The Valdostan Union ( French : Union valdôtaine , UV ), also Valdostian Union or Valdotanian Union , is a regionalist and centrist political party in Aosta Valley , Italy . It represents mainly the French-speaking minority in the region. One of its leading members, Renzo Testolin , has been the President of Aosta Valley since March 2023, replacing Erik Lavévaz , also of the UV.
74-665: The UV has been steadily represented in the Italian Parliament since 1976 and, due to the disappearance of the Christian Democracy party in the early 1990s, it later became the catch-all party of the region, similarly to the South Tyrolean People's Party in South Tyrol . The party re-groups most Valdostan autonomists under its banner and steadily increased its share of vote from 11.6% in 1973 to 47.2% in 2003, which
148-556: A multi-party system and the mixed economy . The party's first leader was Achille Occhetto , the final party secretary of the PCI. Although Ochetto had proclaimed the end of Communism, the new party's logo consisted of an oak tree sprouting from the previous symbol of the PCI in a roundel at the tree's roots. This logo was adopted not only to allow the PDS to trade on the PCI's roots but to keep any potential splinter party from immediately adopting
222-419: A coalition, so long at least one party within the coalition reached the required 3% threshold), and is calculated nationally. Notwithstanding this, a different threshold is needed for lists representing linguistic minorities, which is 20% and is calculated on a regional basis. The Chamber comprises 400 members elected by universal suffrage and by citizens who are 18 or older. Out of the total number, according to
296-405: A committee formed so that it conforms to the proportions of the various parliamentary groups." In order to fulfill its function as the ordinary organ through which popular sovereignty is exercised, Parliament can employ the same investigative and coercive instruments as the judiciary in these inquests. The Parliament meets and votes in joint session ( Italian : Parlamento in seduta comune ) for
370-556: A majority of all MP's in each house (absolute majority) in its second reading. Depending on the results of this second vote, the constitutional law may then follow two different paths. Article 139 of the Constitution holds the "form of Republic" above amendment. In addition to its legislative functions, Parliament also reviews the actions of Government and provides it with political direction. Parliament exercises its review function by means of questions and inquests. Questions consist of
444-633: A new Prime Minister is unable to receive the support of both houses. The process by which the Italian Parliament makes ordinary laws, the iter legis ordinario , is as follows: Proposals can be made by the Government, individual Members of Parliament (who must present their proposal to the Chamber that they are a member of), private citizens (who must present a proposal in the form of a draft law, approved by 50,000 voters), individual Regional Councils , and
518-452: A referral meeting, drafts a response and names a spokesperson to report this response, then leaves the responsibility for composing and approving the bill's text to the assembly. This must be completed in no more than four months for the Chamber of Deputies and two months for the Senate. Once the bill has come before one of the chambers, a general discussion takes place, followed by the review (with
592-463: A set of functions explicitly established by the Constitution. Article 55.2 specifies that these functions are entrenched and cannot be altered. Joint sessions take place in the building of the Chamber of Deputies at Palazzo Montecitorio and are presided over by the President of the Chamber of Deputies ex officio . In this way, the drafters of the Constitution intended to establish an equilibrium with
666-433: A single ballot. The ballot includes all candidates for a given single-member district (majoritarian component). For each candidate, the parties and party-lists that supported him/her are also listed, which is used to determine the proportional seats. These latter seats are allocated within each single regional constituency. A 3% minimum threshold for single party-lists is required for the proportional component (or 10% if within
740-566: A strengthened legislative process ad hoc for the passing of a constitutional law. Article 138 of the Constitution provides for the special procedure through which the Parliament can adopt constitutional laws (including laws to amend the Constitution), which is a variation of the ordinary legislative procedure. The ordinary procedure to adopt a law in Italy requires both Houses of Parliament to approve
814-596: A vita , either appointed by the President of the Republic or former Presidents themselves, ex officio ). The two Houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly except under circumstances specified by the Constitution of Italy . By the Constitution, the two houses of the Italian Parliament possess the same powers, unlike in most parliamentary systems. Perfect bicameralism has been codified in its current form since
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#1732851565247888-409: A vote) article by article, and finally a vote on the whole bill, which is normally an open ballot (secret ballots are possible for matters of individual conscience). If the bill passes the vote in one chamber then it passes to the other chamber of the parliament, where it must be voted through without any further changes. If the other chamber does make any modifications to the bill then the new version of
