121-627: Uxbridge High Street railway station in Uxbridge , England, was on what is now Oxford Road near its junction with Sanderson Road. It was the southern terminus and only station on the Great Western Railway (GWR) branch line from the GWR/GCR joint line , which is now the Chiltern Main Line . The station opened on 1 May 1907, with the intention that the branch was to be extended across the town to
242-404: A Modra niht or 'night of the mothers', another religious festival of unknown content. The Saxon freemen and servile class remained faithful to their original beliefs long after their nominal conversion to Christianity. Nursing a hatred of the upper class, which, with Frankish assistance, had marginalised them from political power, the lower classes (the plebeium vulgus or cives ) were
363-595: A Carolingian " stem duchy " in 804, in what is now northern Germany. The political history of these inland Saxons, who were neighbours of the Franks , is unclear until the 8th century and the conflict between their semi-legendary hero Widukind and the Frankish emperor Charlemagne . They do not appear to have been politically united until about that time. Previous Frankish rulers of Austrasia , both Merovingian and Carolingian , fought numerous campaigns against Saxons, both in
484-511: A loanword in English from Scottish Gaelic (older spelling: Sasunnach ), is the word Sassenach , used by Scots -, Scottish English- and Gaelic-speakers in the 21st century as a racially pejorative term for an English person and, traditionally, to the English-speaking lowlanders of Scotland. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives 1771 as the date of the earliest written use of
605-524: A municipal borough . This stood for ten years, followed by incorporation into the new system of London Boroughs, as the London Borough of Hillingdon . Uxbridge gave its name to a parliamentary constituency from 1885 until 2010, when boundary changes led to the creation of the Uxbridge and South Ruislip constituency. The seat is currently held by Danny Beales of the Labour Party . Uxbridge lies at
726-679: A 7th-century Saxon tribe from Lincolnshire who also began to settle in what became Middlesex . Anglo-Saxons began to settle and farm in the area of Uxbridge in the 5th century, clearing dense woodland. Two other places in Middlesex bore the name of the Wixan: Uxendon ("Wixan's Hill"), a name now preserved only in the street names of Uxendon Hill and Crescent in Harrow, and Waxlow ("Wixan's Wood") near Southall . Archaeologists found Bronze Age remains (before 700 BC) and medieval remains during
847-569: A Saxon force based in the east of Britain (Bede later believed in the Isle of Thanet ) were invited as foederati to Britain, in order to help defend against raids by Picts and Scots. They revolted over their pay and plundered the whole country, initiating a long war. By the time of Gildas in the 6th century the Romano-British had recovered control of at least part of the country, but were now divided into corrupt "tyrannies". There are very few records of
968-524: A campus of Buckinghamshire New University . A part of the town which has large converted flour mills adjoins Buckinghamshire , the boundary being the River Colne . The 2011 Census recorded a population of 70,560. The name of the town is derived from "Wixan's Bridge", which was sited near the bottom of Oxford Road where a modern road bridge now stands, beside the Swan and Bottle public house. The Wixan were
1089-535: A church and made many friends among the nobility. Some of them rallied to save him from an angry mob at the annual council at Marklo (near river Weser, Bremen). Social tensions arose between the Christianity-sympathetic noblemen and the pagan lower castes, who were staunchly faithful to their traditional religion. Under Charlemagne, the Saxon Wars had as their chief object the conversion and integration of
1210-518: A mean elevation of 130 feet (40 m) above mean sea level. Like much of the rest of the UK its climate is generally temperate , with few extremes of temperature or weather. The landscape upon which the settlement of Uxbridge was established is largely unchanged from the Mesolithic era. Much of it was covered by oak and elm trees, which were gradually cleared by early settlers. An archaeological excavation by
1331-430: A new local church for a newer part of the town traditionally called Hillingdon West. He asked architect Sir George Gilbert Scott "to draw up plans to build a church without unnecessary ornament but in handsome proportions suitable to its position at the entrance to Uxbridge Town..." Scott produced his plans and local Uxbridge builder William Fassnidge was employed to construct the church. On St Peter's Day, 29 June 1864,
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#17328439612851452-552: A new site on part of Uxbridge Common on Park Road. The Market Square shopping precinct in the town centre was built in the late 1970s, but its lack of shelter made it unpopular and it did not attract the expected levels of custom. Many buildings along the High Street and Windsor Street had been demolished to make way for the new precinct, which was eventually sold to the Prudential Assurance Company and redeveloped with
1573-492: A point just south of Uxbridge Vine Street railway station , the terminus of the GWR branch from West Drayton . Some land was purchased and the lines extended over High Street on a bridge, but the proposal was abandoned in 1914. Services were suspended between January 1917 and May 1920. The branch ran along the west side of Shire Ditch and Frays River and through the centre of the present Denham Country Park. A triangular junction with
1694-512: A problem for Christian authorities as late as 836. The Translatio S. Liborii remarks on their obstinacy in pagan ritus et superstitio ('usage and superstition'). The conversion of the Saxons in England from their original Germanic religion to Christianity occurred in the early to late seventh century under the influence of the already converted Jutes of Kent . In the 630s, Birinus became
1815-552: A roof in the early 1980s to become the Pavilions Shopping Centre . The Peacock public house (later renamed The Chequers) in one of the two main squares was built partially underground having two flights of steps down into the pub at either end. It was demolished and replaced with a café named also named The Chequers, which remains. Rayner's pharmacy shop was also demolished during the Market Square development, although
