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68-504: The Utinga State Park is in the city of Belém, Pará, within the Metropolitan Belém Environmental Protection Area (APA). It has an area of 1,393 hectares (3,440 acres). It is divided between the municipalities of Belém (99%) and Ananindeua (1%). It is just a few kilometers from the city center. The park is a fully protected conservation unit, so direct exploitation of resources such as hunting or fishing in

136-425: A sagittal crest , which is lacking in gracile capuchins, and larger, thicker mandibles than gracile capuchins. Some of these differences, such as the sagittal crest, the mandibles and teeth reflect robust capuchins' diet, which includes hard nuts and palm fruits that are difficult for gracile capuchins to consume. Robust capuchins also have some uniformly consistent features of their fur. All robust capuchins have

204-570: A Navy Corvette , it is followed by dozens of boats and ships through the waters of Guajará Bay to the pier of Belém, from where it is escorted all the way to the Gentil Bittencourt School. The subsequent candle-lit procession symbolizes the story of the discovery of the Saint and its return to where it was found. The procession follows the Carriage, to which a huge rope is tied, which is carried by

272-533: A fruit named "Cupuaçu", comes from the Cupuaçu tree, found in the Amazonian woods. Cupuaçu is easily identified by its unique smell and sour taste. Its pulp is also extracted to make juices, candies, jellies, liquors, and ice cream. Açaí is a palm tree with a long, thin stem. The palm fruits from this tree are purple in color with a earthy and fruity taste. Long prized by the local population, it recently it has also reached

340-588: A reference to an earlier name for the city, Santa Maria de Belém do Grão Pará ("Saint Mary of Bethlehem of Great Pará"), and also to differentiate it from a number of other towns called Belém in Brazil, as well as the city of Bethlehem in the West Bank of Palestine. It is named after Santa Maria de Belém in Lisbon, also better known by its shortened name, Belém . Belém is served by Belém International Airport , which connects

408-450: A small chapel on the edge of the creek. This episode was regarded as miraculous throughout the region. It attracted hundreds of believers to see the image and pay homage to it. Since then, the Círio has been celebrated as a long procession lasting around five hours, in which thousands of people follow the statue through the streets of Belém. The Círio festival is regarded as the " Christmas of

476-452: A sound system, air conditioning, and public telephones. Currently Belém International Airport serves 2.7 million passengers a year, in a constructed area of 33,255.17 square metres (357,955.67 square feet). Traditionally called Belém Airport, it is responsible for increasing tourism in the Amazon region, as well as for the outflow of products and attracting new investments. The passenger terminal

544-529: A tuft of fur on their head, at least to some extent, while no male gracile capuchins have such a tuft. They also all have a beard to some degree, which gracile capuchins lack. All robust capuchins have dark fur along their " sideburns " and above their eyes. Some robust capuchins species are known to use stone tools in the wild. These are used to habitually crack open nuts and other shelled fruits, seeds and even oysters . Male capuchins use tools to crack open nuts more frequently than females and body mass

612-445: Is a private investment, owner Jorge Arthur Aarão Monteiro, authorized and licensed by IBAMA to function as C class zoo, the only category of Pará There are four different species of alligators in a population of thousands of individuals, highlighting açu for alligator, monkeys, anteaters, and the otters, hyacinth macaw, papagaios, tucannos, pacaranas, harpy eagle, among other animals. Also see the city turistic website here. Inspired by

680-530: Is approximately the same time that humans and chimpanzees are believed to have diverged. In contrast, capuchins diverged from their nearest common relative, squirrel monkeys , over 13 million years ago. Lynch Alfaro suggested that the formation of the Amazon River may have caused the split that led to separation of robust and gracile capuchins. The robust capuchins then evolved in the Atlantic forest , while

