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91-683: [REDACTED] Look up устье in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ustye ( Russian : У́стье ) is a placename in Russia. Literally it means " river mouth ". It may refer to several places in Russia: Arkhangelsk Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Arkhangelsk Oblast , a village in Ryabovsky Selsoviet of Lensky District Chuvash Republic [ edit ] Ustye, Chuvash Republic ,

182-649: A constitutional referendum on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language. According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Starting in 2019, instruction in Russian will be gradually discontinued in private colleges and universities in Latvia, and in general instruction in Latvian public high schools. On 29 September 2022, Saeima passed in

273-461: A new education law which requires all schools to teach at least partially in Ukrainian, with provisions while allow indigenous languages and languages of national minorities to be used alongside the national language. The law faced criticism from officials in Russia and Hungary. The 2019 Law of Ukraine "On protecting the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language" gives priority to

364-775: A selo in Sobinsky District Vologda Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Artyushinsky Selsoviet, Belozersky District, Vologda Oblast , a village in Artyushinsky Selsoviet of Belozersky District Ustye, Gorodishchensky Selsoviet, Belozersky District, Vologda Oblast , a village in Gorodishchensky Selsoviet of Belozersky District Ustye, Kirillovsky District, Vologda Oblast , a village in Ferapontovsky Selsoviet of Kirillovsky District Ustye, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast ,

455-751: A selo in Petinskoye Rural Settlement of Khokholsky District Ustye, Semiluksky District, Voronezh Oblast , a khutor in Starovedugskoye Rural Settlement of Semiluksky District Yaroslavl Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Bolsheselsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast , a village in Novoselsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District Ustye, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast , a selo in Ryutnevsky Rural Okrug of Yaroslavsky District Ustye (river) ,

546-675: A selo in Pitishevskoye Rural Settlement of Alikovsky District Chelyabinsk Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Chelyabinsk Oblast , archeological site of Sintashta culture Ivanovo Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Ivanovo Oblast , a village in Komsomolsky District Kaluga Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast , a village in Dzerzhinsky District Ustye, Zhizdrinsky District, Kaluga Oblast ,

637-452: A formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) Volosovsky District The area of the district is basically flat. Much of the area belongs to the drainage basin of the Luga River . The Luga itself forms the southern border of the district. Rivers in the minor areas in the north of

728-558: A hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language, which is usually shown in writing not by a change of the consonant but rather by changing the following vowel. Another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels . Stress , which is often unpredictable, is not normally indicated orthographically , though an optional acute accent may be used to mark stress – such as to distinguish between homographic words (e.g. замо́к [ zamók , 'lock'] and за́мок [ zámok , 'castle']), or to indicate

819-479: A language that "belongs to the European cultural space". The financing of Russian-language content by the state will cease, which the concept says create a "unified information space". However, one inevitable consequence would be the closure of public media broadcasts in Russian on LTV and Latvian Radio, as well as the closure of LSM's Russian-language service. In Lithuania , Russian has no official or legal status, but

910-572: A lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic , Turkic , Persian , Arabic , and Hebrew . According to the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California , Russian is classified as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers, requiring approximately 1,100 hours of immersion instruction to achieve intermediate fluency. Feudal divisions and conflicts created obstacles between

1001-607: A minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Azerbaijan , Russian has no official status, but is a lingua franca of the country. 26% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 5% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In Georgia , Russian has no official status, but it

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1092-516: A qualitatively new entity can be said to emerge—the general language of the working class... capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. In 2010, there were 259.8 million speakers of Russian in the world: in Russia – 137.5 million, in the CIS and Baltic countries – 93.7 million, in Eastern Europe – 12.9 million, Western Europe – 7.3 million, Asia – 2.7 million, in

1183-566: A tributary of the Kotorosl Zabaykalsky Krai [ edit ] Ustye, Zabaykalsky Krai , a selo in Kyrinsky District See also [ edit ] Ustya (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with the same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change