1936-408: A single kingdom. The Duchy of Saxony (804–1296) covered Westphalia, Eastphalia, Angria and Nordalbingia, which is roughly equivalent to Holstein, the southern part of modern-day Schleswig-Holstein state, now bordering on Denmark. The Saxons were conquered by Charlemagne after a long series of annual campaigns, the Saxon Wars (772–804). With defeat came enforced baptism and conversion as well as
2057-495: A superabundance of pagan sites. Their king, Saeberht , was converted early and a diocese was established at London . Its first bishop, Mellitus , was expelled by Saeberht's heirs. The conversion of the East Saxons was completed under Cedd in the 650s and 660s. The continental Saxons were evangelised largely by English missionaries in the late seventh and early eighth centuries. Around 695, two early English missionaries, Hewald
2178-597: A synod of Mainz in 848 both declared that homilies ought to be preached in the vernacular. The earliest preserved text in the Saxon language is a baptismal vow from the late eighth or early ninth century; the vernacular was used extensively in an effort to Christianise the lowest castes of Saxon society. In the Celtic languages , the words designating English nationality derive from the Latin word Saxones . The most prominent example,
2299-612: Is correct. He notes that the loss of first letters occurs in numerous places in various copies of Ptolemy's work, and also that the manuscripts without Saxones are generally inferior overall. The first undisputed mentions of the Saxon name come from the late 4th century, around the time of emperor Julian . By about 400 the Notitia Dignitatum shows that the Romans had created several military commands specifically to defend against Saxon raiders. The Litus Saxonicum (' Saxon Shore '),
2420-525: Is disputed. According to this proposal, the original Saxon tribe lived north of the mouth of the Elbe , close to the probable homeland of the Angles . What is more certain is that long before any clear historical mention of Saxony as a country, a related but possibly distinct or overlapping group of "Saxons" became important during the late Roman Empire , when the name was used to refer to coastal raiders who attacked from
2541-420: Is mentioned by name, and there are several other references between 1245 and 1247 to the "chapel at Uxbridge". The oldest portion of the existing building is part of the north tower, which was built in the late 14th century. The north aisle, together with the nave and its arcades, dates from the early 15th century, while the south aisle, with its fine hammer-beam roof, was added about 1450. The carved stone font
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#17328439612852662-473: Is presumed that these are the names of two goddesses who were worshipped around that season. The Saxons offered cakes to their gods in February ( Solmōnaþ ). There was a religious festival associated with the harvest, Halegmōnaþ ('holy month' or 'month of offerings', September). The Saxon calendar began on 25 December, and the months of December and January were called Yule (or Giuli ). They contained
2783-648: Is the original parish church of Uxbridge, and one of the oldest buildings in the town. Located in Windsor Street, it is known to have existed since at least 1245, when a series of hearings took place there in which the Abbot of Bec in Normandy brought an action against the rector of Great Wratting in Suffolk for non-payment of tithes. On parchments kept at St. George's Chapel, Windsor , in connection with this event, St. Margaret's
2904-655: Is what was Randalls , the Art Deco -architecture department store owned by relations of John Randall MP. It is a 1939, remodelled rebuilding of a 1900 building. The building has the initial, mainstream category of listed building since October 2008. The store closed in January 2015. Saxon people The Saxons , sometimes called the Old Saxons , were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony ( Latin : Antiqua Saxonia ) which became
3025-454: The edhilingui . The Lex Saxonum regulated the Saxons' different society. Intermarriage between the castes was forbidden by the Lex Saxonum, and wergilds were set based upon caste membership. The edhilingui were worth 1,440 solidi , or about 700 head of cattle, the highest wergild on the continent; the price of a bride was also very high. This was six times as much as that of
3146-586: The frilingi and eight times as much as the lazzi . The gulf between noble and ignoble was very large, but the difference between a freeman and an indentured labourer was small. According to the Vita Lebuini antiqua , an important source for early Saxon history, the Saxons held an annual council at Marklo (Westphalia) where they "confirmed their laws, gave judgment on outstanding cases, and determined by common counsel whether they would go to war or be in peace that year." All three castes participated in
3267-459: The edhilingui were the descendants of the Saxons who led the tribe out of Holstein and during the migrations of the sixth century. They were a conquering warrior elite. The frilingi represented the descendants of the amicii , auxiliarii and manumissi of that caste. The lazzi represented the descendants of the original inhabitants of the conquered territories, who were forced to make oaths of submission and pay tribute to
3388-534: The Anglo Saxons , or simply "the English". This brought together local Romano-British populations, Saxons, and other migrants from the same North Sea region, including Frisians , Jutes , and Angles . The Angles are the source of the term English which became the more commonly-used collective term. The term Anglo-Saxon , combining the names of the Angles and the Saxons, came into use by the eighth century, initially in
3509-547: The Germanic calendar in use at that time. The Germanic gods Woden , Frigg , Tiw and Thunor , who are attested to in every Germanic tradition, were worshipped in Wessex, Sussex and Essex. They are the only ones directly attested to, though the names of the third and fourth months (March and April) of the Old English calendar bear the names Hrēþmōnaþ and Ēosturmōnaþ , meaning 'month of Hretha ' and 'month of Ēostre '. It
3630-527: The Museum of London in the 1990s found evidence of flint items shaped by Mesolithic hunters, as well as various animal bones and traces of charcoal from the remains of campfires. The River Pinn runs through Uxbridge, passing through the former site of RAF Uxbridge and the grounds of Brunel University. It joins the Frays River , which branches off from the River Colne and acts as the boundary between Uxbridge and
3751-559: The Old Saxon language. Old Frisian apparently once stretched along the North Sea coast from the northern Netherlands to southern Denmark , while Old Saxon originally didn't extend to the coast. Linguists have noted that Old Frisian and Old Saxon, although neighbouring and related, did not form part of the same dialect continuum. In contrast, the Saxon dialects became part of the much larger Continental West Germanic continuum which stretched to
