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103-516: The Grand Prêmio Brasil was first run on August 1, 1933, a Sunday. The race brought together the best Brazilian racehorses of the time, the idea of Linneo de Paula Machado, president of the then newly formed Jockey Club Brasileiro. The first running was won by the Brazilian-bred Mossoró, sired by Kitchner, foaled at the Pernambuco state, and ridden by Justiniano Mesquita. Six horses have won

206-541: A National Constituent Assembly that would draft and adopt a new Constitution for the country. The Constituent Assembly began deliberations in February 1987 and concluded its work on 5 October 1988. Brazil's current Constitution was promulgated in 1988 and completed the democratic institutions. The new Constitution replaced the authoritarian legislation that still remained from the military regime. In 1989 Brazil held its first elections for president by direct popular ballot since

309-410: A democracy". The transition towards democracy that ended the military regime in 1985 and spurred the adoption of a new, democratic, Constitution in 1988, was, however, troubled. Hard-liners reacted to the opening with a series of terrorist bombings. In April 1981 after a long string of bombings and other violence a bomb went off prematurely and killed one of the men in the car with it and badly injured

412-423: A hot, humid climate, relieved to some extent by the south-east trade winds. The middle zone, called the agreste region, has a drier climate and lighter vegetation, including the semi-deciduous Pernambuco interior forests , where many trees lose their leaves in the dry season. The inland region, called the sertão is high, stony, and dry, and frequently devastated by prolonged droughts (secas). The climate

515-458: A lot of capital investment, refining sugar in the 16th century also required a vast amount of labor. Brazilian Indians were very useful to the Portuguese; both free Indians and enslaved Indians performed many useful services for the Portuguese settlers. This included helping with building Engenhos. However, Brazilian Indian culture was not well suited to the operation of sugar engenhos. Indian culture

618-506: A major tourist destination. Statistics from the turn of the millennium show a sharp and continuing improvement. According to estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study , the infant mortality rate declined 6.2 percent annually between 1990 and 2015: from 90.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 1990, to 13.4 deaths/1000 live births in 2015. The homicide rate in Recife, still higher than

721-719: A new democratic constitution for the country. Ulysses Guimarães , who led the civilian resistance to the military rule, was chosen by his fellow Assembly members to preside over the Constituent Assembly, which sat in session from February 1987 to October 1988. The Constituent Assembly proclaimed a new constitution in October 1988 and restored civil and public rights such as freedom of speech , independent public prosecutors ( Ministério Público ), economic freedom, direct and free elections and universal healthcare. It also de-centralized government, empowering local and state governments. As

824-525: A painful austerity program on Brazil. Under that program, Brazil was required to hold down wages to fight inflation. In the north , northeast , and even in Rio Grande do Sul , impoverished rural people occupied unused private land, forcing the government to create a new land reform ministry. Tension with the Roman Catholic Church , the major voice for societal change, peaked in the early 1980s with

927-585: A program called "Brasil Sem Miséria" (Brazil Without Poverty), with the ambitious goal of drastically reducing absolute poverty in Brazil by the end of her term. Poverty afflicted 16 million people, a little less than a tenth of the population. The program involved broadening the Bolsa Família social welfare program and creating new job opportunities and establishing professional certification programs. In 2012, another program labeled "Brasil Carinhoso" (Caring Brazil)

1030-484: A quick transition to a new regime faded as Brazilians watched the turn of events in a state of shock. Like the regime changes of 1822, 1889, 1930, 1946, and 1964, the 1985 change also proved to be long and difficult. Sarney's government fulfilled Tancredo's promises of amending the Constitution inherited from the military regime and calling elections for a National Constituent Assembly with full powers to draft and enact

1133-615: A strong focus on external affairs. In addition to acceding to the WTO and participating in the Uruguay Round , Brazil participated in the INTERFET peacekeeping mission to East Timor . In 2002, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party (PT) won the presidency with more than 60% of the national vote. On 1 January 2003, Lula was sworn in as the first ever elected leftist President of Brazil. In

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1236-585: A treaty negotiated in 1678 with its ruler Ganga Zumba , a war between the two remained. Zumbi who became ruler following the peace treaty and later repudiated it, fought the Portuguese government until 1694 when soldiers brought from the south eventually defeated him. Throughout the remainder of the 17th century on to the 20th century much of life in Pernambuco was dominated by the patterns established by monoculture, latifundia, and slavery (until 1888). Sugar and cotton were grown on large plantations and rural society

1339-478: A world record for 3000 meters, winning the Grande Prêmio Brasil in a time of 3:02 3 ⁄ 5 . In 1963, the starting tape malfunctioned and did not rise evenly, leaving four horses stuck behind the tape. The starter was unable to stop the race. In 2023, second place finisher Online was demoted and placed sixteenth following a stewards' inquiry. Traditionally ran in the first Sunday of August, its date