1274-780: A village in Bologovsky District Ustye, Kalininsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Kalininsky District Ustye, Kalyazinsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Kalyazinsky District Ustye, Konakovsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Konakovsky District Ustye (settlement), Selizharovsky District, Tver Oblast , a settlement in Selizharovsky District Ustye (village), Selizharovsky District, Tver Oblast ,

1365-660: A village in Kunyinsky District Ustye (Berezhanskaya Rural Settlement), Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast , a village in Ostrovsky District ; municipally, a part of Berezhanskaya Rural Settlement of that district Ustye (Shikovskaya Rural Settlement), Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast , a village in Ostrovsky District; municipally, a part of Shikovskaya Rural Settlement of that district Ustye (Yadrovskaya Rural Settlement), Pskovsky District, Pskov Oblast ,

1456-611: A village in Pskovsky District ; municipally, a part of Yadrovskaya Rural Settlement of that district Ustye (Logozovskaya Rural Settlement), Pskovsky District, Pskov Oblast , a village in Pskovsky District; municipally, a part of Logozovskaya Rural Settlement of that district Ustye, Pushkinogorsky District, Pskov Oblast , a village in Pushkinogorsky District Ustye, Pustoshkinsky District, Pskov Oblast ,

1547-784: A village in Pustoshkinsky District Ryazan Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Ryazan Oblast , a selo in Ustyevsky Rural Okrug of Sasovsky District Sakha Republic [ edit ] Ustye, Sakha Republic , a selo in Ustyinsky Rural Okrug of Suntarsky District Smolensk Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Dukhovshchinsky District, Smolensk Oblast , a village in Dobrinskoye Rural Settlement of Dukhovshchinsky District Ustye, Kholm-Zhirkovsky District, Smolensk Oblast ,

1638-547: A village in Zhizdrinsky District Republic of Karelia [ edit ] Ustye, Republic of Karelia , a settlement in Prionezhsky District Kirov Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Podosinovsky District, Kirov Oblast , a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the urban-type settlement of Podosinovets , Podosinovsky District Ustye, Tuzhinsky District, Kirov Oblast ,

1729-680: A village in Ivanovskoye Settlement of Starorussky District Penza Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Penza Oblast , a selo in Ustyinsky Selsoviet of Spassky District Pskov Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Dedovichsky District, Pskov Oblast , a village in Dedovichsky District Ustye, Gdovsky District, Pskov Oblast , a village in Gdovsky District Ustye, Kunyinsky District, Pskov Oblast ,

1820-602: A village in Kapyrevshchinskoye Rural Settlement of Yartsevsky District Tambov Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Michurinsky District, Tambov Oblast , a selo in Ustyinsky Selsoviet of Michurinsky District Ustye, Morshansky District, Tambov Oblast , a selo in Ustyinsky Selsoviet of Morshansky District Tula Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Tula Oblast , a village in Ustyinsky Rural Okrug of Kimovsky District Tver Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Bologovsky District, Tver Oblast ,

1911-800: A village in Pachinsky Rural Okrug of Tuzhinsky District Ustye, Yuryansky District, Kirov Oblast , a village in Medyansky Rural Okrug of Yuryansky District Krasnoyarsk Krai [ edit ] Ustye, Krasnoyarsk Krai , a settlement in Mashukovsky Selsoviet of Motyginsky District Leningrad Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Tikhvinsky District, Leningrad Oblast , a village in Tsvylevskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Tikhvinsky District Ustye, Volosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast ,

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2002-631: A village in Sabskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Volosovsky District Moscow Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Naro-Fominsky District, Moscow Oblast , a village in Volchenkovskoye Rural Settlement of Naro-Fominsky District Ustye, Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast , a village in Yershovskoye Rural Settlement of Odintsovsky District Ustye, Ruzsky District, Moscow Oblast ,

2093-786: A village in Selizharovsky District Ustye, Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Udomelsky District Ustye, Zapadnodvinsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Zapadnodvinsky District Ustye, Zharkovsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Zharkovsky District Ustye, Zubtsovsky District, Tver Oblast , a village in Zubtsovsky District Vladimir Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Vladimir Oblast ,

