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35-604: The term "Valois Dukes of Burgundy " is employed to refer to the dynasty which began after King John II of France granted the French Duchy of Burgundy to his youngest son, Philip the Bold in 1363. During the Hundred Years' War of 1337–1453, the dukes rivalled their French royal cousins, uniting a great number of French and Imperial fiefs under their rule. However, their plans to establish an autonomous kingdom ultimately failed when

70-685: A "King of Burgundy" and the marriage of his daughter Mary to Frederick's son Archduke Maximilian of Austria . Enraged at the reluctance of the emperor, Charles started the unsuccessful Siege of Neuss in 1474 and became involved in the Burgundian Wars against the Duchy of Lorraine and the Swiss Confederacy . In consequence, Mary acceded the Burgundian crown when Charles was killed in the 1477 Battle of Nancy. The Burgundian heritage eventually passed to

105-516: A problem. However, Elizabeth was desperate in 1384 and was not willing to let the schism stand in the way of the negotiations. Antipope Clement VII issued a dispensation which annulled Mary's betrothal to Sigismund and a proxy marriage between Louis and Mary was celebrated in April 1385. Nonetheless, the marriage was not recognised by the Hungarian noblemen who adhered to Pope Urban VI . Four months after

140-417: A torch held by Louis came too close to their highly flammable costumes. Two other dancers wearing the same costumes (one of whom was Charles VI himself) narrowly escaped a similar fate. On Sunday, 20 November, 1407, the contending Dukes exchanged solemn vows of reconciliation before the court of France. But only three days later, Louis was brutally assassinated in the streets of Paris , on John's orders. Louis

175-912: The Habsburgs control of the remainder of the Burgundian Inheritance . Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire as well as the County of Charolais in France. They often used

210-742: The House of Habsburg , including Holy Roman Emperors and kings of Spain , who claimed Burgundy proper and ruled the Burgundian Netherlands . The Duchy of Burgundy was a small portion of the traditional lands of the Burgundians west of the river Saône which, in 843, was allotted to Charles the Bald 's kingdom of the West Franks . Under the Ancien Régime , the duke of Burgundy was the premier lay peer of

245-633: The Kingdom of France . Beginning with Robert II of France ( r.  996–1031 ), the title was held by the Capetians , the French royal family. In 1032 King Henry I of France granted the duchy to his younger brother, Robert , who founded the House of Burgundy . When the senior line of the House of Burgundy became extinct in 1361, the title was inherited by King John II of France through proximity of blood. John granted

280-462: The Duchy as a peace settlement, having disputed the succession to the throne of France with his brother Henry . John II of France , the second Valois king, successfully claimed the duchy after the death of Philip , the last Capet duke. John then passed the duchy to his youngest son Philip as an apanage . In 1477, the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy was annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Maximilian , Archduke of Austria , giving

315-682: The Fearless succeeded his father in 1404 and unified the heritage of his mother Margaret of Dampierre with the Burgundian duchy. Ceding the French counties of Nevers and Rethel to his younger brothers Philip II and Anthony , he began a skilful see-saw policy to create a scope for free action while the French lands were ravaged by the Hundred Years' War against the Kingdom of England . Like his father he quarrelled with his Valois cousin Louis I of Orléans, whom he had assassinated in 1407. The remaining tensions with

350-442: The Fearless; John not only admitted to his role in the murder, but bragged openly about it. What began as a feud between factions of the royal family erupted into open warfare as a result of Louis's death. Louis's grandson would later become king of France as Louis XII . Born 13 March 1372, Louis was the second son of King Charles V of France and Joanna of Bourbon and was the younger brother of Charles VI . In 1374, Louis

385-745: The French Dauphin Charles VII . He first concentrated on enlarging the Burgundian territories, acquiring the succession in the Imperial County of Namur in 1421 (with effect from 1429) and succeeding his cousin Duke Philip of Saint-Pol in the Imperial duchies of Brabant and Limburg . He also secured the Bavaria-Straubing heritage of his mother Margaret of Wittelsbach and his uncle Duke John III of Bavaria-Straubing , when finally in 1433

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420-504: The Habsburg archduke Maximilian, who married Mary of Burgundy seven months after her father's death and could ward off the claims raised by King Louis XI of France in the 1479 Battle of Guinegate . The French king could only seize the Duchy of Burgundy proper, Artois, and the former Burgundian fiefs in Picardy . The House of Habsburg abruptly rose to a royal dynasty of European scale, however, at