1442-565: Is a sui generis "State District" ( distrito estadual ), governed directly by a Pernambuco state administrator. At the federal level, Pernambuco is represented by 25 deputies in the Chamber of Deputies , and three senators in the Federal Senate . According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) , at the last census in 2022 there were 9,058,621 people residing in

1545-461: Is a state of Brazil located in the Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 13 million people as of 2022, it is the seventh-most populous state of Brazil and with around 98,067.877 km , it is the 19th-largest in area among federative units of the country . It is also the sixth-most densely populated with around 89 people per km . Its capital and largest city, Recife ,

1648-568: Is borrowed. Although there were other sources, one source that was a particular irritant to mill owners were the merchants of Recife. In 1710 this irritant resulted in the Mascate War . This conflict set the mascates from Recife against the establishment planters of Olinda It was led by the Senhores de Engenho (owners of the sugar mills). It is an example of the continuing tensions between the senhores de engenho (the landed elites) in colonial Brazil and

1751-663: Is characterized by hot days and cool nights. There are two clearly defined seasons, a rainy season from March to June, and a dry season for the remaining months. The interior of the state is covered mostly by the dry thorny scrub vegetation called caatinga . The Rio São Francisco is the main water source for this area. The climate is more mild in the Borborema Plateau ("Planalto da Borborema"). Some towns are located more than 1000 meters above sea level, and temperatures there can descend to 10 °C (50 °F) and even 5 °C (41 °F) in some cities (i.e., Triunfo ) during

1854-535: Is credited with providing economic stability to a country marred by years of hyperinflation. At the same time the Mexican , 1997 Asian , 1998 Russian and 1999–2002 Argentinian economic crises diminished the prospects for economic growth during his presidency. During his administration many state-owned companies were privatized , and agencies created for the first time to regulate many sectors of industry such as energy, oil, and aviation. Cardoso's administration also put

1957-569: Is one of the most important economic and urban hubs in the country. Based on 2019 estimates, the Recife Metropolitan Region is seventh-most populous in the country, and the second-largest in northeastern Brazil . In 2015, the state had 4.4% of the national population and produced 2.8% of the national gross domestic product (GDP). The contemporary state inherits its name from the Captaincy of Pernambuco , established in 1534. The region

2060-736: The 2010 Haiti earthquake which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. On October 31, 2010, Dilma Rousseff , also from the Worker's Party, was the first woman elected President of Brazil, with her term beginning in the January 1, 2011. In her victory speech, Rousseff, who had also been a key member of Lula's administration, made clear that her mission during her term would be to continue her predecessor's policies to mitigate poverty and ensure continued economic growth . Challenges faced by Rousseff in her first term included managing infrastructure projects to increase economic activity, with special attention to

2163-583: The Brazilian Senate was to vote for his impeachment . The senate voted to impeach him anyway, suspending his political rights for eight years. His vice-president, Itamar Franco , assumed the presidency for the remainder of Collor's term. Franco distanced himself from Collor and made arrangements for a coalition government that included the main leaders from the PMDB, PFL, and PSDB. Franco appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Treasury and gave him

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2266-525: The G8 as the main world forum of discussions. Just like his predecessor, he was an active defender of reform of the United Nations Security Council . Brazil is one of four nations (the others being Germany, India and Japan) officially coveting a permanent seat on the council. Lula saw himself as a friendly, peacemaker and conciliator head of state. Managing to befriend leaders of rival countries from

2369-868: The Ipojuca , which rises in the Serra de Aldeia Velha and reaches the coast south of Recife; the Serinhaen; and the Uná . A large tributary of the Uná, the Rio Jacuhipe, forms part of the boundary line with Alagoas . Prior to discovery and colonization by Portugal, Pernambuco was inhabited by numerous tribes of Tupi-Guarani speaking indigenous peoples. The Tupi peoples were a largely hunter-gatherer culture living in long houses who cultivated some indigenous crops, most notably manioc ( Manihot esculenta ), but lacked any metallic tools. Many elements of

2472-626: The Mensalão scandal . On August 24, 2007, the Brazilian Supreme Court ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) accepted the indictments of 40 individuals relating to the Mensalão scandal, most of whom were former or current federal deputies, and all of whom were still allies of the Brazilian president. The loss of support resulting from these scandals was outweighed by the president's popularity among voters of

2575-485: The history of Brazil , beginning when civilian government was restored after a 21-year-long military dictatorship established after the 1964 coup d'état . The negotiated transition to democracy reached its climax with the indirect election of Tancredo Neves by Congress . Neves belonged to the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (MDB), the former controlled opposition to the military regime. He

2678-560: The reefs between Olinda and Recife. According to others, pernambuco was the name of brazilwood in local indigenous languages at the time of first contact, as the tree is found widely in the forests of the future state. A third hypothesis also derives from a Tupi word, paranãbuku , meaning "long river", a possible reference to the Capibaribe River , since primitive maps mark such a "Pernambuco river" north of Cabo de Santo Agostinho , south of Recife. Another hypothesis, suggested by