2184-607: A village in Staroruzskoye Rural Settlement of Ruzsky District Nenets Autonomous Okrug [ edit ] Ustye, Nenets Autonomous Okrug , a village in Telvisochny Selsoviet of Zapolyarny District Novgorod Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Kholmsky District, Novgorod Oblast , a village in Togodskoye Settlement of Kholmsky District Ustye, Lyubytinsky District, Novgorod Oblast ,

2275-725: A village in Ust-Pechengsky Selsoviet of Totemsky District Ustye, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast , a selo in Ustyansky Selsoviet of Ust-Kubinsky District Ustye, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast , a village in Vasilyevsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District Ustye, Vytegorsky District, Vologda Oblast , a village in Tudozersky Selsoviet of Vytegorsky District Voronezh Oblast [ edit ] Ustye, Khokholsky District, Voronezh Oblast ,

2366-547: A village under the administrative jurisdiction of Kholm-Zhirkovskoye Urban Settlement of Kholm-Zhirkovsky District Ustye, Sychyovsky District, Smolensk Oblast , a village in Maltsevskoye Rural Settlement of Sychyovsky District Ustye, Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Oblast , a village in Yefremovskoye Rural Settlement of Vyazemsky District Ustye, Yartsevsky District, Smolensk Oblast ,

2457-699: A village under the administrative jurisdiction of the urban-type settlement of Nebolchi , Lyubytinsky District Ustye, Malovishersky District, Novgorod Oblast , a village in Verebyinskoye Settlement of Malovishersky District Ustye, Pestovsky District, Novgorod Oblast , a village in Ustyutskoye Settlement of Pestovsky District Ustye, Poddorsky District, Novgorod Oblast , a village in Poddorskoye Settlement of Poddorsky District Ustye, Starorussky District, Novgorod Oblast ,

2548-527: Is Belarusian, among ethnic Belarusians this share is 28.5%; the highest share of those who speak Belarusian at home is among ethnic Poles — 46.0%. In Estonia , Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population, according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook, and is officially considered a foreign language. School education in the Russian language is a very contentious point in Estonian politics, and in 2022,

2639-475: Is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan . The 2009 census states that 482,200 people speak Russian as a native language, or 8.99% of the population. Additionally, 1,854,700 residents of Kyrgyzstan aged 15 and above fluently speak Russian as a second language, or 49.6% of the population in the age group. In Tajikistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under

2730-401: Is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian , and a moderate degree of it in all modern Slavic languages, at least at the conversational level. Russian is written using a Cyrillic alphabet. The Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The following table gives their forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of

2821-593: Is a post-posed definite article -to , -ta , -te similar to that existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian. In the Southern Russian dialects , instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [ɪ] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. несл и is pronounced [nʲaˈslʲi] , not [nʲɪsˈlʲi] ) – this

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2912-647: Is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family . It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is the native language of the Russians . It was the de facto and de jure official language of the former Soviet Union . Russian has remained an official language of the Russian Federation , Belarus , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , and Tajikistan , and

3003-485: Is being used less frequently by Russian-speaking typists in favor of the extension of Unicode character encoding , which fully incorporates the Russian alphabet. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. The Russian language was first introduced to computing after the M-1 , and MESM models were produced in 1951. According to

3094-613: Is called yakanye ( яканье ). Consonants include a fricative /ɣ/ , a semivowel /w⁓u̯/ and /x⁓xv⁓xw/ , whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants /ɡ/ , /v/ , and final /l/ and /f/ , respectively. The morphology features a palatalized final /tʲ/ in 3rd person forms of verbs (this is unpalatalized in the Standard and Northern dialects). During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. There

3185-563: Is more spoken than English. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada, such as New York City , Philadelphia , Boston , Los Angeles , Nashville , San Francisco , Seattle , Spokane , Toronto , Calgary , Baltimore , Miami , Portland , Chicago , Denver , and Cleveland . In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially