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3872-803: The Parliamentary Army during the English Civil War took place at a public house there, now the Crown and Treaty . RAF Uxbridge houses the Battle of Britain Bunker , from where the air defence of the south-east of England was coordinated during the Battle of Britain especially from its No. 11 Group Operations Room, also used during the D-Day landings . Today the town serves as a significant retail and commercial centre; it also houses Brunel University London as well as
3993-555: The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , broader local poor law unions took on the relief role and shifted funds towards workhouses and associated hospitals. Uxbridge was in the first main wave of the new, secular system of civil parishes , gaining a council and territory in 1866, and an Urban District under the Local Government Act 1894 . In 1955 the council successfully petitioned for a charter of incorporation and became
4114-621: The Reformation in the 16th century, there was no official Roman Catholic place of worship in Uxbridge until after the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act in the late 19th century. In 1892 Father Michael Aloysius Wren bought a presbytery at 37 Lawn Road, next to which a temporary church of corrugated iron was built, dedicated to Our Lady of Lourdes and St Michael. St Mary's School was also founded on Rockingham Road at this time. Fr Wren
4235-717: The Rhine . They included Frisians , Angles and Jutes , who stretched from what is now the Netherlands to what is now Denmark, as well as coastal parts of the territory which came to be called Saxony. It has been proposed that these coastal Saxons and the later Saxons of Carolingian times should be seen as distinct but related peoples, who were referred to by the same name, such as the Dutch and Deutschen ( Germans ) today. Significant numbers of these early Saxons settled in what later became northern France and England. England, rather than Saxony,
4356-591: The Royal Navy destroyer HMS Intrepid in 1942, to help towards the ship's costs; Intrepid was lost to enemy action the following year. The town and surrounding areas suffered bombing by the Luftwaffe . V1 flying bombs fell on the town between June 1944 and March 1945. The first recorded bombing using a V1 was on 22 June 1944 at 07:00, when the bomb passed over the top of a bus and hit four houses nearby. Seven people were killed and 25 injured, leaving 46 houses in
4477-598: The Saale into the area of a western Slavic tribe, the Sorbs . The Sorbs were gradually Germanised . This region subsequently acquired the name Saxony through political circumstances, though it was initially called the March of Meissen . The rulers of Meissen acquired control of the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg (only a remnant of the previous Duchy) in 1423; they eventually applied the name Saxony to
4598-469: The "Moderne" or Art Deco style, was officially opened. Before the opening, many residents swam in a section of the Frays River near Harefield Road, and the Colne . The pool, pavilion building, entrance building and both fountains were designated Grade II listed buildings in 1998. Despite the listing, the pool was closed to the public and the buildings became subject to heavy vandalism. Uxbridge open-air pool
4719-460: The "apostle to the West Saxons" and converted Wessex , whose first Christian king was Cynegils . The West Saxons begin to emerge from obscurity only with their conversion to Christianity and keeping written records. The Gewisse , a West Saxon people, were especially resistant to Christianity; Birinus exercised more efforts against them and ultimately succeeded in conversion. In Wessex, a bishopric
4840-610: The 840s, when the Stellinga rose up against the Saxon leadership, who were allied with the Frankish emperor Lothair I . After the suppression of the Stellinga , in 851 Louis the German brought relics from Rome to Saxony to foster a devotion to the Roman Catholic Church . The Poeta Saxo , in his verse Annales of Charlemagne's reign (written between 888 and 891), laid an emphasis on his conquest of Saxony. He celebrated
4961-650: The Alps, and can all be considered to be types of German. According to the historical linguist Elmar Seebold , this development can only be explained if continental Saxon society prior to the migration to Britain was effectively composed of two related, but different forms of West Germanic. In his view, the group of people who, in the 3rd century , first migrated southwards to what is now the northwestern portion of Lower Saxony spoke North Sea Germanic dialects closely related to Old Frisian and Old English . There, these migrants encountered an already present population whose language
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5082-465: The English Saxons as either English or as Anglo-Saxons after this point, the term Saxon was still used to refer to them for some time, and can be a source of potential confusion when interpreting contemporary records. Ptolemy 's Geographia , written in the second century, is sometimes considered to contain the first mention of the Saxons. Some copies of this text mention a tribe called Saxones in
5203-535: The English people and England are Sowsnek and Pow Sows ('Land [Pays] of Saxons'). Similarly Breton , spoken in north-western France, has saoz(on) ('English'), saozneg ('the English language'), and Bro-saoz for 'England'. The label Saxons (in Romanian : Sași ) also became attached to German settlers who settled during the 12th century in southeastern Transylvania . From Transylvania, some of these Saxons migrated to neighbouring Moldavia , as
5324-788: The Fowler, 919) and later the first emperors (Henry's son, Otto I, the Great ) of Germany during the tenth century, but they lost this position in 1024. The duchy was divided in 1180 when Duke Henry the Lion refused to follow his cousin, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , into war in Lombardy . During the High Middle Ages , under the Salian emperors and, later, under the Teutonic Knights , German settlers moved east of
5445-457: The Frankish monarch as on par with the Roman emperors and as the bringer of Christian salvation to people. References are made to periodic outbreaks of pagan worship, especially of Freya, among the Saxon peasantry as late as the 12th century. In the ninth century, the Saxon nobility became vigorous supporters of monasticism and formed a bulwark of Christianity against the existing Slavic paganism to
