of Dresdner Kleinwort Benson in New York. From May 2000 to March 2001, she worked for Deutsche Bank in Brussels . She also worked as a teacher of English to children and adults, and of mathematics for high school students and freshmen. Máxima met Willem-Alexander in April 1999 in Seville , Spain, during the Seville Spring Fair . In an interview, they stated that he introduced himself only as "Alexander", so that she did not know he

2116-404: Was working for Dresdner Kleinwort Benson . Their relationship apparently began in New York. The news of the couple's relationship and eventual marriage plans caused controversy in the Netherlands, due to the involvement of Máxima's father Jorge Zorreguieta as a cabinet minister during the National Reorganization Process , the most recent Argentine dictatorship. Her father's 1979–1981 tenure as

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