748-411: Is fully air conditioned on two levels and has "futuristic" architecture, designed to take advantage of natural lighting. People with special needs have individualized service with own equipment at specific locations to facilitate their access. The terminal's interior is decorated with plants native to the Amazon region and is enclosed by a source able to imitate the sound of the rains that fall every day in

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816-424: Is just a few kilometers from the city center. There are eight trails, all providing direct contact with various species of flora and fauna. The most popular is the monkey trail, which takes about 40 minutes and goes from Bolonha lake to the visitor center, where other activities are available. Visitors can also learn about the water treatment plant that supplies Belém. Located less than 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) from

884-496: Is located near to the old Mercado de Ferro (Iron market), on the quays . The river island of Mosqueiro , 67 km (42 mi) north of the heart of the city, attracts beach tourists in the dry season. Belém International Airport is the major airport serving the city of Belém. The building design uses plane curves on its roof to permit light to enter its entire large terminal hall. The architect Sérgio Parada used adopted multiple-use totems integrated with light projectors,

952-461: Is part of the IAAF World Challenge as well as Sport Club Belém and the aforementioned teams for large matches. União Esportiva used to be a relatively successful club based in the city but was disbanded in 1965. Belém has a modern appearance with tree-lined streets, several plazas and public gardens, and many noteworthy buildings. The north's leading educational and cultural centre, it

1020-534: Is the 12th most populous city in Brazil, as well as the 16th by economic relevance . It is the second largest in the North Region , second only to Manaus , in the state of Amazonas . Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal , Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775. The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers . The colonial portion retains

1088-687: Is the capital and largest city of the state of Pará in the north of Brazil . It is the gateway to the Amazon River with a busy port , airport , and bus/coach station . Belém lies approximately 100 km (62.1 miles ) upriver from the Atlantic Ocean , on the Pará River , which is part of the greater Amazon River system, separated from the larger part of the Amazon delta by Ilha de Marajó ( Marajo Island ). With an estimated population of 1,303,403 people — or 2,491,052, considering its metropolitan area — it

1156-541: Is the seat of a bishopric , and its cathedral (Igreja da Sé, founded in 1917) is one of Brazil's largest. Santo Alexandre, the oldest of Belém's churches, was built in 1616. The Museu (museum) Paraense Emílio Goeldi , the Teatro da Paz (a classical theatre), and the public library and archives are other notable institutions. The Universidade Federal do Pará (1957), a teacher-training school, an agricultural institute, and an institute for research on tropical diseases are also in

1224-433: Is thought to reflect the advantage of the adaptations for durophagy in the robust forms, which allow them to exploit hard nuts, palm fruit and unripe fruit, while gracile forms are more restricted to ripe fruit. In general, robust capuchins seem to be more flexible in their diet. Robust capuchins differ in morphology from gracile capuchins in a number of respects. Some of these are related to behavioral differences between

1292-655: The Bois de Boulogne Park in Paris, the Rodrigues Alves Wood is a little piece of Amazonia preserved in the middle of the city. Comprising 16 hectares , in the ample Avenida Almirante Barroso , one of the city's busiest thoroughfares, having 2,500 native species, an orchidary, lakes, caverns, waterfalls and even a replica of a mountain. There you can see small animals characteristic to the region, such as squirrel monkeys , agoutis and macaws . The Estação das Docas Complex reopened

1360-790: The Brazilian Air Force , is located in Belém. BR-316 is the major access highway for those coming from the Northeastern Brazil. For visitors from the Southern, Southeastern, and Mid-Eastern Regions, the best route is BR-010 , which originates in Brasília in the South, and also PA-150, a route that links Belém to Southern Pará. Belém can be reached by the Tocantins River and Amazonas River and by

1428-475: The Intertropical Convergence Zone than the maritime trade winds , and with no cyclones , that is a true equatorial climate. In all 12 months of the year, the city on average sees more than 60 mm of rainfall, so the city has no true dry season month. However, Belém features noticeably wetter and drier seasons. The wetter season spans from December through May, while the drier season covers