962-403: A written question directed to the Government, asking whether a certain claim is true, whether the Government is aware of it, and whether the Government is taking any action about it. The response can be given by the relevant Government minister, by the chairperson of the relevant ministry, or by an undersecretary. It may be given in writing or delivered to the parliament orally. The member who asked
1036-413: Is the age of majority : any Italian citizen who is eighteen or older can vote. But the two houses have a different age of candidacy : deputies are required to be twenty-five or older, while elected senators must be forty or older. No explicit age limit is required to be appointed senator for life (but Presidents of the Republic must be 50 or older). The main prerogative of Parliament is the exercise of
1110-475: The Rosatellum bis , As the Senate of the Republic, the Chamber of Deputies is elected on a single ballot, as indicated above for the Senate of the Republic. The only difference is that the proportional component is calculated based on the national average of the vote. The Italian Parliament is one of the few legislatures in the world to reserve seats for those citizens residing abroad . There are 8 such seats in
1184-635: The Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate . The proposed changes were approved, with 69.96% voting in favour. The reduction of the number of MPs came to fruition with the following Legislature XIX of Italy . In addition to the 200 elected members, the Senate, as per article 59 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic , also comprises a small number of senators for life . These can be differentiated into: The voting age mandated for both houses
1258-505: The Ciampi Cabinet , headed by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , on 29 April 1993, holding three ministries. Both the PDS and Federation of the Greens quickly withdrew from the cabinet on 4 May 1993 in protest against the Chamber's refusal to begin prosecution of former Prime Minister Bettino Craxi . The party's transformation from the PCI to the PDS happened with the background of Tangentopoli and
1332-505: The Constituent Assembly (1946–1948). It is a bicameral legislature with 600 elected members and a small number of unelected members ( senatori a vita ). The Italian Parliament is composed of the Chamber of Deputies (with 400 members or deputati elected on a national basis), as well as the Senate of the Republic (with 200 members or senatori elected on a regional basis, plus a small number of senators for life or senatori
1406-730: The Greens and the ADP (since 1994). The coalition was continued in 1998–2006 by the UV and the Democrats of the Left (DS), while Rollandin served as senator in 2001–2006. Despite its ties with the parties of the centre-left, the UV contested the 2006 general election in competition with The Union (rallied in the Autonomy Liberty Democracy list), as part of the regionalist coalition named Aosta Valley , causing
1480-644: The Italian Republican Party (PRI). The UV–PCI–PSI coalition, led by UV's Oreste Marcoz (1959–1963) and then, again, Caveri (since 1963), governed until 1966, when the Socialists decided to switch sides and to enter in coalition with the DC, as they had done at the country-level three years before. This caused the split of UV's conservative faction, which established the Valdostan Rally (RV), in order to support
1554-467: The National Council for Economics and Labour (CNEL). Once a proposal is introduced in one of the two Houses, it is assigned to a parliamentary committee to carry out preliminary inspection of the proposal (taking advantage of advice of other committees, especially, the so-called "filter committees"). At this point, two different procedures can be taken. In the "normal procedure", the committee holds
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#17328515652471628-576: The Progressive Democratic Autonomists (ADP), born by the merger of the DP and the UVP. During the 1980s the UV strengthened its role as largest party in the region: 27.1% in 1983 and 34.2% in 1988 . Since the 1970s the UV was steadily represented in the Italian Parliament : Pierre Fosson was a member of the Senate from 1976 to 1987, while Luciano Caveri (scion of the party's left-wing) represented
1702-837: The Republican Left (splinters of the Italian Republican Party ), the Movement of Unitarian Communists (splinters of the PRC), the Reformists for Europe (mostly former members of the Italian Socialist Party ), and the Democratic Federation (a Sardinian party formed by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party , along with former Republicans and Socialists) to form the Democrats of the Left (DS). On that occasion,
1776-484: The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia . In the 1970s, it was one of the first parties to embrace Eurocommunism . By the late 1980s, the PCI had ties with social democratic and democratic socialist parties, and it was increasingly apparent that it was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party. With this in mind, the PCI dissolved itself and refounded itself as the PDS in 1991, reforming its ideology to adopt acceptance of
