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94-510: Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto motto is "Ikraa", which means "Read". The degree is awarded based on character and learning. The university is named after the famous Usman dan Fodio , the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate . Udusok is a four, five and six-years degree-awarding institution that also runs associate degrees and remedial programmes. The university has a standard medical program and University Teaching Hospital. The university

188-561: A mujaddid , a divinely sent "reformer of Islam". Shehu ɗan Fodio's uprising was a major episode of a movement described as the jihad in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. It followed the jihads successfully waged in Futa Bundu , Futa Tooro and Fouta Djallon between 1650 and 1750, which led to the creation of those three Islamic states. In his turn, the Shehu inspired a number of later West African jihads, including those of Seku Amadu , founder of

282-482: A Church, all those who adhere to them". Sacred things are not, however, limited to gods or spirits. On the contrary, a sacred thing can be "a rock, a tree, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a word, anything can be sacred". Religious beliefs, myths, dogmas and legends are the representations that express the nature of these sacred things, and the virtues and powers which are attributed to them. Echoes of James' and Durkheim's definitions are to be found in

376-513: A Muslim as an individual an Muslims as a community. Emigrants continue to join the Shehu for months after the original hijrah, some coming with and without their families and belongings. The king of Gobir worried about the depopulation of his kingdom tried to stop further emigration by harrassingand confiscating the goods of the refuges but to no avail (p.24) At Degel with the Shehu is hs father, Muhammad Fodiye, his elder brother, Ali and his younger brother, Abdullahi. Another notable personality

470-633: A Muslim is became a subject of disagreement between him and Shehu later in life. The Son of Ibn Umar later joined Shehu at the beginning of the Jihad. Other students of Ibn Umar include Danfodio's brother Abdullahi dan Fodio , and cousins Muhammad Firabri and Mustapha Bin Uthman At age 20, Usman set up his school in Degel , he was preaching and studying at the same time. Soon after, he became well educated in classical Islamic science, philosophy and theology, and also became

564-496: A campaign against them, and in a particular instance, his troops captured some of our men, including their wives and children and started selling them as slaves before our eyes. We were even threatened that the same fate might befall us ourselves. Eventually, the Sarkin Gobir sent a message to Shehu ordering him to take his family away and leave his town but that he must not take along with him any of his followers.Thereupon

658-484: A concrete deity or not" to which the individual feels impelled to respond with solemnity and gravity. Sociologist Émile Durkheim , in his seminal book The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life , defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things". By sacred things he meant things "set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called

752-489: A definition of religion. There are, however, two general definition systems: the sociological/functional and the phenomenological/philosophical. The concept of religion originated in the modern era in the West . Parallel concepts are not found in many current and past cultures; there is no equivalent term for religion in many languages. Scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition, with some giving up on

846-413: A direct descendant of Muhammad as she was descended from Maulay Idris I , the first Emir of Morocco , who was the great-grandchild of Hasan , grandson of Muhammad. Ahmadu Bello , the first Premier of Northern Nigeria and great-grandson of Muhammed Bello, also said this in his autobiography, tracing his family's connection to Muhammad through Hauwa and Muhammad Fodio. The Toronkawa first settled in

940-511: A period of five-year, non-renewable term. The current vice-chancellor, is Professor Suleiman Lawal Bilbis. In Usman Danfodiyo University a young Nigerian lady recently made history as she became the first female president of the Student Union Government ( SUG ) body in a tertiary institution situated in the northern region of the country (Nigeria) According to reports by WomenAfrica.com, the student identified as Amina Yahaya emerged as

1034-792: A revered religious thinker. in 1786, Danfodio attended the assembly of his cousin Muhammad bn Raji where he received further academic certifications (p.7). By 1787, Danfodio was writing a number of books in Arabic and composing long poems in Fulfulde . One of the famous of his books "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic practice and obliteration of false innovation)" finished before 1773 and seems to established Danfodio's reputaion among contemporary scholars. In his dispute with local scholars over scholasticism, he wrote over 50 works against