3276-564: Is odd") – чу́дно ( chúdno – "this is marvellous"), молоде́ц ( molodéts – "well done!") – мо́лодец ( mólodets – "fine young man"), узна́ю ( uznáyu – "I shall learn it") – узнаю́ ( uznayú – "I recognize it"), отреза́ть ( otrezát – "to be cutting") – отре́зать ( otrézat – "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like афе́ра ( aféra , "scandal, affair"), гу́ру ( gúru , "guru"), Гарси́я ( García ), Оле́ша ( Olésha ), Фе́рми ( Fermi ), and to show which

3367-402: Is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factbook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. In China , Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and

3458-569: Is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also, Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, but because of later interaction in the 19th and 20th centuries, Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin , Polish , Dutch , German, French, Italian, and English, and to

3549-576: Is spoken by 14.2% of the population according to an undated estimate from the World Factbook. In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia, and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006. Around 1.5 million Israelis spoke Russian as of 2017. The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in

3640-659: Is still commonly used as a lingua franca in Ukraine , Moldova , the Caucasus , Central Asia , and to a lesser extent in the Baltic states and Israel . Russian has over 258 million total speakers worldwide. It is the most spoken native language in Europe , the most spoken Slavic language , as well as the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia . It is the world's seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers , and

3731-518: Is the stressed word in a sentence, for example Ты́ съел печенье? ( Tý syel pechenye? – "Was it you who ate the cookie?") – Ты съе́л печенье? ( Ty syél pechenye? – "Did you eat the cookie?) – Ты съел пече́нье? ( Ty syel pechénye? "Was it the cookie you ate?"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. The Russian syllable structure can be quite complex, with both initial and final consonant clusters of up to four consecutive sounds. Using

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3822-461: The 2011 Lithuanian census , Russian was the native language for 7.2% of the population. In Moldova , Russian was considered to be the language of interethnic communication under a Soviet-era law. On 21 January 2021, the Constitutional Court of Moldova declared the law unconstitutional and deprived Russian of the status of the language of interethnic communication. 50% of the population

3913-966: The Apollo–Soyuz mission, which first flew in 1975. In March 2013, Russian was found to be the second-most used language on websites after English. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su . Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. However, Russian

4004-413: The Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. 28% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 7% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. The World Factbook notes that Russian is widely used in government and business. In Turkmenistan , Russian lost its status as the official lingua franca in 1996. Among 12% of the population who grew up in

4095-476: The Ukrainian language in more than 30 spheres of public life: in particular in public administration , media, education, science, culture, advertising, services . The law does not regulate private communication. A poll conducted in March 2022 by RATING in the territory controlled by Ukraine found that 83% of the respondents believe that Ukrainian should be the only state language of Ukraine. This opinion dominates in all macro-regions, age and language groups. On

4186-507: The United States Census , in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station – NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. This practice goes back to

4277-406: The Vodskaya pyatina , one of the five pyatinas of Novgorod Lands. The area was constantly at the frontier and became the battleground between Germans and Swedes, on one side, and Russians, on the other side. In 1617, according to the Treaty of Stolbovo , the west of the area was transferred to Sweden, and in 1703, during the Great Northern War , it was conquered back by Russia. In the course of

4368-411: The administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). It was later split between Yamburgsky and Petergofsky Uyezds . The governorate was renamed Petrograd in 1914 and Leningrad in 1924. In May 1922, Yamburgsky Uyezd was renamed Kingiseppsky. On February 14, 1923 Petergofsky Uyezd

4459-405: The 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular former Warsaw Pact countries. In Armenia , Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as

4550-412: The Belarusian society the Russian language prevails, so according to the 2019 census 6,718,557 people (71.4% of the total population) stated that they speak Russian at home, for ethnic Belarusians this share is 61.4%, for Russians — 97.2%, for Ukrainians — 89.0%, for Poles — 52.4%, and for Jews — 96.6%; 2,447,764 people (26.0% of the total population) stated that the language they usually speak at home