1850-452: The confidence of both houses in order to exercise its power fully. It must receive a vote of confidence by both houses before being officially in power, and Parliament can cast a motion of no confidence at any moment, which forces the President of the Council of Ministers and his/her Cabinet to resign. The President of the Republic can dissolve one or both houses, and new elections are held if
1924-412: The legislative power , that is the power to enact laws. For a bill to become law, it must receive the support of both houses independently in the same text. A bill is first introduced in one of the houses, amended, and then approved or rejected: if approved, it is passed to the other house, which can amend it before approving or rejecting it. If approved without amendments, the bill is then promulgated by
1998-414: The "special procedure" (also called the "decentralised legislative procedure") can be employed. In this case, the committee holds a drafting meeting (leaving only the final approval of the bill to the parliament), or a deliberative/legislative meeting (in which case the entire legislative process is carried out by the committee and the bill is not voted on by parliament at all). This procedure can be vetoed by
2072-506: The Chamber of Deputies and 4 in the Senate of the Republic, in accordance with Law n. 459 of 27 December 2001 (as amending articles 48, 56, and 57 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic), also known as Legge Tremaglia . The current membership of the Senate of the Republic, following the latest general election . The current membership of the Chamber of Deputies, following the latest general election : Democratic Party of
2146-547: The Italian Constitutional Court, which agreed to rehear the appeal in the Lorenzoni case, which had been dismissed the year before, it was stated that autodichia might be found in violation of the independence of the judiciary. The constitution defines "Parliamentary status" in articles 66 , 67 , 68 and 69 . Article 67 ("Prohibition on imperative mandate ) states that "every member of parliament represents
2220-685: The Left The Democratic Party of the Left ( Italian : Partito Democratico della Sinistra , PDS ) was a democratic-socialist and social-democratic political party in Italy. Founded in February 1991 as the post-communist evolution of the Italian Communist Party , the party was the largest in the Alliance of Progressives and The Olive Tree coalitions. In February 1998, the party merged with minor parties to form Democrats of
2294-504: The Left . At its peak in 1991, the party had a membership of 989,708; by 1998, it was reduced to 613,412. The PDS evolved from the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the largest Communist party in the Western Bloc for most of the Cold War . Since 1948, it had been the second-largest party in Italian Parliament . The PCI moved away from Communist orthodoxy in the late 1960s, when it opposed
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2368-563: The PDS explored the possibility of adopting the fist and rose emblem of the Socialist International but was prevented to do it by the Transnational Radical Party , which had obtained the right to use it in Italy in the 1970s. In the 1992 Italian general election , the PDS reached second place with 107 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 64 in the Senate. The PDS had briefly entered the national unity government of
2442-682: The PDS, served as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy , while another leading member, Giorgio Napolitano , became the Italian Minister of the Interior . In 1997, D'Alema called for the party to become a full-fledged European social-democratic party. In accordance with this call, the PDS merged in 1998 with the Labour Federation (splinters of the Italian Socialist Party ), the Social Christians (including also several former Christian Democrats),
2516-412: The President of the Republic and becomes law. If approved with amendments, it goes back to the other house. The process continues until the bill is approved in the same text by both houses (in which case it becomes law after promulgation) or is rejected by one house. The Council of Ministers , which is led by the President of the Council of Ministers and is the national executive of Italy, needs to have
2590-471: The Regional Council. Rollandin was the most voted politician with 10,872 preference votes (2,964 less than five years before) and was re-elected president. In July 2015, the government was enlarged to the centre-left Democratic Party (PD). In June 2016, after months of negotiations, the government was joined also by the UVP. In November 2016, two regional councillors, including former senator Fosson, left
2664-498: The Senate for the regionalist coalition: Fosson joined the For the Autonomies group and abstained from the vote of confidence on Silvio Berlusconi 's government . Both in the 2009 European Parliament election and the 2010 Aosta municipal election the UV formed an alliance with Berlusconi's new political party, The People of Freedom (PdL). In the 2013 general election UV's Albert Lanièce
2738-426: The Senate in article 65, which explicitly foresees such action. The Chambers of the Italian Parliament enjoy special prerogatives to guarantee their autonomy with respect to other parts of Government: In some matters (e.g. employment disputes) the Italian Parliament acts as its own judicial authority (without using external courts), which is referred to as " autodichia " (self-judging). In order no. 137 of 2015 of