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1128-443: A similar union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. Though traditions, sacred texts, and practices have existed throughout time, most cultures did not align with Western conceptions of religion since they did not separate everyday life from the sacred. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and world religions first entered

1222-629: A single religious-political movement. The sultan responded violently to Danfodio's Islamic Community. Some members of the Jama'a were imprisoned. In the Shaykh’s book, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, we get his brother’s account of why the Jihad began. This was narrated by Abdullah at the insistence of the Shaykh himself The king of Gobir then started provoking some of the Shaykhs followers and terrorized them. He dispatched

1316-655: A subject of interest to philosophers and theologians. The word myth has several meanings: Ancient polytheistic religions, such as those of Greece, Rome , and Scandinavia , are usually categorized under the heading of mythology . Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or cultures in development, are similarly called myths in the anthropology of religion . The term myth can be used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. By defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real or true than one's own religious stories and beliefs. Joseph Campbell remarked, "Mythology

1410-600: A transcendent deity and all else, between the creator and his creation, between God and man. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined religion as a: ... system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic. Alluding perhaps to Tylor's "deeper motive", Geertz remarked that: ... we have very little idea of how, in empirical terms, this particular miracle

1504-402: A very high place in his economic thought (Balogun, 1985, p. 30, quoted by Sule Ahmed Gusau, 1989). Property earned through fraudulent means would be confiscated and the funds obtained credited to the state treasury. The Shehu was very emphatic on Fair market functioning. In his work Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (On Satanic Innovations) he forbade ignorant persons from dealing in market. It

1598-606: A village called Konni on the borders of Bornu Empire and Songhai Empire , till persecution drove them to Maratta under the leadership of Muhammad Sa'ad, the Sheikh's great-grandfather. A faction of them split and moved to Qoloba. It was in Maratta that Usman Danfodio was born on 15 December 1754. He was born as bi Fodiye, dan Fodio or Ibn Fudiyi, 'the son of Fodiye', his father has earned the Fulani title of Fodiye 'the learned'. A further move by

1692-450: A wide variety of academic disciplines, including theology , philosophy of religion , comparative religion , and social scientific studies. Theories of religion offer various explanations for its origins and workings, including the ontological foundations of religious being and belief. The term religion comes from both Old French and Anglo-Norman (1200s CE ) and means respect for sense of right, moral obligation, sanctity, what

1786-526: A widespread jihad., Yunfa at the end of his first year faced rebellion from Zamfara, Invasion by Katsina, the Sullubawa who are loyal to Katsina, and the Muslim Community who are becoming increasingly powerful and who are restive unde the moderation of the Shehu. The crisis precipitated as a Gobir expedition returning to Alkalawa with Muslim prisoners was made to free them as it went up past Degel where

1880-559: A word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. For example, there is no precise equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. One of its central concepts is halakha , meaning the walk or path sometimes translated as law, which guides religious practice and belief and many aspects of daily life. Even though

1974-520: Is Umar Al-Kammu , his closest friend who accompanied him on the occasion of Yunfa's assassination attempt. He was third after Abdullahi and Muhammed Bello in saluting Shehu as Commander of the Believers. He acted as a treasurer during the Jihad. He was present during the battle of Tsuntsua, but died before the Sheikh in Birnin Fulani near Zauma. His remains were later brought to Sokoto by Bello where he

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2068-522: Is Hauwa Bn Muhammad. She is believed to be a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as she was descended from Maulay Idris I , the first Emir of Morocco . Usman and Abdullahi 's first teacher was their mother Hauwa who came from a long line of famous literary scholars. Her mother, Usman's grandmother, was Ruqayyah bin Alim, who was a well respected ascetic and teacher. According to Murray Last, Ruqayya

2162-491: Is a land of unbelievers. In these circumstances, anyone must leave it for another country". In 1802, Nafata's successor Yunfa , a former student of Usman, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to assassinate Usman at Alkalawa . He captured some of Shehus followers as prisoners. After unsuccessful attempt, Yunfa then turned for aid to the other leaders of the Hausa states, warning them that Usman could trigger

2256-453: Is a range of social - cultural systems , including designated behaviors and practices, morals , beliefs , worldviews , texts , sanctified places , prophecies , ethics , or organizations , that generally relate humanity to supernatural , transcendental , and spiritual elements —although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from