455-675: The Holy Roman Empire in 1032, the western Duchy of Burgundy, established about 918 by Richard the Justiciar , became a fief of the French royal House of Capet under King Robert II in 1002. To meet the demands of the Burgundian nobles for autonomy, King Robert installed his second son Henry as Duke of Burgundy about 1016, a title that passed to his younger brother Robert I and his descendants after Henry had succeeded his father as King of France in 1031. The Capetian House of Burgundy became extinct when Duke Philip I died in 1361, before he

490-449: The King of France had claimed the Duchy of Burgundy itself by escheat. Mary's death marked the end of the House of Valois-Burgundy. The former Frankish Kingdom of Burgundy had been divided into an East and West Frankish part by the 843 Treaty of Verdun . While the eastern part evolved to the Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles that included the Free County of Burgundy and was incorporated into

525-505: The Napoleonic era. The title was subsequently revived for several younger sons of the House of Bourbon and since 1975, branches of it have used "duke of Burgundy" as a revived courtesy title . The first margrave ( marchio ), later duke ( dux ), of Burgundy was Richard of the House of Ardennes , whose duchy was created from the merging of several regional counties of the kingdom of Provence which had belonged to his brother Boso . Richard

560-708: The Orléans liensmen led to the French Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War , whereby Duke John allied with King Henry V of England and in 1418 occupied Paris , but was lured into an ambush and murdered by the Armagnac leader Tanneguy du Chastel the next year. John's son Philip the Good , Duke of Burgundy from 1419, renewed his father's alliance with King Henry V of England when he signed the Treaty of Troyes in 1420 against

595-475: The death of King Charles V of France in 1380, Philip together with Duke Louis I of Anjou and Duke John of Berry had acted as regent for his minor son King Charles VI . As Charles VI suffered from increasing mental derangement, Philip tried to spread his influence across the French kingdom, which met with the fierce resistance by the king's younger brother Duke Louis I of Orléans . Raised in Flanders, Duke John

630-734: The duchy to his younger son, Philip the Bold , in 1363. The Valois dukes gradually came to rule over a vast complex of territories known as the Burgundian State , and became dangerous rivals to the senior French royal line of the House of Valois . When the male line of the Valois dukes of Burgundy became extinct in 1477, the Duchy of Burgundy was confiscated by Louis XI of France . The title "duke of Burgundy" passed to Habsburg monarchs after Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian I of Austria in 1477. The Habsburgs used this connection to claim Burgundy proper and to rule their Burgundian inheritance until

665-573: The initial advantage over John, being the brother rather than the first cousin of the king, but his reputation as a womanizer and the rumour of an affair with Queen Isabeau made him extremely unpopular. In the following years, the children of Charles VI were successively kidnapped and recovered by both parties, until John the Fearless was appointed by royal decree as guardian of the Dauphin Louis and regent of France. Louis did not give up and made every effort to sabotage John's rule, including squandering

700-454: The kingdom during Charles' frequent bouts of insanity. He struggled for control of France with John the Fearless , Duke of Burgundy . Louis was unpopular with the citizens of Paris due to his reputation for womanizing and his role in the Bal des Ardents tragedy, which resulted in the deaths of four French nobles and the near death of the king himself. He was assassinated in 1407 on orders of John

735-457: The last Straubing heiress Jacqueline ceded the Imperial counties of County of Hainaut ( Hennegau ), Zeeland , and Holland , as well as Frisia to him. By the 1435 Congress of Arras Duke Philip acknowledged the rule of King Charles VII of France and in turn reached the formal independence of the Burgundian lands from the French Crown. In 1441 he also purchased the Duchy of Luxembourg from

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770-461: The last duchess regnant Elisabeth of Görlitz . The Valois-Burgundy duke Charles the Bold , ideal picture of a knightly duke, wore himself out in armed conflicts. With the acquisition of Guelders , the Burgundian Netherlands reached their greatest extent. Charles' plans to accomplish the rise of his dynasty peaked in the negotiations with the Habsburg emperor Frederick III about his elevation to

805-744: The last duke, Charles the Bold , sparked the Burgundian Wars of 1474 to 1477 and was killed in the Battle of Nancy in January 1477. The final ruler of the dynasty was his daughter, Mary ( r.  1477–1482 ). On her death in 1482 her lands outside of France passed to her eldest son, Philip the Handsome , to become the Habsburg Netherlands ; in the course of the War of the Burgundian Succession (1477-1482)

840-402: The marriage negotiations. In 1384, Elizabeth of Bosnia started negotiating with Louis' father about the possibility of Louis marrying her daughter Mary , notwithstanding Mary's engagement to Sigismund of Luxembourg . If Elizabeth had made this proposal in 1378, after Catherine's death, the fact that the French king and the Hungarian king no longer recognised the same pope would have presented