5566-541: The Franks. There were also Saxon populations in this period who were living in neither England, nor what would become Saxony. The continental Saxons appear to have become consolidated by the end of the eighth century, partly as a result of interaction with the powerful Frankish kingdoms. The ancestors of Charlemagne, the Arnulfings , took control of the neighbouring Austrasian kingdom of the Franks and sought to assert power over
5687-536: The Late Medieval period as a literary, administrative and, to a significant extent, cultural language in favor of Dutch and German . The first Saxons clearly mentioned in ancient records were the "Saxons" who became important during the late Roman Empire as coastal raiders who attacked from the north using boats, in a similar sense to the much later term Viking . These early raiders and settlers were believed by contemporaries to come from coastal regions north of
5808-765: The London Borough, 55.1% of residents travel to the Uxbridge North and Uxbridge South wards to work, and only 8% of residents working there who also live within the wards. The 2001 census measured a total of 6,007 (35.9%) of residents leaving the North ward to go to work. Uxbridge South had a figure of 5,666 (26.5%) of residents leaving the ward to work elsewhere. In 2005 retail footprint research, Uxbridge ranked 9th in terms of retail expenditure in Greater London at £311 million. A terraced landmark with tower on Vine Street
5929-500: The Pious supported Christian vernacular works in order to evangelise the Saxons more efficiently. The Heliand , a verse epic of the life of Christ in a Germanic setting, and Genesis , another epic retelling of the events of the first book of the Bible , were commissioned in the early ninth century by Louis to disseminate scriptural knowledge to the masses. A council of Tours in 813 and then
6050-446: The Roman military, which was stationed in what is now Lebanon and northern Israel. This Ala primum Saxonum already existed by 363 when Julian used them in Arabia against the Persian empire . Roman military accessories are found in northern Germany in the 4th and 5th centuries apparently indicating the return of soldiers who had served the empire. Several records mentioning the early Saxons can be dated: In almost all of these cases
6171-409: The Saxons into the Frankish empire. Though much of the highest caste converted readily, forced baptisms and forced tithing made enemies of the lower orders. Even some contemporaries found the methods employed to win over the Saxons wanting, as this excerpt from a letter of Alcuin of York to his friend Meginfrid, written in 796, shows: If the light yoke and sweet burden of Christ were to be preached to
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#17328439612856292-399: The Saxons of Germany no longer form a distinctive ethnic group or country, but their name lives on in the names of several regions and states of Germany , including Lower Saxony ( German : Niedersachsen ) which includes most of the original duchy. Their language evolved into Low German which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League , but has faced a long and gradual decline since
6413-449: The Saxons were associated with using boats for their raids, even within the Maas delta region. Special mentions of the fearful 4th-century Saxon surprise attacks were made not only by Ammianus, but also by the poet Claudian . Some generations later a dramatic description of Saxon raiding was written by Sidonius Apollinaris writing to a friend who was assigned to a coastal defensive post in Saintonge near Bordeaux . A rough description of
6534-399: The Uxbridge North ward answered that they had a religion, compared with 19.3% who did not and 7.9% who did not answer. Of those who answered, 53% identified as Christian, followed by 6.7% who identified as Muslim and 6.2% as Sikh. The percentage identifying as Hindu was 5.4%. Figures for residents identifying as either Jewish, Buddhist or other unspecified religions were each below 1%. Within
6655-466: The Uxbridge South ward, 69.2% of residents answered that they had a religion, compared with 23.8% who did not and 7% who did not answer. As with Uxbridge North, the majority (46.4%) identified as Christian, followed by 13.4% who identified as Muslim and 5% as Hindu. The percentage identifying as Sikh was 2.3% and those identifying as Buddhist were 1.2%. Figures for residents identifying as either Jewish or other unspecified religions were each below 1%. This
6776-425: The White and Hewald the Black , were martyred by the vicani , that is, villagers. Throughout the century that followed, villagers and other peasants proved to be the greatest opponents of Christianisation , while missionaries often received the support of the edhilingui and other noblemen. Saint Lebuin , an Englishman who between 745 and 770 preached to the Saxons, mainly in the eastern Netherlands, built
6897-442: The administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Hillingdon , 15.4 miles (24.8 km) northwest of Charing Cross . Uxbridge formed part of the parish of Hillingdon in the county of Middlesex . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century it expanded and increased in population, becoming a municipal borough in 1955, and part of Greater London in 1965. Attempted negotiations between King Charles I and
7018-446: The area to the north of the lower Elbe . However, other versions refer to the same tribe as Axones . This may be a misspelling of the tribe that Tacitus in his Germania called Aviones . According to this theory, Saxones was the result of later scribes trying to correct a name that meant nothing to them. On the other hand, Schütte , in his analysis of such problems in Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe , believed that Saxones
7139-480: The area uninhabitable. In all the Uxbridge Urban District suffered 79 civilian deaths through enemy action in the war. In 1958 the 199-acre (81 ha) Lowe & Shawyer plant nursery to the west of RAF Uxbridge entered voluntary liquidation. The nursery had stood in Kingston Lane since 1868, and was the largest producer of cut flowers in the country. Demolition work began in 1962, and the construction of Brunel University commenced. Chrysanthemums are included
7260-456: The basic political structure of the later Holy Roman Empire . The early rulers of this Duchy of Saxony expanded their territories, and therefore those of the Holy Roman empire, to the east, at the expense of Slavic-speaking Wends . Before the entry of Saxony into Frankish history, there is possibly a single classical reference to a smaller and much earlier Saxon tribe, but the interpretation of this text ("Axones" in most surviving manuscripts)