2812-583: The UV in the Chamber of Deputies from 1987 to 2001. Caveri served also as undersecretary in Massimo D'Alema 's government and as member of the European Parliament from 2000 to 2003. After having out of government for three years, the UV was back in government in 1992 and, after the 1993 regional election , UV's Dino Viérin formed a centre-left government with the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS),
2886-406: The UV was ready to surge again. The UV returned to government in 1974 at the head of a UV–UVP–RV regionalist coalition led by Mario Andrione. In the 1978 regional election the UV returned to be the largest party with 24.7% of the vote and Andrione formed a government with the DC and the DP. In 1984 Andrione was replaced by Augusto Rollandin at the head of the government, which included the DC and
2960-465: The adoption of the Albertine Statute , and resurged after the overthrow of the fascist dictatorship of the 1920s and 1930s. No distinction is made between deputies and senators, notwithstanding that a member of parliament cannot be at the same time both a senator and a deputy; regarding presidents and vice-presidents, the precedence is given to the older one. The number of deputies and senators
3034-414: The bill has been approved in the same form by both houses of Parliament, it is sent to the President of the Republic, who must promulgate it within one month or send it back to Parliament for renewed debate with a written justification. If after the renewed debate the bill is approved by Parliament again, the President of the Republic is constitutionally required to promulgate it. Once it has been promulgated,
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3108-509: The bill in the same text, with a simple majority (i.e., the majority of votes cast). Constitutional laws start by following the same procedure; however, after having been approved for the first time, they need to be voted for by both Houses a second time, which can happen no sooner than three months after the first. In this second reading, no new amendments to the bill may be proposed: the bill must be either approved or rejected in its entirety. The constitutional law needs to be approved by at least
3182-411: The bill must be returned to the first chamber to approve these changes. If the bill repeats this process many times it is said to be "shuttling" or " dribbling ." This procedure is obligatory for bills which concern constitutional and electoral matters, the delegation of legislative power, the authorisation of the ratification of international treaties , the approval of the budget . In all other cases,
3256-647: The coalition led by DC's Cesare Bondaz. In the 1968 regional election the UV received a mere 16.7% of the vote (the RV got 5.4%), while in 1973 Valdostan regional election , after the split of the social-democratic faction, the Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP), it was reduced at 11.6% (the UPV obtained 6.7% and the RV 1.6%, while the Popular Democrats , a left-wing split of the DC, won 22.4%). After that low point,
3330-464: The earlier system of "authorisation to proceed" ( autorizzazione a procedere ) for convictions in cases with defined sentences. Finally, article 69 states that "members of parliament receive compensation set down by the law," thereby affirming that parliamentarians must receive compensation and cannot renounce that compensation. This reverses the principle laid down in the Albertine Statute, which
3404-452: The election as the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government jointly led by Silvio Berlusconi , who became Prime Minister of Italy for the first time. In the aftermath of the election, Massimo D'Alema was elected new party secretary. In the 1996 Italian general election , after the collapse of Berlusconi's coalition, the PDS was the largest component of the centre-left coalition , winning
3478-401: The election under the banner of The Olive Tree led by Romano Prodi . It became the largest single party in the legislature, with 146 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 102 in the Senate. The Prodi I Cabinet included 16 PDS ministers and 10 PDS junior ministers; it was the first time that former Communists had taken part in government in half a century. Walter Veltroni , a leading member of
3552-477: The election, the Regional Council elected Nicoletta Spelgatti of Lega Nord Vallée d'Aoste (LNVdA) as President, at the head of a broad left-right coalition (including one defector from UV's ranks, outgoing regional minister Emily Rini), and the UV was once again excluded from the regional government. However, in December the government fell down and was replaced by a new one led by Antonio Fosson (ex UV, then PNV), at
3626-477: The end of the First Republic, when the dominant Christian Democracy and four other establishment parties collapsed and were replaced by new political formations during 1992–1994. In the following 1994 Italian general election , Occhetto was the leader of the Alliance of Progressives , a left-wing coalition of which the PDS was the largest single party. He lost to the centre-right coalition , organised during