2781-449: The 1964 coup. Fernando Collor won the election and was inaugurated on 15 March 1990, as the first president elected under the 1988 Constitution. Since then, seven presidential terms have elapsed, without rupture to the constitutional order: The last military president, João Figueiredo signed a general amnesty into law and turned Geisel 's "distension" into a gradual opening of the political system, saying he wanted "to make this country

2884-587: The French, destroyed their fort and built a new fort. Shortly after the success in dislodging the French from Pernambuco's northern border with Itamaricá the Portuguese began to settle Brazil. King John III of Portugal created the Hereditary Captaincies in 1534, Pernambuco was granted to Duarte Coelho , who arrived in Nova Lusitânia (or "New Lusitania ") in 1535. Duarte directed military actions against

2987-589: The French-allied Caetés Indians and upon their defeat in 1537 established a settlement at the site of a former Marin Indian village, henceforth known as Olinda, as well as another village at Igarassu . Under his leadership sugar soon replaced Brazilwood as Pernambuco's most profitable export. Due to the cultivation of sugar and cotton, Pernambuco was one of the few prosperous captaincies (the other notable one being São Vicente ). In addition to requiring

3090-657: The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Olinda & Recife , with these suffragan dioceses in its ecclesiastical province (all in Pernambuco) ;: Diocese of Afogados da Ingazeira , Diocese of Caruaru , Diocese of Floresta , Diocese of Garanhuns , Diocese of Nazaré , Diocese of Palmares , Diocese of Pesqueira , Diocese of Petrolina and Diocese of Salgueiro . The results of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) conducted in 2022 led to

3193-551: The New Christian and Jewish immigrants to help the depressed Portuguese finances The Portuguese reconquered Recife in 1654 and Olinda regained its status of political center. However, Recife remained the commercial /port city. Nowadays, it is credited that many inhabitants of Pernambuco's agreste region have some Dutch ancestry. If the Dutch were gone, however, the threat of the now unified quilombo of Palmares remained. In spite of

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3296-534: The North , Land of Frevo and Maracatu and Blessed Land . Pernambuco comprises a comparatively narrow coastal zone, a high inland plateau, and an intermediate zone formed by the terraces and slopes between the two. Its surface is much broken by the remains of the ancient plateau which has been worn down by erosion, leaving escarpments and ranges of flat-topped mountains, called chapadas , capped in places by horizontal layers of sandstone. Ranges of these chapadas form

3399-473: The Tupi culture were a shock to Europeans: among these, they bathed frequently, they eschewed wealth accumulation, practiced nudity, and warred frequently, primarily to capture enemies for communal, ritual cannibalism. Modern day Pernambuco includes the islands of Fernando de Noronha , which precedes mainland Pernambuco's history since the islands were granted to Fernão de Laronha by King Manoel in 1502. Pernambuco

3502-751: The United States' (among other nuclear powers) desire to strengthen the sanctions against the country, fearing the possibility of Iran develop nuclear weapons. During the Lula administration the Brazilian Army 's most important assignment was being the main force of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti , established to bring aid to the Haitian population, and it suffered many casualties during

3605-480: The academic Jacques Ribemboim, asserts the origins of the name from the Portuguese language. The Canal de Santa Cruz in Recife, at the beginning of the 16th century, was known as Boca de Fernão (named after the explorer Fernão de Noronha ). The Indians may have pronounced Fernão as P ernao and reversed the order of the words , giving Pernão Boca or Pernambuka , leading to the contemporary name of Pernambuco. The state also has some nicknames, such as Lion of

3708-505: The advocacy of intellectuals such as Pernambucan politician Joaquim Nabuco , slavery was abolished. However, freedom for the slaves did little or nothing to improve life for the underclass. Economic downturns were used to cut wages, children were paid almost nothing, and violence ruled. In those days before antibiotics there were major epidemics, fourteen between 1849 and 1920. The twentieth century did bring better communication and transportation which would slowly allow development. But for

3811-471: The average for Brazil, declined by about 6% per annum during the period from 2000 to 2012. Income inequality remains a problem; in 2000, the state had a Gini coefficient of 0.59, with wealth and resources being concentrated at the top. The state government is divided into three branches , like all Brazilian states. All the branches are located in capital of Recife. The governor and deputies are elected to four year terms in Brazilian general elections, with

3914-422: The basis for long-term stability and growth and to reduce Brazil's extreme socioeconomic imbalances. His proposals to Congress included constitutional amendments to open the Brazilian economy to greater foreign investment and to implement sweeping reforms – including social security, government administration, and taxation – to reduce excessive public sector spending and improve government efficiency. His government

4017-534: The boundary lines with three states–the Serra dos Irmãos and Serra Vermelha with Piauí , the Serra do Araripe with Ceará , and the Serra dos Cariris Velhos with Paraíba . The coastal area is fertile, and was formerly covered by the humid Pernambuco coastal forests , the northern extension of the Atlantic Forests (Mata Atlântica) of eastern Brazil. It is now occupied by extensive sugar cane plantations. It has