7381-412: The brewery, Courage , closed the headquarters in 1964. It was demolished and replaced by a Budgen's supermarket, which in turn was demolished with the construction of The Chimes shopping centre. The brewery building in George Street remained in place until it was demolished in 1967. The office building Harman House was built on the site in 1985, named after the brewery. The main enclosures effected in
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#17328439612857502-443: The building until 1988, when operations moved to a new site in Harefield Road. The building subsequently became the Old Bill public house in 1996, renamed the Fig Tree in 2006. In the early 1900s the Uxbridge and District Electricity Supply Company had been established a power station in Waterloo Road, and much of the town was connected by 1902, although some houses still had gas lighting in 1912. A water tower on Uxbridge Common
7623-463: The coat of arms of the Borough of Uxbridge in memory of the nursery. The Uxbridge (Vine Street) railway branch line , which partly ran alongside the site, was closed in 1964 and in 1966 the university opened, purchasing the land where the railway had run from the local council for £65,000. The Uxbridge Cricket Club moved from Cricketfield Road in 1971 to make way for the new Civic Centre. The club had been at Cricketfield Road since 1858, but moved to
7744-431: The company operating it became insolvent. The slope, which had been built in 1977, was left to return to nature. Work began in 2008 to extensively refurbish and extend Uxbridge Lido, and it reopened to the public in February 2010 as the Hillingdon Sports and Leisure Complex . On 8 September 2010 the 75th anniversary of the first opening of the Lido was celebrated at the pool. Uxbridge is known from tithe assignments to
7865-438: The construction of The Chimes shopping centre; two miles (3.2 km) away at Denham , Upper Paleolithic remains have been found. Uxbridge is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of the 11th century, but a hundred years later St Margaret's Church , was built. The town appears in records from 1107 as "Woxbrigge", and became part of the Elthorne Hundred with other settlements in the area. The Parliamentary Army garrisoned
7986-410: The east and the Nordic paganism of the Vikings to the north. Much Christian literature was produced in the vernacular Old Saxon , the notable ones being a result of the literary output and wide influence of Saxon monasteries such as Fulda , Corvey and Verden ; and the theological controversy between the Augustinian , Gottschalk and Rabanus Maurus . From an early date, Charlemagne and Louis
8107-402: The first centuries of its use the term Saxon was associated with raiders and not associated with any clearly defined homeland, apart from the settlements of Saxons in what are now England and Normandy. It is only much later that the medieval records of the Frankish empire began to refer to a largely inland nation of Saxons in what is now northern Germany. Although it became convenient to refer to
8228-418: The foundation stone was laid at the south end of the chancel arch by the Lord Bishop of London , Archibald Campbell Tait . He returned to consecrate and open the church on the feast day of saints Philip and James, 1 May 1865. The spire was completed the following year. Together with the bells, vestry and organ and other embellishments, the building cost £12,000 (equivalent to £1,450,000 in 2023). After
8349-411: The future king of Italy, who is mentioned in the same part of Gregory's text as a person who subsequently allied with Childeric to fight Alemanni in Italy. In comparison to mentions of the early Saxons raiders and settlers in Britain or Gaul, there are few mentions of the Saxons in Germany before the 8th century. Interpretation of the records is also complicated not only by the continuing references to
8470-441: The general council; twelve representatives from each caste were sent from each Gau . In 782, Charlemagne abolished the system of Gaue and replaced it with the Grafschaftsverfassung , the system of counties typical of Francia . By prohibiting the Marklo councils, Charlemagne pushed the frilingi and lazzi out of political power. The old Saxon system of Abgabengrundherrschaft , lordship based on dues and taxes,
8591-451: The homeland of these Saxons was given by Hilarion who says the Frankish homeland lay between the Saxons and Alemanni . In 441–442 AD, Saxons are mentioned in the Chronica Gallica of 452 which says that the "British provinces, which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes, are reduced to Saxon rule". Some generations later Gildas is generally seen as reporting what happened, although he gave no date. According to him,
8712-533: The king's stubborn attitude. The town had been chosen as it was located between the Royal headquarters at Oxford and the Parliamentary stronghold of London. The covered market was built in 1788, replacing a building constructed in 1561. In the early 19th century, Uxbridge had an unsavoury reputation; the jurist William Arabin said of its residents "They will steal the very teeth out of your mouth as you walk through
8833-652: The king, but, during Charlemagne's campaign in Hispania (778), the Saxons advanced to Deutz on the Rhine and plundered along the river. This was an oft-repeated pattern when Charlemagne was distracted by other matters. Under Carolingian rule , the Saxons were reduced to tributary status. There is evidence that the Saxons, as well as Slavic tributaries such as the Abodrites and the Wends , often provided troops to their Carolingian overlords. The dukes of Saxony became kings ( Henry I ,
8954-554: The land that stood at the back so that a church could be built. The foundation stone was eventually laid on Low Sunday 1931 by Archbishop Alban Goodier, an English Jesuit who had been Archbishop of Bombay between 1919 and 1926. The new church, in Oxford Road, was designed by the diocesan architect, T. H. B. Scott. It was built of brick in the Romanesque style, seating 350. The church was opened by Cardinal Bourne on 29 September 1931 and
9075-683: The language of the Chauci , the language of the Thuringians , and possibly other ancient tribes) prevailed and ultimately formed the basis for the Low Saxon dialects known today, while their speakers retained the tribal name. Bede , a Northumbrian writing around the year 730, remarks that "the old (that is, the continental) Saxons have no king, but they are governed by several ealdormen (or satrapa ) who, during war, cast lots for leadership but who, in time of peace, are equal in power." The regnum Saxonum