2350-400: Is accomplished. We just know that it is done, annually, weekly, daily, for some people almost hourly; and we have an enormous ethnographic literature to demonstrate it. The theologian Antoine Vergote took the term supernatural simply to mean whatever transcends the powers of nature or human agency. He also emphasized the cultural reality of religion, which he defined as: ... the entirety of

2444-461: Is also the product of the dominant Western religious mode, what is called the Judeo-Christian climate or, more accurately, the theistic inheritance from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The theistic form of belief in this tradition, even when downgraded culturally, is formative of the dichotomous Western view of religion. That is, the basic structure of theism is essentially a distinction between

2538-508: Is derived from religare : re (meaning "again") + ligare ("bind" or "connect"), which was made prominent by St. Augustine following the interpretation given by Lactantius in Divinae institutiones , IV, 28. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders : "we hear of the 'religion' of the Golden Fleece , of a knight 'of

2632-432: Is divided into three campuses. The main campus houses faculties of Agriculture , Arts , Arabic and Islamic Studies , Education , Engineering , Law , Life Sciences , social sciences , Physical and Computing Sciences , Center For Entrepreneurship Development, Center for peace studies and Center for Energy research and training. The university senate , the main library complex (Abdullahi Fodiyo Library Complex) and

2726-455: Is for the sake of fairness in dealing in the market that he emphasized revival of the Hisba institutions whose functions include checking the prices, Inspection of the quality of goods, correct weights and measures, prevention of Fraud and Usurious practices , removal of Monopolisation of products, etc. (The Shehu’s work al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, quoted by Kani, p. 65). On public expenditure,

2820-546: Is found in texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and globalization in the Age of Exploration , which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with non-European languages. Some argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply the term religion to non-Western cultures, while some followers of various faiths rebuke using

2914-516: Is linked to the branch of the family noted for its learning. Ruqayyah's work Alkarim Yaqbal was popular among Islamic scholars of the 18th and 19th century. Hauwa's father and Ruqayyah's husband, Muhammad bin Uthman bin Hamm, was even more famous and respected than Ruqayya. He was regarded as the most learned Fulani cleric of the time. While Usman was young, he and his family shifted to Degel where he studied

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3008-526: Is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins ) do not necessarily disturb its adherents. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Traditionally, faith , in addition to reason , has been considered a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as perceived support for religious beliefs, have been

3102-467: Is sacred, reverence for the gods. It is ultimately derived from the Latin word religiō . According to Roman philosopher Cicero , religiō comes from relegere : re (meaning "again") + lego (meaning "read"), where lego is in the sense of "go over", "choose", or "consider carefully". Contrarily, some modern scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell have argued that religiō

3196-451: Is the 11th grandfather of the Shehu. There were 11 generations between Musa Jokollo and Shehu Danfodio. Abdullahi dan Fodio stated that the Torankawa (Turubbi/Torobe) have Arab ancestry through one Uqba who married a Fulani woman called Bajjumangbu. Muhammed Bello was not sure if it was Uqba ibn Nafi , Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir . Usman dan Fodio's mother Hauwa is believed to be

3290-558: Is the key for progress while injustice leads to decadence. A just government can last even with unbelief but it cannot endure with injustice(Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). On the other hand he warned against the unhealthy practices such as fraud, adulteration and extravagance and their bad consequences in the economy (Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). He exalted labour and hard work, and rejected begging. He encouraged his follower to engage in earning livelihood even through an ordinary occupation (Kani, 1984, pp. 86-87). Division of labour and cooperation occupy

3384-481: The Abrahamic religions Christianity, Islam, and Judaism , while others are arguably less so, in particular folk religions , indigenous religions , and some Eastern religions . A portion of the world's population are members of new religious movements . Scholars have indicated that global religiosity may be increasing due to religious countries having generally higher birth rates. The study of religion comprises