4120-547: The contemporary phase of the Brazilian Republic and the political institutions established in the wake of the country's re-democratization. President-elect Tancredo Neves fell ill on the eve of his inauguration and could not attend it. His running mate, José Sarney , was inaugurated as vice president and served in Neves' stead as acting president. As Neves died without having ever taken the oath of office, Sarney then succeeded to

4223-489: The declining world economy contributed to Brazil's economic and social problems. In 1978 and 1980, huge strikes took place in the industrial ring around São Paulo. Protesters asserted that wage increases indexed to the inflation rate were far below an acceptable standard of living. Union leaders, including the future three-time presidential candidate and president Luíz Inácio da Silva, were arrested for violating national security laws. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed

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4326-485: The disruption caused by "gold fever" throughout the mining boom the value of sugar exports always exceeded the value of any other export. Nevertheless, among many other disruptions, gold shifted the focus South. Pernambuco, Bahia, and the entire Northeast were eclipsed by the South of Brazil and that shift in focus has never been reversed. Pernambuco's response to the nationhood of Brazil seems to have been rebellion. Pernambuco

4429-439: The economical and social achievements, to a record 80%, the highest for a Brazilian president since the end of the military regime. The focus of Lula's second term was further stimulation of the economy by investments in infrastructure and measures to keep expanding domestic credit to producers, industry, commerce and consumers alike. In 2009, Brazil's economic rise was temporarily halted by the worldwide financial crisis , forcing

4532-489: The electoral system, aiming to directly elect the President (Diretas Já). As public pressure built up, the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party ( Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro , PMDB) proposed a legislation to implement this change ( Proposta de Emenda Constitucional Dante de Oliveira  [ pt ] ). As Congress was controlled by the pro-government Democratic Social Party (PDS, formerly ARENA ),

4635-529: The end of military rule. The party presented Neves as an opposition candidate against Paulo Maluf . Neves was elected by a majority vote of the Parliament on January 15, 1985. However, Neves collapsed the night before his inauguration in March, and died on April 21, so the presidency passed to Vice President José Sarney (president, 1985–90), long-time supporter of the military regime. The hope that 1985 would provide

4738-726: The end of the military regime until a wave of protests struck the country in mid 2013 reflecting dissatisfaction from the people with current transport, healthcare and education policies, among other issues affecting the popularity not only of the president, but of several other governors and mayors from key areas in the country as well. In 2014, Rousseff won a second term by a narrow margin, but failed to prevent her popularity from falling. In June 2015, her approval dropped to less than 10%, after another wave of protests , this time organized by opponents who wanted her out of power, amid revelations that numerous politicians, including some from her party, were being investigated for accepting bribes from

4841-599: The end of the term. During the impeachment process, Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics . Temer took office during the financial crisis that had begun in 2014. He set a reformist agenda, approving as his two main measures the Constitutional Amendment of the Public Expenditure Cap , which set a limit for public spending, and the 2017 labor reform . In May 2017, generalized corruption accusations reached many politicians and parties in Brazil, including

4944-435: The expulsion of foreign priests involved in political and land reform issues. To attack the soaring debt, Figueiredo's administration stressed exports — food, natural resources, automobiles, arms, clothing, shoes, even electricity — and expanded petroleum exploration by foreign companies. In foreign relations, the objective was to establish ties with any country that would contribute to Brazilian economic development. Washington

5047-444: The final congressional inquiry report was released, where it was proven that Fernando Collor had personal expenses paid for by money raised by Paulo César Farias through his influence peddling scheme. Impeachment proceedings began in the lower house of congress on September 29, 1992. Collor was impeached, and subsequently removed from office by a vote of 441 for and 38 votes against. Fernando Collor resigned his term in office just before

5150-423: The first months of his term, inflation rose perilously, reflecting the markets' uncertainty about the government's monetary policy . However, the markets' confidence in the government was regained as Lula chose to maintain his predecessor's policies, meaning the continuation of Central Bank's task of keeping inflation down. Since then, the country has undergone considerable economic growth and employment expansion. On

5253-451: The first time since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889; the republican form of government prevailed. In the same referendum, the Brazilian people was able to choose again, for the first time since 1963, the system of Government (parliamentary or presidential) and the model of a presidential executive was retained. According to the results of the popular vote, only minor changes were made to

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5356-483: The following estimates of race or skin color : 5,006,802 Brown ( Multiracial ) people (55.3%), 3,043,916 White people (33.6%), 909,557 Black people (10.0%), 83,667 Indigenous people (0.9%) and 13,225 Asian people (0.1%). History of Brazil since 1985 Brazilian history from 1985 to the present , also known as the Sixth Brazilian Republic or New Republic , is the contemporary epoch in