875-546: The money raised for the siege of Calais , then occupied by the English. After this episode, John and Louis broke into open threats and only the intervention of John, Duke of Berry , and uncle of both men, avoided a civil war. Louis was reportedly responsible for the deaths of four dancers at a disastrous 1393 masquerade ball that became known as the Bal des Ardents (Ball of the Burning Men). The four victims were burnt alive when

910-460: The price of the centuries-long France–Habsburg rivalry . See: Coats of Arms of the 2nd House of Burgundy Category:Coats of arms of the Duchy of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy ( French : duc de Bourgogne ) was a title used by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy , from its establishment in 843 to its annexation by the French crown in 1477, and later by members of

945-519: The proxy marriage, Sigismund invaded Hungary and married Mary, which ultimately destroyed Louis' chances to reign as King of Hungary. Louis played an important political role during the Hundred Years' War . In 1392, his elder brother Charles the Mad (who may have suffered from either schizophrenia , porphyria , paranoid schizophrenia , or bipolar disorder ) experienced the first in a lifelong series of attacks of 'insanity'. It soon became clear that Charles

980-690: The term Burgundy to refer to it (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Circle it was grouped into), until the late 18th century, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic . The Habsburgs also continued to claim Burgundy proper until the Treaty of Cambrai in 1529, when they surrendered their claim in exchange for French recognition of Imperial sovereignty over Flanders and Artois. Louis I, Duke of Orl%C3%A9ans Louis I of Orléans (13 March 1372 – 23 November 1407)

1015-682: The widowed Margaret of Dampierre, and when his father-in-law Count Louis II of Flanders died in 1384, he succeeded him not only in the French counties of Flanders , Artois , Rethel , and Nevers , but also in the Free County of Burgundy, becoming a direct vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor . The next year he arranged the double wedding of his son and heir John the Fearless with Margaret of Wittelsbach , daughter of Duke Albert of Bavaria-Straubing and sister of Prince William II of Bavaria , who himself married Philip's daughter Margaret . Already upon

1050-497: Was Duke of Orléans from 1392 to his death in 1407. He was also Duke of Touraine (1386–1392), Count of Valois (1386?–1406) Blois (1397–1407), Angoulême (1404–1407), Périgord (1400–1407) and Soissons (1404–07). Louis was the younger brother of King Charles VI of France , and a powerful and polarizing figure in his day. Owing to the King's highly public struggles with mental illness, Louis worked with Charles' wife Queen Isabeau to try to lead

1085-440: Was able to consummate the marriage with Margaret of Dampierre , heiress of Count Louis II of Flanders . The Duchy of Burgundy was then unified with the French royal domain under the Valois king John II. Soon after, however, John's fourth son Philip the Bold received the Duchy of Burgundy as an appanage from the hands of his father. Philip the Bold ruled as Duke Philip II of Burgundy from 1363 to 1404. In 1369 he himself married

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1120-577: Was betrothed to Catherine , heir presumptive to the throne of Hungary . Louis and Catherine were expected to reign either over Hungary or over Poland, as Catherine's father, Louis I of Hungary , had no sons. Catherine's father also planned to leave them his claim to the Crown of Naples and the County of Provence , which were then held by his ailing and childless cousin Joanna I . However, Catherine's death in 1378 ended

1155-600: Was stabbed while mounting his horse by fifteen masked criminals led by Raoulet d'Anquetonville, a servant of the Duke of Burgundy. An attendant was severely wounded. John the Fearless was supported by the population of Paris and the University. He could even publicly admit the killing. Rather than deny it, John had the scholar Jean Petit of the Sorbonne deliver a peroration justifying the murder as tyrannicide . Louis's murder sparked

1190-515: Was the son of Eccard of Macon and Richildis of Arles, Boso the son of Bivin of Gorze and Richildis of Arles. His descendants and their relatives by marriage ruled the duchy until its annexation over a century later by the French crown, their suzerain. In 1004, Burgundy was annexed by the king, of the House of Capet . Otto William continued to rule what would come to be called the Free County of Burgundy . His descendants formed another House of Ivrea . Robert , son of Robert II of France , received

1225-434: Was unable to rule independently. In 1393 a regency council presided over by Queen Isabeau was formed, and Louis gained powerful influence. Louis disputed the regency and guardianship of the royal children, initially with Philip the Bold until his death in 1404, and then with Philip's son John the Fearless . The enmity between the two was public and a source of political unrest in the already troubled country. Louis had

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