3700-471: The execution of a final court judgement or if caught in the act of a crime for which it is compulsory to arrest someone caught in the act. An analogous standard is required in order to put members of parliament under any form of surveillance." Neither immunity nor inviolability are prerogatives of individual parliamentarians; they are intended to protect the free exercise of Parliament's functions against judicial interference, which occurred in earlier regimes when
3774-449: The head of a coalition composed of the UV, the UVP, ALPE, SA and PNV. In December 2019 Fosson resigned from President and was replaced by his Vice President, UV's Renzo Testolin , as acting president. In the 2019 European Parliament election the UV was part of a five-party regionalist joint list, which had a technical agreement with the PD and obtained a mere 13.9% of the vote. A few months later,
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#17328515652473848-466: The head of a coalition composed of the UV, the UVP, the EPAV and the PD. In the 2018 general election , Lanièce was narrowly re-elected to the Senate, but the four-party coalition forming the regional government lost several votes and the seat in the Chamber. In the 2018 regional election the UV did even worse, obtaining 19.2% of the vote (–14.3pp from 2013) and seven seats: its worst result in 45 years. After
3922-645: The judiciary was under Government control and was not autonomous. There is controversy with respect to the principle of immunity about what statements are expressed in the member's parliamentary role and the Constitutional Court distinguishes between political activities and parliamentary activities, and even with respect to the latter, distinguishes between activities which are immune and activities which are not immune because they contradict other constitutional principles and rights. The principle of inviolability results from Constitutional Law #3 of 1993, which revoked
3996-497: The law is published in the official gazette by the Ministry of Justice and enters into force after the vacatio legis (15 days unless otherwise specified). The rigidity of the Constitution is ensured by the special procedure required to amend it. With the same procedure, Parliament can adopt a constitutional law, which is a law with the same strength as the Constitution. This process is referred to as iter legis aggravato , that is,
4070-407: The law upon proposal of the bill to Parliament. The Senate comprises 200 members elected by universal suffrage and by citizens who are 18 or older. Out of the total number, according to the Rosatellum bis : In addition to the elected members, the Senate, as per article 59 of the Constitution of the Italian Republic , also comprises senators for life as discussed above. The Senate is elected on
4144-485: The merger of ALPE and UVP), SA and Mouv' . Within a year, AV and Mouv' joined forces, while the RC-led Progressive Civic Project (PCP) left the government. In 2023 Testolin formed a new government, which, differently from Lavévaz's, comprised also PlA. In late 2023, AV and Mouv' started a merging process into the UV. In June 2024, at an extraordinary congress, the reunion was approved and Joël Farcoz
4218-463: The nation and performs their functions without limitation by a mandate." The members are considered to receive a general mandate from the whole electorate, which cannot be revoked by the initiative of the individual electoral district which elected them, nor by their political party. This general mandate is not subject to judicial review, only political review through constitutionally defined methods (mainly elections and referendums). Article 68 lays down
4292-757: The old PCI symbol. This did not prevent hard-liners leaving the party and launching the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC). In 1993, the PDS was admitted into both the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists (PES). In the same year, the party's Members of the European Parliament moved from the European United Left to the PES group in the European Parliament . In 1996,
4366-512: The party also suffered the split by former President Rollandin and his followers, who formed For Autonomy (PlA). In the 2020 regional election , the UV was reduced to 15.8%, its second worst result ever, while the LNVdA came a stronger first. However, after the election, UV leader Erik Lavévaz formed a government composed of the PD, Civic Network (RC), the Valdostan Alliance (AV, formed by
4440-502: The party distanced itself from the DC, while approaching the left-wing. After a five-year spell in opposition, the UV won the 1959 regional election as part of a left-wing coalition with the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) with 51.6% against the 48.6% received by an alternative coalition comprising the DC, the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) and
4514-481: The party in disagreement with Rollandin and launched For Our Valley (PNV). In March 2017 the UVP, SA (which had suffered the split of the Valdostan Autonomist Popular Edelweiss (EPAV), PNV and Autonomy Liberty Participation Ecology (ALPE) formed a new government without the UV, under President Pierluigi Marquis (SA). In October Marquis resigned and was replaced by Laurent Viérin (UVP) at
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#17328515652474588-474: The power of the President of the Senate to exercise the functions of the President of the Republic when the latter is indisposed. Joint sessions take place for the following matters explicitly established by the Constitution: There is debate among legal scholars about whether the Parliament in joint session can make its own standing orders. Most scholars think it can, by analogy with the regulation of