5459-580: The government deteriorated. Parliamentary elections were held on October 15, 1990, and the government failed to win a reliable base in Congress and the president began to lose political support. In May 1991, Collor's brother Pedro Collor accused him of corruption, specifically of condoning an influence peddling scheme run by his campaign treasurer, Paulo César Farias . Congress and the Federal Police of Brazil began an investigation. Some months later, with

5562-449: The government to implement a temporary tax relief policy in strategic segments of the economy like automobiles and construction. These measures helped the country prevent a long-term recession and ensured a quick recovery to Brazil's economic ascension. Another mark of Lula's second term was his effort to expand Brazil's political influence worldwide, especially after G20 (in which Brazil and other emerging economies participate) replaced

5665-611: The greater part of the year. The largest of the coastal rivers are the Goiana River , which is formed by the confluence of the Tracunhaem and Capibaribe-mirim, and drains a rich agricultural region in the north-east part of the state; the Capibaribe , which has its source in the Serra de Jacarara and flows eastward to the Atlantic at Recife with a course of nearly 300 miles (480 km);

5768-569: The historic colonial capital of Olinda are renowned: the Galo da Madrugada parade in Recife has held world records for its size. Historically a center of sugarcane cultivation due to the favorable climate, the state has a modern economy dominated by the services sector today, though large amounts of sugarcane are still grown. The coming of democracy in 1985 has brought the state progress and challenges in turn: while economic and health indicators have improved, inequality remains high. The origins of

5871-457: The initial decrease, inflation returned higher than before the economic plans, reaching 84% a month in 1990. The government's inability to deal with inflation ultimately led parties that had led the political transition to lose the 1989 elections, the first elections under the new Constitution and the first presidential elections to take place by direct popular ballot since the 1964 military coup. The first direct presidential election after 29 years

5974-504: The institutional framework of the State in the subsequent Constitutional Revision, including the adoption of a Constitutional Amendment that reduced the presidential term of office from five to four years. In the October 3, 1994 presidential elections, Fernando Henrique Cardoso was elected with 54% of the votes. Fernando Henrique Cardoso started his first term on January 1, 1995, and was reelected in 1998. President Cardoso sought to establish

6077-564: The investigation progressing and under fire, Collor went on national television to ask for the people's support, by going out on the street and protesting against coup forces. On August 11, 1992, students organized by the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE), thousands of students protested on the streets against Collor. They often painted their faces, frequently in a mixture of the colors of the flag and protest-black, which led to calling them " Cara-pintada " (Painted Faces). On August 26, 1992,

6180-571: The landed aristocracy of Pernambuco were heavily indebted. After several excesses the king issued a new set of instructions to the governor. In 1715 the crown dispatched a new governor and the residents of Pernambuco finally felt the troubles were ended, though many families of the colony's elites were ruined. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais late in the Seventeenth Century and the discovery of diamond displaced agriculture. In fact, for all

6283-573: The law failed to pass. Tancredo Neves of Minas Gerais , Getúlio Vargas ' minister of justice in the 1950s, and former federal deputy, senator, and prime minister, seized the momentum. Neves had a reputation for honesty and was able to build up an alliance between the PMDB and defectors from the PDS who founded the Liberal Front Party (PFL). The Democratic Alliance (Aliança Democrática) presented itself as supporting 1984 demands for political change and

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6386-452: The likes of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama from the United States to Venezuelan leader Hugo Chávez , Cuban former president Fidel Castro , President of Bolivia Evo Morales , and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , fueling protests inside and outside the country due to Ahmadinejad's polemical anti-Semitic statements. Lula took part in a deal with the governments of Turkey and Iran regarding Iran's nuclear program despite

6489-458: The lower classes, whose income per capita was increased as a consequence of higher employment, the expansion of domestic credit to consumers and government social welfare programs. The stable and solid economic situation of the country, which Brazil had not experienced in the previous 20 years, with fast growth in production both for internal consumers and exports as well as a soft but noticeable decrease in social inequality, may also partially explain

6592-485: The merchants of Recife. The "War" (there was considerable shooting but little loss of life) has elements of class struggle. Olinda had, before the Dutch, always been the municipal seat. Recife, once merely a port facility for Olinda, had formerly consisted of a few modest dwellings, warehouses, and businesses catering to ships and seamen, but under the Dutch had been developed into a thriving center of commerce populated by wealthy, more recently arrived merchants to whom most of

6695-557: The mocambos there had grown into two significant states. The Dutch Republic , which allowed sugar production to remain in Portuguese hands, regarded suppression of Palmares as important, but was unsuccessful in this. Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen , count of Nassau, was appointed as ruler of the Nieuw Holland (Dutch colonization enterprise in Brazil). In the 17th century, the Netherlands

6798-478: The most recent being held in 2022 . The 185 municipalities that make up the state have similar structures, though they lack the judicial branch. Each municipality has a chief executive, analogous to mayor, called a Prefeito/Prefeita , while the legislative branch is called the Câmara Municipal . Municipal officials also serve four year terms, with the most recent being held in 2020 . Fernando de Noronha