4641-409: The Great and developed from the Moscow ( Middle or Central Russian ) dialect substratum under the influence of some of the previous century's Russian chancery language. Prior to the Bolshevik Revolution , the spoken form of the Russian language was that of the nobility and the urban bourgeoisie. Russian peasants, the great majority of the population, continued to speak in their own dialects. However,

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4732-468: The Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( знак ударения ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress . For example, it is used to distinguish between otherwise identical words, especially when context does not make it obvious: замо́к ( zamók – "lock") – за́мок ( zámok – "castle"), сто́ящий ( stóyashchy – "worthwhile") – стоя́щий ( stoyáshchy – "standing"), чудно́ ( chudnó – "this

4823-411: The Middle East and North Africa – 1.3 million, Sub-Saharan Africa – 0.1 million, Latin America – 0.2 million, U.S., Canada , Australia, and New Zealand – 4.1 million speakers. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by the number of speakers , after English, Mandarin, Hindi -Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic, and Portuguese. Russian is one of the six official languages of

4914-807: The Russian alphabet include ⟨ ѣ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ е ⟩ ( /je/ or /ʲe/ ); ⟨ і ⟩ and ⟨ ѵ ⟩ , which both merged to ⟨ и ⟩ ( /i/ ); ⟨ ѳ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ф ⟩ ( /f/ ); ⟨ ѫ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ у ⟩ ( /u/ ); ⟨ ѭ ⟩ , which merged to ⟨ ю ⟩ ( /ju/ or /ʲu/ ); and ⟨ ѧ ⟩ and ⟨ ѩ ⟩ , which later were graphically reshaped into ⟨ я ⟩ and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /ʲa/ . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers ⟨ ъ ⟩ and ⟨ ь ⟩ originally indicated

5005-458: The Russian principalities before and especially during Mongol rule. This strengthened dialectal differences, and for a while, prevented the emergence of a standardized national language. The formation of the unified and centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the gradual re-emergence of a common political, economic, and cultural space created the need for a common standard language. The initial impulse for standardization came from

5096-405: The Soviet era can speak Russian, other generations of citizens that do not have any knowledge of Russian. Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. In Uzbekistan , Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. Russian

5187-403: The United Nations. Education in Russian is still a popular choice for both Russian as a second language (RSL) and native speakers in Russia, and in many former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. In Belarus , Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus . 77% of

5278-462: The abortive administrative reform of the 1960s, its territory became split between Slantsevsky, Volosovsky, Luzhsky, and Kingiseppsky Districts. Another district created on August 1, 1927 was Moloskovitsky District with the administrative center in the village of Moloskovitsy . It was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast and included areas which were previously part of Kingiseppsky Uyezd. On September 20, 1931 Moloskovitsky District

5369-403: The broader sense of expanding the use of Russian alongside or in favour of other languages. The current standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language ( современный русский литературный язык – "sovremenny russky literaturny yazyk"). It arose at the beginning of the 18th century with the modernization reforms of the Russian state under the rule of Peter

5460-460: The country. There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus . See also Russian language in Israel . Russian is also spoken as a second language by a small number of people in Afghanistan . In Vietnam , Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The Russian language

5551-442: The district drain into other tributaries of the Gulf of Finland . The biggest such tributary in the area of the district is the Sista . Originally, the area of the district was populated by Finnic peoples , eventually, the Slavs began arriving. After the 9th century, the area was dependent on the Novgorod Republic . From the 15th century, it was annexed together with all Novgorod Lands by the Grand Duchy of Moscow ; it belonged to

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5642-653: The district from east to west. The principal stations within the district are Volosovo and Kikerino . The A180 highway , connecting Saint Petersburg and Ivangorod , crosses the northern part of the district. It coincides with the European route E20 connecting Saint Petersburg via Tallinn with Shannon Airport . Volosovo has access to M11, and is also connected by roads with Gatchina and Kingisepp . There are local roads as well. The district contains eight cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally 155 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments are