3478-518: The Hausa Kingdoms since the early 1400s. In early life, Usman became well educated in Islamic studies and soon, he began to preach Sunni Islam throughout Nigeria and Cameroon . He wrote more than a hundred books concerning religion , government , culture and society . He developed a critique of existing African Muslim elites for what he saw as their greed, paganism, violation of the standards of

3572-650: The Massina Empire and Omar Saidou Tall , founder of the Toucouleur Empire , who married one of ɗan Fodio's granddaughters. Usman Danfodio belong to the generation of wandering scholars who started settling in Hausaland since the 1300-1400s, some 400–500 years before the Jihad The Sheikh's ancestors were Toronkawa who migrated from Futa Tooro in the 1300s under the leadership of Musa Jokollo . Musa Jokollo

3666-606: The Niger River , and in the South travelling to Zugu beyond the Zamfara River valley. Usman criticized the ruling elite with his writings, condemning them for enslavement, worshiping idols, sacrificial rituals, overtaxation, arbitrary rule and greed. He also insisted on the observance of the Maliki fiqh in personal observances as well as in commercial and criminal law. Usman also denounced

3760-643: The Quran . After studying the Qur'an with his father, Danfodio moved to other teachers. They included his relations, Uthman Bn Duri , and Muhammad Sambo . After being thought by Uthman Binduri, Danfodio joined Jibril bin Umar . Ibn Umar was a powerful intellectual and religious leader at the time, who was a staunch proponent of Jihad . Jibrin Ibn Umar was a controversial figure who later fall out with Danfodio; his preaching on defining who

3854-564: The School of Postgraduate Studies are also located at the main campus with over 4500 seating capacity and information resources both online and offline data bases. the present university librarian is Prof. A.K. Nuhu. The annex campus hosts the faculty of Veterinary medicine and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, the Centre for Islamic Studies and the school of Remedial and Basic Studies popularly known as School of Matriculation Studies. A third campus houses

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3948-555: The Sharia . Usman formed and began an Islamic religious and social revolution which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Cameroon . This revolution influenced other rebellions across West Africa and beyond. In 1803, he founded the Sokoto Caliphate and his followers pledged allegiance to him as the Commander of the Faithful ( Amīr al-Muʾminīn ). Usman declared jihad against

4042-460: The Toureg , Fulbe and Fulani pastoralists who are overtaxed and their cattle seized by powerful government officials. These pastoralist communities were led by the clerics living in rural communities who were Fulfulde speakers and closely connected to the pastoralists. Many of Usman's followers later hold the most important offices of the new states. Usman's jihad served to integrate several peoples into

4136-405: The divine , sacredness , faith , and a supernatural being or beings. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Religions have sacred histories , narratives , and mythologies , preserved in oral traditions, sacred texts , symbols , and holy places , that may attempt to explain

4230-553: The medieval period . In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations, but up to the mid-1600s translators expressed din as "law". The Sanskrit word dharma , sometimes translated as religion, also means law. Throughout classical South Asia , the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions . Medieval Japan at first had

4324-574: The origin of life , the universe , and other phenomena. Religious practices may include rituals , sermons , commemoration or veneration (of deities or saints ), sacrifices , festivals , feasts , trances , initiations , matrimonial and funerary services, meditation , prayer , music , art , dance , or public service . There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, though nearly all of them have regionally based, relatively small followings. Four religions— Christianity , Islam , Hinduism , and Buddhism —account for over 77% of

4418-527: The religion of Avys '". In classic antiquity, religiō broadly meant conscientiousness , sense of right , moral obligation , or duty to anything. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religiō was understood as an individual virtue of worship in mundane contexts; never as doctrine , practice, or actual source of knowledge . In general, religiō referred to broad social obligations towards anything including family, neighbors, rulers, and even towards God . Religiō

4512-488: The 1500s to distinguish the domain of the church and the domain of civil authorities ; the Peace of Augsburg marks such instance, which has been described by Christian Reus-Smit as "the first step on the road toward a European system of sovereign states ." Roman general Julius Caesar used religiō to mean "obligation of an oath" when discussing captured soldiers making an oath to their captors. Roman naturalist Pliny