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1496-535: The capuchin monkeys in 1949 and 1960, respectively. These taxonomies included all robust capuchins, described then as the tufted group, in the single species Cebus apella , while three gracile (untufted) capuchin species were recognized. Over time, the original C. apella was split into the additional species of robust capuchin monkeys recognized today. In 2001, Silva published a study in which he found greater genetic diversity among robust capuchins than among gracile capuchins. Silva's study also concluded that due to

1564-520: The entrepôt for the Amazon valley. The municipality includes the islands of Mosqueiro , fringed by 14 freshwater beaches, and Caratateua which receive a large number of visitors in summertime. In addition to these and also near Belém, is the island of Tatuoca which is the location of one of the seven geophysical stations in the world, and the only station in Latin America . Belém has a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen : Af ) more subject to

1632-591: The procession of the Círio of Nazaré. This tradition started when a farmer and lumberman called Plácido José de Souza found an image of the Virgin and Child on the edge of the Murucutu creek, where the Basilica of Our Lady of Nazareth of Exile stands today. He decided to take the image home. However, the image would mysteriously go back to the place where it was initially found every time he took it home. So Plácido decided to build

1700-516: The 17250 capacity Baenão ; and Tuna Luso-Brasileira based in Souza play at the much smaller 6500 Estádio Francisco Vasques . The latter stadium is currently the home of Clube Municipal Ananindeua who represent the very large suburb of Ananindeua . The Estádio Olímpico do Pará is the biggest in the city and hosts 45,000 spectators, the stadium hosts the Grande Premio Brasil de Atletismo , that

1768-1524: The APA include spiders such as tarantulas , Brazilian wandering spiders , recluse spiders and Sibynomorphus mikanii ; snakes such as water snakes, Coral snakes , false corals , Bothrops jararaca , boa constrictors , anacondas , Corallus hortulanus , Oxybelis fulgidus , Chironius and Sibynomorphus mikanii ; amphibians such as Hylomantis granulosa , Rhinella , Leptodactylus labyrinthicus and Tropidurus semitaeniatus , reptiles such as iguana and spectacled caiman ; primates such as robust capuchin monkeys , common squirrel monkey , pale-throated sloth ; and other mammals such as coatis , paca , common agouti and capybara . Birds include toucans , black-necked aracari ( Pteroglossus aracari ), hummingbirds , Amazon kingfisher ( Chloroceryle amazona ), collared puffbird ( Bucco capensis ), great kiskadee ( Pitangus sulphuratus ), cream-colored woodpecker ( Celeus flavus ), neotropic cormorant ( Phalacrocorax brasilianus ), anhinga ( Anhinga anhinga ), bananaquit ( Coereba flaveola ), plain parakeet ( Brotogeris tirica ), great egret ( Ardea alba ), barn owl ( Tyto alba ), laughing falcon ( Herpetotheres cachinnans ), bat falcon ( Falco rufigularis ), southern lapwing ( Vanellus chilensis ), pauraque ( Nyctidromus albicollis ), wattled jacana ( Jacana jacana ), chestnut-bellied seed finch ( Oryzoborus angolensis ) and tropical screech owl ( Megascops choliba ). As of 2013

1836-678: The APA is very rich, and contributes environmental services to the city such as regulating the microclimate, ensuring soil stability, conserving good quality water, cleaning the air and storing carbon. Trees include the Carapa (andiroba), which gives seeds with medicinal properties, the huge Ceiba pentandra (samaúma) and the Brazil nut . A quick ecological assessment of fauna in the park identified 25 species of fish, 7 species of amphibians, 26 species of reptiles, 193 species of birds, 3 species of small mammals and 23 of medium and large mammals. Common fauna in

1904-471: The Amazon" because everyone is involved in the arrangements to receive the saint. In early September, minor celebrations take place as a spiritual preparation for the Círio, with thousands of images scattered all over the capital and neighboring cities. In time it became necessary to incorporate new elements into the tradition due to the people's desire to honor their patron saint. On the Saturday morning prior to