5733-399: The district was a part of Leningrad Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . It included parts of former Trotsky and Kingiseppsky Uyezds . On April 20, 1930 Kikerino was granted urban-type settlement status, and Volosovo became a suburban settlement. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished as well, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On July 5, 1937 Volosovo

5824-459: The districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. Between March 22, 1935 and September 19, 1940, Osminsky District was a part of Kingisepp Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. Between August 1941, and February 1944, Osminsky District was occupied by German troops. On August 2, 1961 Osminsky District was abolished and split between Slantsevsky and Volosovsky Districts. After

5915-413: The factory and the industrial plant their local peasant dialects with their phonetics, grammar, and vocabulary, and the very process of recruiting workers from peasants and the mobility of the worker population generate another process: the liquidation of peasant inheritance by way of leveling the particulars of local dialects. On the ruins of peasant multilingual, in the context of developing heavy industry,

6006-402: The final reading amendments that state that all schools and kindergartens in the country are to transition to education in Latvian . From 2025, all children will be taught in Latvian only. On 28 September 2023, Latvian deputies approved The National Security Concept, according to which from 1 January 2026, all content created by Latvian public media (including LSM ) should be only in Latvian or

6097-505: The generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to

6188-480: The government bureaucracy for the lack of a reliable tool of communication in administrative, legal, and judicial affairs became an obvious practical problem. The earliest attempts at standardizing Russian were made based on the so-called Moscow official or chancery language, during the 15th to 17th centuries. Since then, the trend of language policy in Russia has been standardization in both the restricted sense of reducing dialectical barriers between ethnic Russians, and

6279-444: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ustye&oldid=1256023887 " Category : Set index articles on populated places in Russia Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Russian language Russian

6370-420: The northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region . Russian was also the main foreign language taught in school in China between 1949 and 1964. In Kazakhstan , Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of

6461-515: The other hand, before the war, almost a quarter of Ukrainians were in favour of granting Russian the status of the state language, while after the beginning of Russia's invasion the support for the idea dropped to just 7%. In peacetime, the idea of raising the status of Russian was traditionally supported by residents of the south and east . But even in these regions, only a third of the respondents were in favour, and after Russia's full-scale invasion , their number dropped by almost half. According to

6552-455: The other three languages in the East Slavic branch. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures such as Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect , although it vanished during the 15th or 16th century,

6643-446: The parliament approved a bill to close up all Russian language schools and kindergartens by the school year. The transition to only Estonian language schools and kindergartens will start in the 2024-2025 school year. In Latvia , Russian is officially considered a foreign language. 55% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 26% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 18 February 2012, Latvia held

6734-453: The peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky , who toward the end of his life wrote: "Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or

6825-455: The population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. In October 2023, Kazakhstan drafted a media law aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language over Russian, the law stipulates that the share of the state language on television and radio should increase from 50% to 70%, at a rate of 5% per year, starting in 2025. In Kyrgyzstan , Russian

6916-418: The population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2019 Belarusian census , out of 9,413,446 inhabitants of the country, 5,094,928 (54.1% of the total population) named Belarusian as their native language, with 61.2% of ethnic Belarusians and 54.5% of ethnic Poles declaring Belarusian as their native language. In everyday life in

7007-475: The pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced /ŭ/ , /ĭ/ . Because of many technical restrictions in computing and also because of the unavailability of Cyrillic keyboards abroad, Russian is often transliterated using the Latin alphabet. For example, мороз ('frost') is transliterated moroz , and мышь ('mouse'), mysh or myš' . Once commonly used by the majority of those living outside Russia, transliteration

7098-466: The proper pronunciation of uncommon words or names. Russian is an East Slavic language of the wider Indo-European family . It is a descendant of Old East Slavic , a language used in Kievan Rus' , which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid-13th centuries. From the point of view of spoken language , its closest relatives are Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Rusyn ,