4606-520: The Elder used the term religiō to describe the apparent respect given by elephants to the night sky . Cicero used religiō as being related to cultum deorum (worship of the gods). In Ancient Greece , the Greek term threskeia ( θρησκεία ) was loosely translated into Latin as religiō in late antiquity . Threskeia was sparsely used in classical Greece but became more frequently used in

4700-558: The English language. Native Americans were also thought of as not having religions and also had no word for religion in their languages either. No one self-identified as a Hindu or Buddhist or other similar terms before the 1800s. "Hindu" has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people indigenous to the Indian subcontinent . Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of religion since there

4794-513: The Islamic world. In the 1790s, Usman later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani , (the founder of the Qadiri tariqah ) and ascension to heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and the spiritual lineage of Muhammad . Usman later became head of his Qadiriyya brotherhood calling for the purification of Islamic practices. His theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid (renewer) and

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4888-610: The Jihad; Muhammad Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero, etc. Sulaiman Wodi : Sent with a letter to the Sarkin Gobir at the start of the Jihad. Later acted as a treasurer. 62 neighbours. When the Muslims went to Alkalawa to meet Bawa, there are said to be more than a thousand scholars with the Sheikh. At Tsuntsua, Bello said 2,000 died, 200 of them being memorisers of the Quran . Religion Antiquity Medieval Early modern Modern Iran India East-Asia Religion

4982-539: The Muslim community had to reach out of Yunfa's army. Though they were not prepared, they fled to Gudu, a journey of about four or five days, and a distance of about sixty miles. Not everybody could make the journey, the Tuareg scholar, Agali who is carrying Shehu's books on top of camels and donkeys had to return to with camels to help in evacuation. After they fled Degel , other Muslim communities across Hausaland began to join

5076-475: The Muslim community is concentrated. Yunfa though not in the command of the expedition, could not overlook the challenge. Yunfa's response was an attempt to kill the Sheikh. Yunfa's forces attacked Gimbana and muslims were taken as prisoners. It is at this point that Danfodio wrote the book Masa'il muhimma where he stated the Obligation of emigration on persecuted Muslims. With the threat of attack from Gobir,

5170-513: The Shaykh replied; " I will not part with my people, but I am prepared to leave along with all those who wish to follow me. Those who choose to stay can of course do so’. We made our Hijra from their midst on that Thursday in the year 1218 (1804). On the 12th of Zulki’da we reached the wilderness of the frontier. Muslims kept on making their own Hijra to join us. Sarkin Gobir instructed those in authority under him to seize

5264-515: The Shehu based his ideas on Ibn al-Juza’iy (d.741/1340) and al-Ghazali (d. 505-1111). In his treatise to the Emirs, Shehu emphasised expenditure on Defence by preparing armaments and by paying soldiers. If there remains anything, it goes to the judges, state officials, for the building of mosques and bridges and then it is divided among the poor. If any still remains, the Emir has the option of either giving it to

5358-668: The Shehu. The Zamafarawa too, who were recently subdued by the Gobirawa were again in revolt and Nafata lacked the power to put the revolt down. At home, the Shehu is getting massive followership at the expense of the Sultan. In 1797–98, King Nafata of Gobir in trying to quel the power of the Shehu decided to delegalise some Islamic practices. He forbade Shaykhs to preach, the Islamic community from wearing turbans and veils ( Hijab ), prohibited conversions and ordered converts to Islam to return to their old religion. The proclamation thus reversed

5452-538: The West (or even in the West until after the Peace of Westphalia ). The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions states: The very attempt to define religion, to find some distinctive or possibly unique essence or set of qualities that distinguish the religious from the remainder of human life, is primarily a Western concern. The attempt is a natural consequence of the Western speculative, intellectualistic, and scientific disposition. It

5546-434: The autonomy of Muslim communities under ulama leadership made it possible to resist the state and the state version of Islam in the name of sharia and the ideal caliphate. He was also influenced by the mushahada or mystical visions he was having. In 1789, a vision led him to believe he had the power to work miracles, and to teach his own mystical wird , or litany. His litanies are still widely practiced and distributed in