9196-501: The languages of the Angles and this particular Saxon group were closely related, a continuum between Anglian and Saxon could form in Britain, which later became English . In the land of the Saxons itself, the departure of a large part of this former elite caused the sociopolitical landscape to change, and the original population, after the departure of the majority of the elite's descendants, became so predominant that their dialects (presumably
9317-597: The main line at the north end connected west towards Denham and east towards West Ruislip . The three junctions were named Denham South, Denham West and Denham East. The curve between the South and East Junctions was little used, and closed during World War I . The locations of the curves joining the main line can be seen in the landscape today, forming the northern perimeters of the park's northern lake and woodland adjacent to Uxbridge Golf Course. The station closed to passengers on 25 September 1939, goods services continued until
9438-540: The most obstinate people of the Saxons with as much determination as the payment of tithes has been exacted, or as the force of the legal decree has been applied for fault of the most trifling sort imaginable, perhaps they would not be averse to their baptismal vows. Charlemagne's successor, Louis the Pious , reportedly treated the Saxons more as Alcuin would have wished, and as a consequence they were faithful subjects. The lower classes, however, revolted against Frankish overlordship in favour of their old paganism as late as
9559-492: The name Saxon supposedly derives. In Estonian , saks means colloquially, 'a wealthy person'. As a result of the Northern Crusades , Estonia 's upper class comprised mostly Baltic Germans, persons of supposedly Saxon origin until well into the 20th century. Following the downfall of Henry the Lion (1129–1195, Duke of Saxony 1142–1180), and the subsequent splitting of the Saxon tribal duchy into several territories,
9680-583: The name of the Saxon duchy was transferred to the lands of the Ascanian family. This led to the differentiation between Lower Saxony (lands settled by the Saxon tribe) and Upper Saxony (the lands belonging to the House of Wettin ). Gradually, the latter region became known as Saxony, ultimately usurping the name's original geographical meaning. The area formerly known as Upper Saxony now lies in Central Germany – in
9801-484: The name of the town Sascut , in present-day Romania, shows. The Finns and Estonians have changed their usage of the root Saxon over the centuries to apply now to the whole country of Germany ( Saksa and Saksamaa respectively) and the Germans ( saksalaiset and sakslased , respectively). The Finnish word sakset ( scissors ) reflects the name of the old Saxon single-edged sword – seax – from which
9922-524: The neighbouring county of Buckinghamshire . Uxbridge is centred 15.4 miles (24.8 km) from Charing Cross in Central London; 3 miles (4.8 km) from Hayes ; 3.1 miles (5.0 km) from Ruislip ; 4.7 miles (7.6 km) from Northolt ; 5.4 miles (8.7 km) from Slough ; and 12.8 miles (20.6 km) from High Wycombe . The table below shows housing data for Uxbridge, broadly defined, and its neighbourhoods. The population of Uxbridge North
10043-556: The new development; built in the 19th century, they now house a Pizza Express restaurant. Preserved timber from earlier demolished buildings in Uxbridge was used in the construction of a new building beside the former offices of Fassnidge, designed to resemble a much older structure. In 2002 the dry ski slope near Park Road and the Uxbridge Lido was closed and the remaining buildings and structures removed. The Hillingdon Ski Centre had been subject to several arson attacks during 2001 and
10164-486: The north by, in a similar sense to the much later term Viking . These early raiders and settlers came from coastal regions north of the Rhine . They included Frisians , Angles and Jutes , as well as people from the coastal part of what came to be called Saxony. One of the first writers to mention a country called Saxony appears to have been an Ostrogothic geographer of Italy named Marcomir. The much later Ravenna Cosmography which reproduces some of his reports uses
10285-565: The opening of the Great Western Railway in 1838, which passed through West Drayton . A branch line to Uxbridge was opened in 1856, but it was the opening of the Metropolitan Line in 1904 which restarted Uxbridge's growth by giving the town its first direct link to London. Harman's Brewery was established in Uxbridge by George Harman in 1763, and moved into its new headquarters in Uxbridge High Street in 1875. The eventual owners of
10406-477: The other Saxons, but also because the German Saxons possibly weren't originally unified within one Saxon political entity. It is therefore not clear whether some early continental "Saxons" could also sometimes have come under other designations such as Warini , Frisians or Thuringians . Nevertheless some records during Merovingian times are clearly about Saxons living within what is now Northern Germany, north of
10527-430: The parish of Hillingdon, by statute in 1819, saw the reduction of Uxbridge Common, which at its largest had been 4 miles (6.4 km) in circumference. It originally straddled Park Road, north of the town centre, but now covers 15 acres (6.1 ha). In 1871 the town's first purpose-built police station was built in Windsor Street. The building included three cells and stables. The Metropolitan Police continued to use
10648-487: The peoples to the east including not only the Bavarians, Swabians and Thuringians, which were long under Frankish rule, but also the Saxons and Frisians. They also pressured the Saxons and Frisians to convert to Christianity. In 804 the emperor Charlemagne conquered the Saxons, and incorporated the Saxons into the Frankish empire as a Stem Duchy, similar to the older ones although there is no evidence that it had previously been
10769-586: The period, but by the time of Bede in the 8th century most of England was ruled by Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the 460s, an apparent fragment of a chronicle preserved in the History of the Franks of Gregory of Tours , gives a confusing report about a number of battles involving one " Adovacrius " who led a group of Saxons based upon islands somewhere near the mouth of the Loire . He took hostages at Anger in France, but his force
10890-457: The random decision-making. There were also sacred rituals and objects, such as the pillars called Irminsul ; these were believed to connect heaven and earth, as with other examples of trees or ladders to heaven in numerous religions. Charlemagne had one such pillar chopped down in 772 close to the Eresburg stronghold. Early Saxon religious practices in Britain can be gleaned from place names and