7189-491: The respondents), while according to the 2002 census – 142.6 million people (99.2% of the respondents). In Ukraine , Russian is a significant minority language. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 14,400,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. On 5 September 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed

7280-675: The survey carried out by RATING in August 2023 in the territory controlled by Ukraine and among the refugees, almost 60% of the polled usually speak Ukrainian at home, about 30% – Ukrainian and Russian, only 9% – Russian. Since March 2022, the use of Russian in everyday life has been noticeably decreasing. For 82% of respondents, Ukrainian is their mother tongue, and for 16%, Russian is their mother tongue. IDPs and refugees living abroad are more likely to use both languages for communication or speak Russian. Nevertheless, more than 70% of IDPs and refugees consider Ukrainian to be their native language. In

7371-508: The syntax of Russian dialects." After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. Nakhimovsky quotes the Soviet academicians A.M Ivanov and L.P Yakubinsky, writing in 1930: The language of peasants has a motley diversity inherited from feudalism. On its way to becoming proletariat peasantry brings to

7462-770: The two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern , Central (or Middle), and Southern , with Moscow lying in the Central region. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye ( оканье ). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /e⁓i̯ɛ/ in place of Proto-Slavic  * ě and /o⁓u̯ɔ/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/ , respectively. Another Northern dialectal morphological feature

7553-506: The use of the language has some presence in certain areas. A large part of the population, especially the older generations, can speak Russian as a foreign language. However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as their first foreign language. In contrast to the other two Baltic states, Lithuania has a relatively small Russian-speaking minority (5.0% as of 2008). According to

7644-808: The world's ninth-most spoken language by total number of speakers . Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station , one of the six official languages of the United Nations , as well as the fourth most widely used language on the Internet . Russian is written using the Russian alphabet of the Cyrillic script ; it distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without—the so-called "soft" and "hard" sounds. Almost every consonant has

7735-670: Was abolished and merged into Volosovsky District. Timber industry is an important branch of economy of the district. Additionally, there are a limestone plant and a road metal plant, as well as the Gorn porcelain and ceramic works, a dairy mill, and Russia's leading mixed feed mill — the Agrofirma Volosovo . The main agricultural specializations of the district are dairy farming , potato growing, and perennial herbs seed production. The railway connecting Saint Petersburg ( Baltiysky railway station ) with Tallinn via Narva crosses

7826-461: Was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 18th century. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. In Nikolaevsk, Alaska , Russian

7917-421: Was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. According to the 2014 Moldovan census , Russians accounted for 4.1% of Moldova's population, 9.4% of the population declared Russian as their native language, and 14.5% said they usually spoke Russian. According to the 2010 census in Russia , Russian language skills were indicated by 138 million people (99.4% of

8008-419: Was granted town status. On June 29, 2004 Kikerino was downgraded to a rural locality. On August 1, 1927 Osminsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Osmino was established as well. It was a part of Luga Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. It included areas which were previously parts of Gdovsky, Luzhsky , and Kingiseppsky Uyezds. On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and

8099-436: Was made an urban-type settlement. Between August 1941 and January 1944, during World War II , the district was occupied by German troops . On February 1, 1963 Volosovsky District was abolished and merged into Kingiseppsky District; on January 13, 1965 it was reestablished. It remained the last district of Leningrad Oblast with the administrative center not having the town status until April 14, 1999, when Volosovo

8190-493: Was merged with Detskoselsky Uyezd to form Gatchinsky Uyezd , with the administrative center located in Gatchina . On February 14, 1923 Gatchina was renamed Trotsk, and Gatchinsky Uyezd was renamed Trotsky Uyezd, after Leon Trotsky . On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Volosovsky District, with the administrative center in the settlement of Volosovo, was established. The governorates were also abolished, and

8281-402: Was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. Despite leveling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary and phonetics, a number of dialects still exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of Russian into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between

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