1972-757: The Atlantic Ocean. The EF-151 railway, known as "Ferrovia Norte-Sul", literally meaning "North-South Railway", is being extended to run until the city of Barcarena , that is about 111 km away by road. When construction is finished, Barcarena will be linked with important cities, like Imperatriz , Porto Nacional , Anápolis and Panorama . Robust capuchin monkey     S. apella     S. cay     S. flavius     S. libidinosus     S. macrocephalus     S. nigritus     S. robustus     S. xanthosternos Robust capuchin monkeys are capuchin monkeys in

2040-400: The Belém region was important up to the end of the 17th century. Thereafter the city's economic importance alternately rose and fell. Cattle ranching supplanted sugar until the 18th century, when cultivation of rice, cotton and coffee became profitable. With the settlement of southern Brazil , where such crops could be produced more efficiently, Belém declined again. The city subsequently became

2108-644: The Children's Círio, and its procession, held two Sundays after the Círio. The Re-Círio marks the end of the celebrations, with a shorter course back to the Gentil Bittencourt chapel. Built in a 23,000-square-metre area, the Hangar Convention and Fair Center of the Amazon has 12 rooms, ticket offices, baggage keeping, press room, and a food court , distributed in two big buildings with a parking lot for 800 vehicles. Genuine Amazonian trees will soon be planted in

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2176-508: The Círio procession the statue is taken to the square of Ananindeua , a nearby city, to begin a Road Pilgrimage to the Icoaraci pier for a Mass . The river pilgrimage then begins. It was created to honor the "water men" who regard the Virgin of Nazareth as their patron saint. There is a traditional ship contest to award the most originally decorated boat. When the Sacred Image leaves Icoaraci in

2244-671: The Fortaleza de São Pedro Nolasco Memorial There is also a fluvial station and extensive external area. Created in 1688, as a result of the Portuguese deciding to levy a tax for everything entering and leaving Amazonia. Despite resembling a large retailer, the mixture of colours, fragrances and objects is very interesting as well as folkloric. Medicinal herbs, various regional fruits, arts and crafts, domestic utilities, meats, fish and seasonings and spices can be found there. The Market brings together two thousand stalls and traders in every part and

2312-507: The ancestral composition of the population of Belém is: 68.6% European ancestry, followed by 20.9% Amerindian ancestry and 10.6% African ancestry. Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. But English and Spanish are part of the official high school curriculum. On the second Sunday in October, Pará celebrates the largest religious event in Brazil:

2380-433: The bay for the main channel, and thirty leagues (178 km) upstream, he built a wooden fort, covered with straw, which he called "Presépio" (nativity scene), now known as "Forte do Castelo". The colony formed by the fort was given the name Feliz Lusitânia, "Fortunate Lusitania". It was the embryo of the future city of Belém. The fort failed to suppress Dutch and French trading, but did ward off colonization. Feliz Lusitânia

2448-429: The capital city itself had a population density of 1,337.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,463/sq mi). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 806,103 Pardo (Multiracial) people (61.8%), 342,476 White (26.3%), 149,395 Black (11.5%), 3,298 Asian people (0.3%) and 2,069 Amerindian people (0.2%). According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011,

2516-674: The captaincy of Bahia commanded a military expedition sent by the Governor General of Brazil to check the trading excursions of foreigners (French, Dutch, English) up the river (Amazon) from the Cabo do Norte in Grão Pará. On January 12, 1616, he anchored in what is now known as Guajará Bay , formed by the confluence of the Para and Guamá Rivers, called by the Tupinambás , "Guaçu Paraná". Caldeira mistook