4662-499: The principles of immunity ( insindacabilità ) and inviolability ( inviolabilità ), stating that "the members of parliament cannot be called to account for the opinions they express or the votes that they cast in the exercise of their functions" and that "without the permission of the chamber to which they belong, no member of parliament can be subjected to a body search or a search of their home, nor can they be arrested or otherwise stripped of their personal freedom, or imprisoned, except in
4736-415: The question can respond to say whether or not the answer is satisfactory. In injunctions, a fact is noted with a request for the reasons for the conduct of the Government and its future intentions. The process is done by writing. If the member who filed the injunction is not satisfied with the response, they can present a motion to hold a debate in the Parliament. The provision of political direction embodies
4810-488: The regionalist coalition won 62.0% and a large majority, comprising 22 regional councillors. Augusto Rollandin , who had made a comeback to regional politics, was the most voted regional councillor with 13,836 preference votes, while incumbent President Luciano Caveri was only seventh with 2,770 votes (down from 7,313). Rollandin was thus sworn in as new President of the Region. Contextually, UV's Antonio Fosson had been elected to
4884-510: The relationship of trust which is meant to exist between Parliament and the Government. It takes the form of confidence votes and votes of no confidence. These can be held concerning the entire Government or an individual minister. Other means of providing political direction include motions, resolutions, and day-orders giving instruction to the Government. Under Article 82 of the Constitution , "each chamber can undertake inquests into matters of public interest. For this purpose, they should appoint
4958-448: The seats allocated using a majoritarian system (single-member districts; first-past-the-post ), and the remaining about two-thirds (63%) of the seats allocated using a proportional system (multi-member districts; D'Hondt method ), with one round of voting. This electoral law is colloquially known as the Rosatellum bis , or simply Rosatellum , after Ettore Rosato , member of the Chamber of Deputies for Italia Viva , first signatory of
5032-585: The split of the Valdostan Renewal (RV), but lost and was no more represented in Parliament. This was however a turning point in regional politics: the UV dismissed the DS as coalition partners and formed a regionalist three-party coalition with Edelweiss (SA) and the Autonomist Federation (FA). In the 2008 regional election , the UV obtained 44.4% of the vote and 17 regional councillors (out of 35), while
5106-402: The vote of one tenth of the members of the Chamber in which the bill was originally proposed, by a vote of one fifth of the members of the committee, or by the decision of the Government. There are special procedures for the passage of laws granting emergency powers , the annual law incorporating EU law, annual financial laws (such as the budget), and the passage of laws under urgency. Once
5180-610: Was elected president. Italian Parliament Opposition (87) Opposition (157) The Italian Parliament ( Italian : Parlamento italiano ) is the national parliament of the Italian Republic . It is the representative body of Italian citizens and is the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1848–1861), the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1943), the transitional National Council (1945–1946) and
5254-399: Was elected to the Senate with support from the PdL. That alliance was however short-lived and the UV would soon re-join its traditional centre-left partners. In the 2013 regional election , the UV, which had suffered the split of the new Progressive Valdostan Union (UVP), obtained 33.5% of the vote (–10.9pp from 2008) and 13 seats, and the regionalist coalition retained a narrow majority in
5328-403: Was fixed by a constitutional amendment in 1963: in its original text, the Constitution provided for a variable number of Members of Parliament depending on the population. From 1963 to 2022, the Chamber of Deputies had 630 members, while the Senate had 315 elected members. Following the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum , the number of MPs in the Parliament has been reduced from 630 to 400 in
5402-627: Was followed by a decline and splits. However, it has led the regional government almost with no interruption since 1974. The UV has been member of the European Free Alliance since 2022. The party was a member also previously, until 2007. The UV was founded by Valdostan elements of the Italian resistance movement on 3 September 1945. The party was originally a close ally of the Christian Democracy (DC), with which it shared government between 1946 and 1954 under Severino Caveri (UV). After that,
5476-414: Was the opposite, and is linked to the principle of equality (article 3) and the prohibition on imperative mandate (article 67). The national elections for the renewal of members of the Senate of the Republic and Chamber of Deputies are regulated by Law n. 165 of 3 November 2017. It introduces a mixed electoral system in the form of parallel voting (mixed-member majoritarian), with about one-third (37%) of
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