11011-524: The same derivation, as do the words used in Welsh to describe the English people ( Saeson , singular Sais ) and the language and things English in general: Saesneg and Seisnig . Cornish terms the English Sawsnek , from the same derivation. In the 16th century Cornish-speakers used the phrase Meea navidna cowza sawzneck to feign ignorance of the English language. The Cornish words for
11132-463: The shopfront was saved by the Museum of London and is held in storage. The Chimes shopping centre was built beside Uxbridge station in 2001, incorporating many of the existing buildings into the new structure. The centre was originally to be named St George's Centre in plans dating back to the early 1990s, though this name was eventually taken by another shopping centre in Harrow . Instead, The Chimes
11253-430: The station closed completely on 24 February 1964. Most services from Uxbridge High Street ran to Denham via Denham West Junction, with some extended two stations further west to Gerrards Cross . 51°33′01″N 0°29′00″W / 51.5504°N 0.4833°W / 51.5504; -0.4833 Uxbridge Uxbridge ( / ˈ ʌ k s b r ɪ dʒ / ) is a suburban town in west London , England, and
11374-569: The streets. I know it from experience." For about 200 years most of London's flour was produced in the Uxbridge area. The Grand Junction Canal opened in 1794, linking Uxbridge with Birmingham and the River Thames at Brentford . By 1800 Uxbridge had become one of the most important market towns in Middlesex , helped by its status as the first stopping point for stagecoaches travelling from London to Oxford. The development of Uxbridge declined after
11495-572: The term "Old Saxony" to refer to the continental homeland of the British Saxons who the writer understood to have come from this Old Saxony with a leader named Ansehis . It describes the lands of this Old Saxony as lying on the ocean coast, between Frisia and the Danes. It contained the rivers "Lamizon", "Ipada", "Lippa" and "Limac", which are generally interpreted as the Ems , Pader , Lippe and Leine . Today
11616-404: The three castes, excluding slaves, were called the edhilingui (related to the term aetheling ), frilingi and lazzi . These terms were subsequently Latinised as nobiles or nobiliores ; ingenui , ingenuiles or liberi ; and liberti , liti or serviles . According to very early traditions that are presumed to contain a good deal of historical truth,
11737-624: The time of the 2011 UK Census , the population of Uxbridge had reached 12,048 in Uxbridge North and 13,979 in Uxbridge South. The most common ethnic group in Uxbridge North was White British (69.8%), followed by Asian or Asian British (19.5%) and Black or Black British (4.1%). The remaining percentage was made up of mixed-race and other unspecified ethnic groups. White British was also the largest ethnic group in Uxbridge South, at 62.1%, followed by Asian or Asian British (22.6%), Black or Black British (7.3%) and mixed-race (4.3%). The remaining percentage
11858-563: The town centre is pedestrianised. Just off the High Street is Windsor Street, a short street with older shops. The town centre consists of retail outlets and office buildings, including the main UK and European offices of international companies such as Coca-Cola European Partners , Cadbury , Xerox , General Mills , F. Hinds , PAREXEL , Arri , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Monster Energy, APL , Herbalife Europe. Other employers include NetApp , Anixter International , PricewaterhouseCoopers , WMS Gaming , IBB Solicitors and Nexen . Within
11979-634: The town upon the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 and established their headquarters there in June 1647 on a line from Staines to Watford , although the king passed through Uxbridge in April 1646, resting at the Red Lion public house for several hours. Charles I met with representatives of Parliament at the Crown Inn in Uxbridge in 1645, but negotiations for the end of hostilities were unsuccessful due in part to
12100-556: The union of the Saxons with the rest of the Frankish empire. Their sacred tree or pillar, a symbol of Irminsul , was destroyed. Charlemagne deported 10,000 Nordalbingian Saxons to Neustria and gave their largely vacant lands in Wagria (approximately modern Plön and Ostholstein districts) to the loyal king of the Abotrites . Einhard , Charlemagne's biographer, says on the closing of this grand conflict: The war that had lasted so many years
12221-538: The vicar of Hillingdon in 1281 and hundreds of later documents as a chapelry in the large parish of Hillingdon ; the town core was upgraded to a full parish (and thus its large chapel to a church) in 1827. Eleven years later a parish of Saint John was added in Uxbridge Moor, Hillingdon. A parish of Saint Andrew, Uxbridge, was added in 1865. From Tudor times, parishes had a select or elect vestry which determined much local maintenance, including poor relief, but under
12342-585: The west near the Lippe, Ems and Weser, and further east, neighbouring Thuringia and Bohemia . Later medieval sources referred to this eastern area as "North Swabia". Charlemagne conquered all the Saxons after winning the long Saxon Wars (772–804), and forced them to convert to Christianity , annexing Saxony into the Carolingian domain. Under the Carolingian Franks, Saxony became a single duchy, fitting it within
12463-416: The whole of their kingdom. Since then, this part of eastern Germany has been referred to as Saxony ( German : Sachsen ), a source of some misunderstanding about the original homeland of the Saxons, with a central part in the present-day German state of Lower Saxony (German: Niedersachsen ). Old English, associated with the Saxons in England, was closer to later recorded dialects of Old Frisian than
12584-448: The word in English. The Gaelic name for England is Sasann (older spelling: Sasunn , genitive : Sasainn ), and Sasannach (formed with a common adjective suffix -ach ) means 'English' in reference to people and things, though not when naming the English language, which is Béarla . Sasanach , the Irish word for an Englishman (with Sasana meaning England), has
12705-683: The work of Paul the Deacon , to distinguish the Germanic-speaking inhabitants of Britain from continental Saxons. However, both the Saxons of Britain and those of Old Saxony in northern Germany long continued to be referred to as "Saxons" in an indiscriminate manner. The name of the Saxons has traditionally been said to derive from a kind of knife used in this period and called a seax in Old English, and sachs in Old High German . During