2584-490: The carriage as bells toll and fireworks explode. The main procession then goes through the streets of the city to the Architectonic Centre of Nazareth, known for its Sanctuary Square. As it arrives at the square, the image is removed from the carriage for the celebration of a Mass and then lifted so that everybody will be blessed by the patron saint of Pará. The festivities last 15 days, with religious celebrations, like

2652-602: The center of Belém, in the Tenoné neighborhood, the Bioparque Amazônia Safari – Crocodilo Safari Zoo, is surrounded by forests, rivers and streams. Summary of the Amazon landscape with lush flora and fauna, the zoo has about 14 miles (23 kilometres) of trails in an area composed of four interconnected ecosystems. The Museum of Paleontology and Malacology had a collection of three thousand pieces of exposed shells and mollusks collected from all continents. Bioparque The Amazon

2720-624: The charm of tree-filled squares , churches and traditional blue tiles. The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times. Recently, it witnessed a skyscraper boom. Belém is also known as the Metropolis of the Brazilian Amazon region or the Cidade das Mangueiras (City of Mango Trees) due to the vast number of those trees found in the city. Brazilians often refer to the city as Belém do Pará ("Belém of Pará") rather than just Belém ,

2788-868: The city with the rest of Brazil and other cities in South America, North America (United States) and Europe (Lisbon). The city is also home to the Federal University of Pará and the State University of Pará. Belém is the Portuguese name for Bethlehem , and has its origin in Hebrew which means "the house of bread". Initially the city was called "St. Mary of Bethlehem of Pará" ( Portuguese : Santa Maria de Belém do Pará ) or "Our Lady of Bethlehem of Greater Pará" ( Portuguese : Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará ), eventually shortened to Belém do Pará (name given by Philip III of Spain ), in reference to Christmas;

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2856-568: The city. The Ver-o-Peso (Portuguese: "see the weight") market in the old port centre is a major tourist attraction. The city is also home to a large football stadium, the Estádio Olímpico do Pará . The municipality of Belém contains 99% of the Utinga State Park , created in 1993 to protect the metropolitan area's water supply. The park provides a space for healthy activities in contact with nature by local people, visitors or tourists. It

2924-579: The country. According to the Brazilian Association of Convention and Fair Centers (ABRACCEF), there are 17,500 events happening on average throughout the 53 main convention and exhibition centres of Brazil. These activities bring together approximately 28 million participants. Belém has great potential for this type of tourism. In many ways, Belém's colonial architecture reflects the seventeenth-century architecture of Lisbon in Portugal which served as

2992-575: The day when captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco left from the city of São Luís in 1615 to conquer the lands of Pará . [REDACTED] Portuguese Empire 1616–1815 [REDACTED] United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815–1823 [REDACTED]   Empire of Brazil 1823–1889 [REDACTED] Republic of Brazil 1889–present In 1615, Portuguese captain-general Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco of

3060-527: The differences between robust and gracile capuchins, the two groups should at least be placed in separate subgenera within the genus Cebus , offering Sapajus as the subgenus name for robust capuchins. After further studies of the morphology and genetics of the capuchin monkeys, Lynch Alfaro, Silva and Rylands proposed elevating Sapajus to a separate genus in 2012. The genetic studies led by Lynch Alfaro concluded that robust and gracile capuchin monkey genera diverged about 6.2 million years ago. This

3128-620: The faithful until the procession arrives at the Sé Cathedral. During the procession, there is a fireworks show, sponsored by the Stevedores ' Union, marking the passage of the Saint until its arrival at the Cathedral . At daybreak of the next day, the faithful start to gather at the Old City, believing that this will bring them closer to the Virgin. At 7 o'clock, the archbishop conducts the image to

3196-692: The genus Sapajus . Formerly, all capuchin monkeys were placed in the genus Cebus . Sapajus was erected in 2012 by Jessica Lynch Alfaro et al. to differentiate the robust (tufted) capuchin monkeys (formerly the C. apella group) from the gracile capuchin monkeys (formerly the C. capucinus group), which remain in Cebus . Based on the species and subspecies proposed by Groves in 2001 and 2005, robust capuchin monkey taxa include: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] S. flavius