6901-569: The name Pernambuco are debated, though most hypotheses derive the name from the now-extinct Tupi language . Some scholars claim that the name comes from the combining of the Tupi words para'nã , meaning "great river" or "sea" and buka , meaning "hole". Thus, pernambuco would mean "hole in the sea", possibly referring to the Canal de Santa Cruz on the Island of Itamaracá , north of Olinda , or to an opening in

7004-432: The national currency was changed from the cruzado novo to the cruzeiro (NCz$ 1,000 = Cr$ 1). Plano Collor initially succeeded, but after six months failed in its primary goal, as inflation accelerated again. This started to erode Collor's prestige. Economic changes included lifting import barriers, exposing local companies to international competition. Many companies went bankrupt or were sold, unemployment grew and support for

7107-635: The other hand, Lula's mainstream economic policies disappointed his most radical leftist allies, which led to a schism in the PT ( Workers' Party ) that resulted in the creation of PSOL . In 2005, Roberto Jefferson , chairman of the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), was implicated in a bribery case. As a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry was set up, Jefferson testified that the MPs were being paid monthly stipends to vote for government-backed legislation. In August of

7210-422: The other. They were shown to be working with the DOI-CODI "under the direct orders of the " Command of the First Army " in terrorism, but nobody was punished. The incident and the regime's inaction strengthened the public's resolve to end military rule. Moreover, Figueiredo faced other significant problems, such as soaring inflation, declining productivity, and mounting foreign debt. Political liberalization and

7313-600: The political transition developed, the economy suffered high inflation and stagnation. Sarney tried to control inflation with many economic plans: Plano Cruzado 1, Plano Cruzado 2, Plano Verão. All of them included government price controls, price freezes and ultimately a change in the national currency. During Sarney's presidency, Brazil had three currency units: the cruzeiro, the cruzado and the cruzado novo. Economic domestic troubles led to default on Brazil's international debt in 1988. This closed international financial markets for Brazil and its economic situation worsened. Despite

7416-514: The poor employed in the sugar industry, as late as the 1960s infant mortality in this labor segment was nearly half of live births. Politically, the century was dominated by two periods of dictatorship, ruled by Getúlio Vargas for most of the period from 1930 to 1954. and the military dictatorship from 1964 to 1985 Since the end of military rule, there is still an underemployed and under-fed underclass. However, quality of life has improved along with industrial development. Pernambuco has also become

7519-470: The popularity of Lula's administration even after several corruption scandals involving important politicians connected to Lula and to PT. Hence Lula's re-election in 2006: After almost winning in the first round, Lula won the runoff against Geraldo Alckmin of the PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party), by 20 million votes. Following Lula's second victory, his approval ratings rose again, fueled by continued of

7622-554: The presidency. The first phase of the New Republic, ranging from the inauguration of José Sarney in 1985 until the inauguration of Fernando Collor in 1990, is often considered a transitional period as the 1967–1969 constitution remained in effect, the executive still had veto powers, and the president was able to rule by decree . The transition was considered definitive after Brazil's current constitution , drawn up in 1988, entered full effect in 1990. In 1986, elections were called for

7725-479: The president. In June, he was charged for corruption by prosecutor general Rodrigo Janot due to bribery allegations. Temer became the first incumbent president to be formally accused of crimes, but ultimately had the charge rejected by Congress in August 2017. In 2016, former president Lula expressed intent to run for the presidency again in 2018, but became the subject of investigations under Operation Car Wash . He

7828-449: The principal example of the boom or bust cycle, but there has, from time to time been a similar cycle in cotton. Cotton was profitable during the U.S. War of Independence, the War of 1812, and the U.S. Civil War. Each time the bust in Pernambuco came when U.S. growers resumed their exports. A sugar mill engenho requires a large investment both to build and to operate. Much of the time the money

7931-420: The race twice: Albatroz (1943, 1944), Helíaco (1947, 1948), Gualicho (1952, 1953), Zenabre (1965, 1966), Villach King (1991, 1993), and George Washington (2019, 2021). The race was first run at a distance of 3000 meters (approximately 1 + 7 ⁄ 8 miles or 15 furlongs). Since 1972, it has been run at a distance of 2400 meters (approximately 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles or 12 furlongs). In 1959, Narvik set

8034-411: The responsibility of controlling inflation – the average annual inflation rate from 1990 to 1995 was 764%. Cardoso put together a successful stabilization program, Plano Real , that brought inflation to 6% annually. Franco's approval ratings rose and he supported Cardoso to succeed him. A referendum held in 1993 allowed the people to decide the form of government of the state (monarchy or republic) for

8137-431: The same year, after further investigation, campaign manager Duda Mendonça admitted that he had used illegal undeclared money to finance the PT electoral victory of 2002. The money in both cases was found to have originated from private sources as well as from the advertising budget of state-owned enterprises headed by political appointees, both laundered through Duda's Mendonça advertising agency. These incidents were dubbed