5640-596: The beginning of his mission was the mass education of women. The Shehu criticized ulama for neglecting half of human beings and ‘leaving them abandoned like beasts’ (Nur al-Albab, p. 10, quoted by Shagari & Boyd, 1978, p. 39). He responded convincingly to objections raised against this (ibid. pp. 84-90) raised by Elkanemi of Borno. He equally educated and taught his sons and his daughters who carried on his mission after him. Several of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers. Especially his daughter Nana Asma’u translated some of her father’s work into local languages. It

5734-422: The belief in spiritual beings exists in all known societies. In his book The Varieties of Religious Experience , the psychologist William James defined religion as "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine". By the term divine James meant "any object that is god like , whether it be

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5828-430: The beliefs and traditions of Judaism are found in the ancient world, ancient Jews saw Jewish identity as being about an ethnic or national identity and did not entail a compulsory belief system or regulated rituals. In the 1st century CE, Josephus had used the Greek term ioudaismos (Judaism) as an ethnic term and was not linked to modern abstract concepts of religion or a set of beliefs. The very concept of "Judaism"

5922-601: The communication of supernatural beliefs, defining religion as: ... the communicated acceptance by individuals of another individual’s “supernatural” claim, a claim whose accuracy is not verifiable by the senses. Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl , commonly translated as "the feeling of absolute dependence". His contemporary Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through

6016-504: The famous 5 concessions. These are what Danfodio demanded; After Bawa's death, the power of Gobir continue to decline due to battles with the neighbouring states. Yaaqub son of Bawa was killed in a battle, hostility between Gobir and Zamfara crystallised. In Zurmi, Ali Al-faris , the leader of the Alibawa Clan of Fulani was killed by the Gobirawa, the Alibawa will later join hands with

6110-450: The finite spirit." Edward Burnett Tylor defined religion in 1871 as "the belief in spiritual beings". He argued that narrowing the definition to mean the belief in a supreme deity or judgment after death or idolatry and so on, would exclude many peoples from the category of religious, and thus "has the fault of identifying religion rather with particular developments than with the deeper motive which underlies them". He also argued that

6204-424: The linguistic expressions, emotions and, actions and signs that refer to a supernatural being or supernatural beings. Peter Mandaville and Paul James intended to get away from the modernist dualisms or dichotomous understandings of immanence/transcendence, spirituality/materialism, and sacredness/secularity. They define religion as: ... a relatively-bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses

6298-404: The migrating entourage of Danfodio. Muhammed Bello , went to Kebbi and other neighbouring states distributing Pamphlets calling Muslims out for the emigration ( Hijrah ). It is in this period that the book Wathiqat ahl-Sudan was circulated (a message to the people of Hausaland) containing brief instructions on what is islamically lawful and unlawful and what causes of action are compulsory for

6392-497: The mixing of men and women, pagan customs, dancing at bridal feasts, and inheritance practices against women contrary to Sharia . Soon, the young Danfodio got massive followership among the peasants and other lower class. Usman broke from the royal court and used his influence to secure approval for creating a religious community in his hometown of Degel that would, he hoped, be a model town. He stayed there for 20 years, writing, teaching and preaching. As in other Islamic societies,

6486-583: The nature of existence, and in which communion with others and Otherness is lived as if it both takes in and spiritually transcends socially-grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing. According to the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions , there is an experiential aspect to religion which can be found in almost every culture: ... almost every known culture [has] a depth dimension in cultural experiences ... toward some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for

6580-508: The policy of the Sultan of Gobir Bawa made ten years earlier. This was highly resented by Usman who wrote in his book Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan (" Concerning the Government of Our Country and Neighboring Countries in Sudan ") Usman wrote: "The government of a country is the government of its king without question. If the king is a Muslim, his land is Muslim; if he is an unbeliever, his land

6674-421: The possessions of those making Hijra and to prevent their people coming to join us…” By the year 1788–89, The authority of Gobir began declining, as the power of the Shehu is increasing. Feeling threatened the 75-year old ailing Sultan of Gobir, Bawa Jan Gwarzo summoned Shehu at Magami during Eid al-Adha . All the scholars of the royal court joined Danfodio's followers leaving the Sultan. Danfodio managed to win