3264-568: The gracile capuchins evolved in the Amazon . In the late Pleistocene , about 400,000 years ago, robust capuchins began to expand their range northwards into the Cerrado and the Amazon. In some of these areas robust capuchins outcompeted gracile capuchins, and are now the only capuchin monkeys in the area, while particularly in the north Amazon, robust capuchins are sympatric with gracile capuchins. In areas of sympatry, robust capuchins achieve higher population densities than gracile capuchins. This

3332-507: The inspiration for the main housing projects of the time, with the frequent use of tile-hung façades. Neoclassical architecture is also present in buildings such as the Theatro da Paz , built in 1874. Many of the buildings at the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century also echo French architecture . The local Amerindian culture makes use of local ingredients to create the colors and flavors of its cuisine. One such ingredient,

3400-453: The lakes is prohibited. Sustainable use of natural resources is allowed in the APA, which covers the entire catchment area of the Água Preta and Bolonha lakes and the Aurá River. The Metropolitan Belém Environmental Protection Area (APA) was created by decree 1.551 of 3 May 1993 in the municipalities of Belém and Ananindeua , with an area of about 7,500 hectares (19,000 acres), administered by

3468-407: The landscape, forests and other types of vegetation, preserve representative samples of biodiversity as a gene bank and protect animals that take refuge in the park due to expansion of the surrounding urban areas; and to preserve a green space to improve the quality of life of the population and support scientific, cultural, educational and recreational activities and tourism. The management council

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3536-845: The largest fluvial island in the world, which lies just across the Rio Pará from Belém, has some livestock grazing. Electricity is provided by the massive Tucuruí Dam , some 300 km southwest of the city on the Tocantins River. According to the IBGE of 2018, there were 2,491,052 people residing in the Metropolitan Region of Belém. This region is composed by 7 cities: Belém (1,485.732 people), Ananindeua (525,566 people), Marituba (129,321 people), Benevides (61,689 people), Santa Bárbara do Pará (20,704 people), Santa Izabel do Pará (69,746 people), and Castanhal (198,294 people). In 2012, according to IBGE,

3604-506: The largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . More than one-third of all species in

3672-455: The main exporting centre of the Amazon rubber industry, and by 1866 its position was further enhanced by the opening of the Amazon , Tocantins and Tapajós rivers to navigation. The importance of Belém was then somewhat reduced by the development of the Port of Manaus upriver. The rubber era ended after the boom of 1910–12, but Belém continued to be the main commercial centre of northern Brazil and

3740-431: The monkey trek, which takes about 40 minutes and goes from Bolonha lake to the visitor center, where other activities are available. Guided tours are available for groups of 7 to 35 people. Visitors can also learn about the water treatment plant that supplies Belém. The vegetation is in the Amazon biome and includes terra firme forest, secondary forest and igapó flooded forest, as well as aquatic vegetation. The flora of

3808-752: The national menu. Belém has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015. The World Social Forum 2009 took place from January 27 to February 1 in Belém. The three main football teams in Pará are based in Belém: Paysandu , Remo and Tuna Luso . Paysandu based in São Braz, play at the 16200 capacity Estádio da Curuzú , the oldest stadium of Pará state; Remo, based in Travessa Antônio Baena, play at

3876-553: The outdoor area. With Hangar, Belém joins the market for national conventions that take place in a different city each time, such as the Brazilian Computer Society Congress. National conventions had not been held in the Northern region previously. Hangar, whose auditorium has room for 2,160 participants, has some of the best technologies available in the world and is the most modern and functional space for events in