8240-421: The state-owned energy company Petrobras from 2003 to 2010, while she was on the company's board of directors. After a process of impeachment opened against Rousseff in late 2015 culminated with her temporarily removed from power on 12 May 2016, vice-president Michel Temer took office until the final trial was concluded on 31 August 2016, when Rousseff was officially impeached and Temer was sworn president until

8343-1142: The state. The population is concentrated along the coast in the Recife Metropolitan Region . Urbanization: 77% (2006); Population growth : 1.2% (1991–2000); Houses: 2,348,000 (2006). Religion in Pernambuco (2010) The majority of the state's inhabitants are Catholic; while more than 86% of the state is Christian. In 2010, 5,834,601 inhabitants identified as Roman Catholic (65.95%), 1,788,973 as Evangelical (20.34%): of these, 1,102,485 were Pentecostal (12.53%), and 376,880 were Evangelical Protestant (4.28%) and 309,608 other Evangelical (3.52%). 123,798 inhabitants identified as spiritists (1.41%), 43,726 as Jehovah's Witnesses (0.50%), 26,526 as Brazilian Apostolic Catholics (0.30%) and 6,678 as Eastern Orthodox (0.08%). 914,954 had no religion (10.40%): of these, 10,284 identified as atheists (0.12%) and 5,638 as agnostics (0.06%). 80,591 followed all other religions not listed above (0.90%), and 9,805 did not know or did not declare (0.12%). The former Latin Catholic Territorial Prelature of Pernambuco became

8446-551: The streets in all the major cities demanding a direct vote ( Diretas Já! ) in the choice of the next president. In April 1984, Congress failed to achieve the necessary numbers to give the people their wish, and the choice was left to an electoral college. Figueiredo did not act forcefully to back a preference, so it became a scramble as candidates pursued the collegial votes. In 1984, many public demonstrations were held in major Brazilian cities which made it clear that military rule could not continue. Brazilians started to demand change in

8549-713: The sugar production monoculture by encouraging the cultivation of other crops, particularly foodstuffs. Under Dutch rule, Jewish culture developed in Recife . Many Jews, having fled the Inquisition in Iberia, sought refuge in the Netherlands. The Jewish community established themselves in Dutch Brazil and would later migrate elsewhere in the Americas. There are records that in 1636 a synagogue

8652-427: The sugar-producing coastal regions and formed independent inland communities called mocambos , including Palmares . In 1630, Pernambuco, as well as many Portuguese possessions in Brazil, was occupied by the Dutch until 1654. The occupation was strongly resisted and the Dutch conquest was only partially successful for these few decades. In the interim, thousands of the enslaved Africans had fled to Palmares, and soon

8755-563: The twelve cities that would host the upcoming 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, especially Rio de Janeiro , a special case as it would also hold the 2016 Summer Olympics , as well as measures to protect the Brazilian economy from the ongoing economic crises in Europe and the United States . These contributed to reducing the growth of national GDP during the first half of her term, compared to her predecessor's tenure. In June 2011, Rouseff announced

8858-523: The voters, the administration had a small parliamentary base as Collor's recently founded party had few deputies and no senators and faced fierce opposition from parties that had splintered from the Democratic Alliance: the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Liberals (PFL), and Social Democrats ( Brazilian Social Democracy Party , PSDB). His first act was known as Plano Collor : all savings accounts and financial investment were frozen, and

8961-633: The winter. The volcanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha in the Atlantic Ocean, 535 km northeast of Recife , has been part of Pernambuco since 1988. The rivers of the state include a number of small plateau streams flowing southward to the São Francisco River , and several large streams in the eastern part flowing eastward to the Atlantic. The former are the Moxotó , Ema , Pajeú , Terra Nova , Brigida, Boa Vista and Pontai, and are dry channels

9064-633: Was an auspicious choice for Northeast, because he was a lover of the arts with a deep interest in the New World. In 1637 he opened his government guidelines quite different from those of the Portuguese colonists, declaring "Freedom of Religion and Trade". His entourage contained traders, artists, planners, German and Dutch citizens. He was accompanied by six painters, including Frans Post and Albert Eckhout . Nassau also created an environment of Dutch religious tolerance, new to Portuguese America and irritating to his Calvinist associates. Nassau made efforts to reduce

9167-512: Was being built in the city. A Jewish scholar from Amsterdam , Isaac Aboab da Fonseca , arrived in Recife in 1642, becoming the first rabbi on Brazilian soil and on the continent. In 1643, three years after the Portuguese regained the crown in the metropolis, Father António Vieira – frowned upon, persecuted by the Inquisition and admirer of Aboab – recommended the King of Portugal occupy the capital of