6768-428: The possibility of a definition. Others argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply it to non-Western cultures. An increasing number of scholars have expressed reservations about ever defining the essence of religion. They observe that the way the concept today is used is a particularly modern construct that would not have been understood through much of history and in many cultures outside

6862-725: The president of the students union body in the Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, this makes her the first female to achieve the feat in over three decades. Yahaya had previously occupied the office of the vice-president of the sug, before the president was removed. Usman dan Fodio Shehu Usman dan Fodio pronunciation ( Arabic : عثمان بن فودي , romanized :  ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī ; full name; 15 December 1754 – 20 April 1817). (Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Imam Dembube`)

6956-565: The quibbles of local scholars. In 1774, Usman began his itinerant preaching as an Mallam and continued preaching for twelve years in Gobir and Kebbi , followed by further five years in Zamfara . Among Usman's well-known students include his younger brother Abdullah , the Hausa King Yunfa , and many others. His preaching tours took him from to Faru. After his return from Faru, he continued to tour going beyond Kebbi as far as Illo across

7050-419: The rest of life. When more or less distinct patterns of behavior are built around this depth dimension in a culture, this structure constitutes religion in its historically recognizable form. Religion is the organization of life around the depth dimensions of experience—varied in form, completeness, and clarity in accordance with the environing culture. Anthropologists Lyle Steadman and Craig T. Palmer emphasized

7144-423: The rich or keeping it (in the bayt al-mal) to deal with disasters that may occur (ibid. p. 131, quoted by Gusau, 1989, pp. 144-45). According to the Shehu, the zakat al-fitr (poor due at the fast breaking) would be spent on the poor and the needy only. The state's income is not exclusively for the poor. Nor is it necessary to spend equally on all heads of expenditure (Gusau, 1989, pp. 144-145). All lands belong to

7238-610: The role of the Ulama in teaching history, and other works in Arabic and the Fula language . Danfodio wrote more than a hundred books concerning Economy , History , Law , Administration , Women's rights , government , culture , Politics and society . He wrote 118 poems in Arabic , Fulfulde , and Hausa languages. Balogun (1981, PP. 43-48) has compiled a list of 115 works through various sources .Notable among his works include; The first major revolutionary action that Danfodio took at

7332-1029: The seizing of land by force, unauthorized grazing of other people’s crops, extraction of money from the poor, imprisonment on false charges and all other injustices (Shagari and Boyd, 1978, p. 15) .The Shehu’s followers were required not to remain idle. They were encouraged to learn a craft in order to earn a living. It was considered improper to eat what one had not earned by one’s own efforts’. They engaged in various handcrafts to produce necessities of life (Shagari and Boyd, 1978,. p. 18). He argued for revival of just Islamic economic institutions such as al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (State treasury), Zakat , Waqf , etc. Mostly his economic ideas are found in his work Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Other works in which some economic ideas are found are Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikhwan, Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, Najm al-Ikhwan and Nur al-Ibad. The Shehu advocates foundation of an economic system based on values such as justice, sincerity, moderation, modesty, honesty, etc. According to him justice

7426-480: The sheikh's father, Muhammad Bn Fodio after 1754 brought them from Maratta to Degel , but several of their relatives still stayed in the town of Konni. Other Toronkawa, such as Gidado's family moved to Kebbi . His father Muhammad Fodio was an Islamic scholar who the Young Danfodio will later mention in his books as having great influence on him. Muhammad Fodio died in Degel and is buried there. Usman's mother

7520-465: The state. The Shehu declared all lands as Waqf , or owned by the entire community. However, the Sultan allocated land to individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family members but could not be sold. Tax on land was introduced. In 1780–the 1790s, Usman's reputation increased as he appealed to justice and morality and rallied the outcasts of Hausa society. The Hausa peasants, slaves and preachers supported Usman, as well as

7614-413: The term superstitio (which meant too much fear or anxiety or shame) to religiō at times. When religiō came into English around the 1200s as religion, it took the meaning of "life bound by monastic vows" or monastic orders. The compartmentalized concept of religion, where religious and worldly things were separated, was not used before the 1500s. The concept of religion was first used in