3944-634: The process of indemnifying former owners was incomplete. Issues included illegal entry, hunting and fishing, construction of irregular housing, unregulated leisure activities, disposal of household waste and sewage in the lakes, and trimming of trees in the ELETRONORTE and COSANPA power corridors. Bel%C3%A9m Belém ( [beˈlẽj] ; Portuguese for Bethlehem ; initially called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará , in English Our Lady of Bethlehem of Great Pará ), often called Belém of Pará ,

4012-514: The region. There also used to exist a smaller Brig. Protásio de Oliveira Airport (Júlio César) , also administrated by Infraero, which was used for general aviation, in January, 1st, 2022 it was taken out of service and the area it occupied is going to be turned into a park, its functions were transferred to the main Belém Airport. Belém Air Force Base – ALA9 , one of their most important bases of

4080-400: The remaining six months of the year. Like many cities with a tropical rainforest climate, average temperatures vary little throughout the course of the year, generally hovering around 26.5 degrees Celsius. Due to its location in the Amazon, tropical rainforest is the natural vegetation in and around the city. The Amazon represents more than half the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises

4148-456: The state environmental secretariat (SEMA). The Utinga State Park was created by decree 1.552 of 3 May 1993. The management plan was published in 1994. The goals are to extend the useful life of the Bolonha and Água Preta lakes, which supply about 60% of the population of the metropolitan region, and ensure water potability through management of water sources and recovery of degraded areas; to protect

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4216-465: The two genera. Robust capuchins have shorter limbs relative to body size than gracile capuchins. There are significant differences between the skulls of robust and gracile capuchins, particularly among males. These differences include the shape of the nasal aperture and the shape of the mandible . The canine teeth are also different; robust capuchins' canines are shorter and more robust than those of gracile capuchins. Male robust capuchins also have

4284-596: The windows of Belém to Guajará Bay . The restoration project covers the area of old warehouses of the Pará Docks Company. Constructed from prefabricated metal structures in England and that were built at the beginning of the 20th century in Belém. There are eighteen thousand square metres (193,750 square feet) of urbanised area, with coffee bar services, various restaurants, stores, travel agencies, banks, in addition to an auditorium and two memorials: The Porto Memorial and

4352-432: The world live in the Amazon Rainforest. Many valuable products now exported from the Amazon by way of Belém are aluminium , iron ore, and other metals, nuts (chiefly Brazil nuts ), pineapples, cassava , jute , wood veneers, and hardwoods . Japanese immigration after the 1930s was an important factor in developing jute and black pepper, notably at Tomé-Açu, just south of Belém, and near Santarém . Marajó Island ,

4420-444: Was created by ordinance 1.365 of 8 July 2009, and includes representatives from government agencies such as SEMA, universities such as the Federal University of Pará and Universidade da Amazônia , and civil society groups such as Imazon, community associations and so on. By 2011 the management plan no longer met current environmentalist and legal standards, and an update was initiated, which was published in August 2013 The updated plan

4488-453: Was later called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão Pará (Our Lady of Bethlehem of Grao-Para) and Santa Maria de Belém (St. Mary of Bethlehem). Belém was given city status in 1655 and was made capital of the State when Pará state was split off from Maranhão in 1772. The early decades of the 19th century were marked by political instability. Uprisings and internecine strife finally ended in 1836, after considerable loss of life. The sugar trade in

4556-472: Was only rediscovered in 2006. The specific species and subspecies within Sapajus are not universally agreed upon. For example, Silva (2001) proposed a slightly different species and subspecies split in which, for example Azara's capuchun, Sapajus libidinosus paraguayanus , is considered a separate species, Sapajus cay , as are the large-headed capuchin and the crested capuchin. Philip Hershkovitz and William Charles Osman Hill published taxonomies of

4624-399: Was prepared by Imazon , the Institute of Man and the Environment of the Amazon. The park provides a space for healthy activities in contact with nature by local people, visitors or tourists. Visitors are expected to enjoy the park quietly and refrain from deploy any sort of litter. There are eight treks, all providing direct contact with various species of flora and fauna. The most popular is

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