9270-557: Was changed to June from 2014 on, in order to integrate the race into the calendar of the Breeders' Cup Challenge series, as in 2014 the race began awarding its winner with an automatic berth into the Breeders' Cup Turf . Speed record: Most wins: Most wins by a jockey: Most wins by a trainer: Most wins by an owner: Most wins by a breeder: † designates a filly or mare Pernambuco Pernambuco ( Brazilian Portuguese: [pɛʁnɐ̃ˈbuku] )

9373-607: Was experiencing a surge of freedom and progress, and wanted to expand their colonies in the American continent. An expression of this new economy was the Dutch West India Company , (modeled after the Dutch East India company which had influence throughout the world and controlled much of the trade between East and West). A Board of nineteen members appointed Prince Johan Maurits , Count of Nassau, Governor of Pernambuco. It

9476-457: Was held on October 15, 1989 (first round) and November 15, 1989 (second round). Fernando Collor de Mello won the runoff election with 53% of the vote for a five-year term. Collor's agenda focused on fighting corruption from Sarney's administration and completing the transition from the 21 years of military rule to civilian government. Economic changes aimed to control soaring inflation and modernization. Although he had massive support amongst

9579-414: Was highly valued and other European nations, particularly the French, soon sent ships to exploit this new dye wood. The French under Bertrand d'Ornesan tried to establish a French trading post at Pernambuco in 1531. This fort was located at the border of Pernambuco and Itamaricá to the North. The Portuguese King responded by dispatching an armada under the command of Pero Lopes de Sousa. Pero Lopes defeated

9682-454: Was initially valued as a source of Brazilwood ( Caesalpinia echinata ) used in Europe for dyes. These Amerindians were eager to harvest and exchange brazilwood for axes, fishhooks and other goods offered by Europeans. The Portuguese crown granted a license to Fernão de Laronha in 1502. After the expiration of the license the trade in brazilwood was a driver of the exploration of Brazil. Brazilwood

9785-431: Was kept at a certain distance, and the north–south dialogue was emphasized. In 1983, the economy floundered as the gross domestic product declined by 5.0%, the impact of which was accelerated by rising inflation and the failure of political leadership. Figueiredo's heart condition led to bypass surgery in the United States, removing him from control of the situation. In an impressive display, millions of Brazilians took to

9888-427: Was largely divided into landowning elites and the impoverished poor. In addition, Pernambuco, except for a narrow coastland, is subject to periodic droughts. The boom and bust economy throughout this period is often exemplified as the "sugar cycle" when the international market for sugar is good, the economy booms, when the market is bad, it is hard times for all and particularly for the impoverished. Sugar has always been

9991-405: Was launched with the objective of providing extra care to all children in Brazil who lived below the poverty threshold . Despite criticism from the domestic and international press regarding lower-than-expected economic results achieved during her first term as head of the government and of the measures taken to solve it, Rouseff's approval rates reached levels higher than any other president since

10094-481: Was not oriented to wealth accumulation. Stuart Schwartz expressed it, "Once a man had enough to eat and a few new tools and weapons, why should he want or work for more." While the sugar industry relied at first on the labor of indigenous peoples, especially the Tupis and Tapuyas , high mortality and economic growth led to the importation of enslaved Africans from the late 17th century onward. Some of these slaves escaped

10197-540: Was originally inhabited by Tupi–Guarani -speaking peoples. European colonization began in the 16th century, under mostly Portuguese rule interrupted by a brief period of Dutch rule , followed by Brazilian independence in 1822. Large numbers of slaves were brought from Africa during the colonial era to cultivate sugarcane, and a significant portion of the state's population has some amount of African ancestry. The state has rich cultural traditions thanks to its varied history and peoples. Brazilian Carnivals in Recife and

10300-558: Was sentenced in May 2017 for money laundering and passive corruption; his arrest occurred on 7 April 2018. His party tried to launch him as a candidate for president from prison in the election , but the proposal was rejected by the Congress. After expending 580 days in jail, Lula was released on 8 November 2019 following the Supreme Court decision that determined defendants can't be arrested until all their appeals have been exhausted. Temer

10403-406: Was the first civilian president to be elected since 1964. Neves was set to take over from general João Figueiredo , the last of the military presidents appointed by their predecessor. The transition was hailed as the dawn of a New Republic ( Nova República ) in contrast with Old Republic ( República Velha ) , the first epoch of the Brazilian Republic, from 1889 until 1930. It became synonymous with

10506-473: Was the most unpopular president in Brazilian history and ranked among the most unpopular leaders in the world during his tenure. He didn't seek a second term and left office with a 7% approval rating. On 28 October 2018, right wing congressman and former army captain Jair Bolsonaro was elected President of Brazil, defeating Fernando Haddad and disrupting sixteen years of continuous left-wing rule by

10609-585: Was the site of some of the most important rebellions and insurrections in Brazilian history , especially in the 19th century. See Also Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil , Pernambucan Revolt , Cabanada , April Revolt (Pernambuco) At one point Pernambuco led much of the Northeast region in a very short-lived independent Confederation of the Equator . In 1888, under the influence of increasingly urban society, and with

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