7708-824: The tyrannical kings and defeated the kings. Under Usman's leadership, the caliphate expanded into present-day Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Southern Niger and most of Northern Nigeria . Ɗan Fodio declined much of the pomp of rulership, and while developing contacts with religious reformists and jihad leaders across Africa, he soon passed actual leadership of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello . manir sani He encouraged literacy and scholarship, for women as well as men, and several of his daughters emerged as scholars and writers. His writings and sayings continue to be much quoted today, and are often affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria. Some followers consider ɗan Fodio to have been

7802-415: The university's teaching hospital , faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , college of Health Sciences , faculty of Dentistry , and faculty of Medical Laboratory Science. The university has Fifteen (15) faculties: A chancellor is a ceremonial head of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, while the vice-chancellor is the chief executive officer and Chief academic officer. The vice-chancellor is usually appointed for

7896-466: The word to describe their own belief system. The concept of "ancient religion" stems from modern interpretations of a range of practices that conform to a modern concept of religion, influenced by early modern and 19th century Christian discourse. The concept of religion was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries, despite the fact that ancient sacred texts like the Bible , the Quran , and others did not have

7990-502: The world's population, and 92% of the world either follows one of those four religions or identifies as nonreligious , meaning that the remaining 9,000+ faiths account for only 8% of the population combined. The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists , and agnostics , although many in the demographic still have various religious beliefs. Many world religions are also organized religions , most definitively including

8084-400: The writings of Josephus in the 1st century CE. It was used in mundane contexts and could mean multiple things from respectful fear to excessive or harmfully distracting practices of others, to cultic practices. It was often contrasted with the Greek word deisidaimonia , which meant too much fear. Religion is a modern concept. The concept was invented recently in the English language and

8178-439: The writings of, for example, Frederick Ferré who defined religion as "one's way of valuing most comprehensively and intensively". Similarly, for the theologian Paul Tillich , faith is "the state of being ultimately concerned", which "is itself religion. Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life." When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it

8272-490: Was a Fulani scholar, Islamic religious teacher, poet, revolutionary and a philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph . After the successful revolution, the "Jama'a" gave him the title Amir al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful). He rejected the throne and continued calling to Islam. Born in Gobir , Usman was a descendant of the Torodbe clans of urbanized ethnic Fulani people living in

8366-567: Was buried near the Shehu. The Scribes : In the book Raud Al-jinan, 17 scribes were mentioned, notable among them are Al-Mustapha, the Chief scribe. Two are nicknamed Al-Maghribi, implying North African origin and another "Malle" indicating Malian ancestry. The Imams : Notable among them is Imam Muhammad Sambo who died in the battle of Tsuntsua; Muezzin Ahmad Al-Sudani who died early in Sarma early in

8460-540: Was invented by the Christian Church , and it was in the 19th century that Jews began to see their ancestral culture as a religion analogous to Christianity. The Greek word threskeia , which was used by Greek writers such as Herodotus and Josephus, is found in the New Testament . Threskeia is sometimes translated as "religion" in today's translations, but the term was understood as generic "worship" well into

8554-434: Was most often used by the ancient Romans not in the context of a relation towards gods, but as a range of general emotions which arose from heightened attention in any mundane context such as hesitation , caution, anxiety , or fear , as well as feelings of being bound, restricted, or inhibited. The term was also closely related to other terms like scrupulus (which meant "very precisely"), and some Roman authors related

8648-515: Was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this idea. According to the philologist Max Müller in the 19th century, the root of the English word religion, the Latin religiō ,

8742-424: Was originally used to mean only reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety (which Cicero further derived to mean diligence). Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Scholars have failed to agree on

8836-455: Was particularly revolutionary at the time because Danfodio decided that women were to receive the exact kind of education as men and thus he placed them in the same classrooms. The Shehu strongly criticized the Hausa ruling elite for their heavy taxation and violation of the Muslim Law. He ‘condemned oppression, all unfairness, the giving and acceptance of bribes, the imposition of unfair taxes,

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