12826-561: Was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the king; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people. The Saxons long resisted becoming Christians and being incorporated into the orbit of the Frankish kingdom . In 776 the Saxons promised to convert to Christianity and vow loyalty to
12947-597: Was built in 1906, resembling a church tower, to improve the supply to the town. Wood panelling from a room in the Crown & Treaty public house was sold in 1924 to an American businessman, who installed it in his office in the Empire State Building in New York. It was returned in 1953 as a gift to the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II and returned to the house, although the monarch retained ownership. On 31 August 1935 Uxbridge Lido, an outdoor swimming pool built in
13068-465: Was composed of nine forts stretching around the south-eastern corner of England. On the other side of the English channel two coastal military commands were created, over the Tractus Armoricanus in what is now Brittany and Normandy, and the coast of Belgica Secunda in what later became Flanders and Picardy. The Notitia Dignitatum also lists the existence of a Saxon military unit (an Ala ) in
13189-451: Was divided into three provinces – Westphalia , Eastphalia and Angria – which comprised about one hundred pagi or Gaue . Each Gau had its own satrap with enough military power to level whole villages that opposed him. In the mid-9th century, Nithard first described the social structure of the Saxons beneath their leaders. The caste structure was rigid; in the Saxon language
13310-480: Was estimated in 2009 by the Office for National Statistics as 11,812, and 11,887 for Uxbridge South. Around 85% of residents of Uxbridge North are White , 6% more than both the borough average and Uxbridge South. Other residents are mixed-race, Asian or Asian British , Black or Black British , and Chinese or other ethnic groups. Uxbridge South has more Black and Chinese residents than any other Hillingdon ward. By
13431-405: Was founded at Dorchester . The South Saxons were first evangelised extensively under Anglian influence; Aethelwalh of Sussex was converted by Wulfhere , King of Mercia and allowed Wilfrid , Bishop of York , to evangelise his people beginning in 681. The chief South Saxon bishopric was that of Selsey . The East Saxons were more pagan than the southern or western Saxons; their territory had
13552-532: Was fully refurbished during 2009 and re-opened in May 2010. Added to the site, now named Hillingdon Sports and Leisure Complex, is a 50 m indoor competition pool, a leisure pool, a 100-station gym, a wide range of exercise classes, an athletics stadium and track, 3G floodlit pitches, a sports hall, a café and a crèche. The Grade II listed buildings are still standing. During the Second World War Uxbridge adopted
13673-403: Was helped by his nephew John, who acted as his assistant priest. They covered an extensive area, including the modern Catholic parishes of Ruislip and Hillingdon. The mission grew and by 1907 the congregation numbered 150, with school attendance at 60. In time plans were made for a larger, more permanent church. This was led by Father Thomas Moloney, who bought the current presbytery and acquired
13794-405: Was made up of other unspecified ethnic groups. Uxbridge North's largest sector of employment, according to the 2001 and 2011 censuses, was management. The life expectancy for men was estimated at 77 years in Uxbridge North, compared with 74 years in Uxbridge South. The figures for women are 83 years in Uxbridge North and 81 years in Uxbridge South. In the 2011 census, 72.8% of residents in
13915-485: Was officially consecrated on 14 May 1936, after its debts were cleared. The Redeemed Christian Church of God is based at 2 Harefield Road, worship is in the Kate Fasnidge Hall, it is contemporary and Pentecostal. As of 2012, Uxbridge had 112,175 square metres (1,207,440 sq ft) of town centre floorspace. Uxbridge has two shopping centres, The Pavilions and The Chimes (formerly Intu Uxbridge). Much of
14036-584: Was placed in the church soon afterwards, dating from about 1480. For most of its history, St Margaret's served as a chapel-of-ease to St John the Baptist's Church in Hillingdon; it was not until 1827 that it was given its own parish. By the 1850s the population of both Hillingdon and Uxbridge was beginning to rise. With new housing being built between the two centres the then Vicar of Hillingdon, Rev. Richard Croft (served 1856–69) gained permission to build
14157-469: Was replaced by a form of feudalism based on service and labour, personal relationships and oaths. Saxon religious practices were closely related to their political practices. The annual councils of the entire tribe began with invocations of the gods. The procedure by which dukes were elected in wartime, by drawing lots, is presumed to have had religious significance, i.e. in giving trust to divine providence – it seems – to guide
14278-494: Was said to refer to the sound of the bells from the nearby market house on the High Street. An Odeon cinema opened as a major part of the centre, with the smaller cinema at the opposite end of the High Street closing. Some houses on Chippendale Way and the St George's car park were demolished to allow for the construction of the new shopping centre car park. The offices of the local building company Fassnidge were also included in
14399-484: Was significantly different from their own, i.e. belonging to the Weser–Rhine Germanic grouping, over whom they then formed an elite, lending their name to the subsequent tribal federation and region as a whole. Later, during the 5th century, as the Angles started migrating to Britain, the descendants of this elite joined them, while the descendants of the native inhabitants did not, or at least not significantly. As
14520-507: Was sometimes written of as the Saxon homeland. To avoid confusion, already in the 8th century authors such as Bede sometimes referred to the Saxons of Saxony in Germany as the "old Saxons", and their country as "old Saxony", and this differentiation is still often used by historians today when discussing this period. In contrast, the settlers once called Saxons in England became part of a new Old English -speaking nation, now commonly referred to as
14641-426: Was subsequently retaken by Roman and Frankish forces led by Childeric I . A "great war was waged between the Saxons and the Romans but the Saxons, turning their backs, with the Romans pursuing, lost many of their men to the sword. Their islands were captured and ravaged by the Franks, many people being killed." Though there is no consensus, many historians believe that this Adovacrius may be the same person as Odoacer ,
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