Traditional
36-556: [REDACTED] Look up Ushas or Usha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Usha may refer to: Geography [ edit ] Usha (ancient city) , an archaeological site in western part of Galilee, Israel Usha, Israel , a modern kibbutz Usha, Purba Bardhaman , a village in India Personal name [ edit ] Mythology [ edit ] Ushas or Usha,
72-508: A Vedic goddess Uṣā , daughter of Asura Banasura Usha Parinayam ( transl. Marriage of Usha ), an Indian drama Given name [ edit ] Usha (actress) (born 1972), Indian actress and singer in Malayalam movies Usha (Telugu singer) (born 1980), Indian singer in Telugu language Usha Choudhari (born 1942), Indian National Congress politician Usha Gupta ,
108-517: A daily reminder of Ushas in contemporary Hinduism. According to Sri Aurobindo , Ushas is "the medium of the awakening, the activity and the growth of the other gods; she is the first condition of the Vedic realisation. By her increasing illumination the whole nature of man is clarified; through her [mankind] arrives at the Truth, through her he enjoys [Truth's] beatitude." Ushas is regionally worshipped during
144-618: A fictional character in The Archers Usha Haley , American academic Usha Majere , a fictional character in Dragonlance Usha Mangeshkar (born 1935), Indian singer Usha Mehta (1920–2000), Indian Gandhian and freedom fighter Usha Menon , Indian-British gynaecologist Usha Sanyal , historian specializing in Asia Usha Uthup (born 1947), Indian singer K. K. Usha (1939–2020), Chief Justice of
180-526: A probable link between Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit and languages of the Epics. Complex meters such as Anuṣṭubh and rules of Sanskrit prosody had been or were being innovated by this time, but parts of the Brāhmaṇa layers show the language is still close to Vedic Sanskrit. This is the last stratum of Vedic literature, comprising the bulk of the Śrautasūtras and Gṛhyasūtras and some Upaniṣad s such as
216-514: A strict tripartite division of vocalic length between hrasva (short, 1 mora), dīrgha (long, 2 morae) and pluta (prolated, 3+ morae). Pluta vowels are recorded a total of 3 times in the Rigveda and 15 times in the Atharvaveda , typically in cases of questioning and particularly where two options are being compared. For example: The pluti attained the peak of their popularity in
252-513: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ushas Ushas ( Vedic Sanskrit : उषस् , IAST : Uṣás , nominative singular उषास् IAST : Uṣās ) is a Vedic goddess of dawn in Hinduism . She repeatedly appears in the Rigvedic hymns, states David Kinsley, where she is "consistently identified with dawn, revealing herself with
288-553: Is thanked for and petitioned for driving away darkness in hymns 7.78, 6.64 and 10.172; bringer of light urged by Surya in hymn 3.61, and the chaser of evil demons in hymn 8.47. The Rigvedic hymn 1.48 describes her as drawn in a hundred chariots, revealed by the daily arrival of light, one who sets all motion to life and all life to motion, rousing people off to their duties. She is revered for giving strength in hymn 1.44, to Ṛta in hymn 3.61 and 7.75, and participating in daily restoration of order and fighting chaotic forces that threaten
324-792: Is the eye of the gods, according to hymns 7.75–77. She is variously mentioned as the sister of Ratri (night), Aditya and one who goes about her ways closely with deities Savitri and Surya. She is also associated with Varuna (sky, water) and Agni (fire). In RV 6.64.1-2 (trans. Jamison ), Ushas is invoked as follows: Vedic : 1. úd u śriyá uṣáso rócamānā ásthur apā́ṃ nórmáyo rúśantaḥ kr̥ṇóti víśvā supáthā sugā́ny ábhūd u vásvī dákṣiṇā maghónī 2. bhadrā́ dadr̥kṣa urviyā́ ví bhāsy út te śocír bhānávo dyā́m apaptan āvír vákṣaḥ kr̥ṇuṣe śumbʰámānóṣo devi rócamānā máhobhiḥ English translation: 1. The shining Dawns have arisen for splendor, glistening like
360-477: The Kaṭha Upaniṣad and Maitrāyaṇiya Upaniṣad . These texts elucidate the state of the language which formed the basis of Pāṇini's codification into Classical Sanskrit. Vedic differs from Classical Sanskrit to an extent comparable to the difference between Homeric Greek and Classical Greek . The following differences may be observed in the phonology: Vedic had a pitch accent which could even change
396-484: The Rig Veda , but not as important or central as the three male Vedic deities Agni , Soma , and Indra . She is on par with other major male Vedic deities. She is portrayed as a beautifully adorned young woman riding in a golden chariot or a hundred chariots, drawn by golden red horses or cows, on her path across the sky, making way for the Vedic sun god Surya , who is referred either as her husband or her son. Some of
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#1732848226256432-584: The Ṛg·veda must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE. The pre-1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic Sanskrit, but there is disappearance of these archaic correspondences and linguistics in the post-Rigvedic period. This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the Atharvaveda (Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the Ṛg·veda Khilani , the Samaveda Saṃhitā, and
468-599: The Late Harappan horizon from about 1900 BCE, and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to Punjab as corresponding to the Gandhara grave culture from about 1700 BCE. According to this model, Rigvedic within the larger Indo-Aryan group is the direct ancestor of the Dardic languages . The early Vedic Sanskrit language was far less homogeneous compared to the language described by Pāṇini , that is, Classic Sanskrit. The language in
504-502: The Prakrit language. Originally the epigraphic language of the whole of India was mainly Prakrit and Sanskrit is first noticed in the inscriptions of North India from about the second half of the 1st century BCE. Sanskrit gradually ousted Prakrit from the field of Indian epigraphy in all parts of the country. Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language: The first three are commonly grouped together, as
540-534: The "family books" of the Rig Veda (e.g. RV 6 .64.5), Ushas is the divine daughter—a divó duhitâ —of Dyaus Pita ("Sky Father"). 5. Convey (it)—you who as the unsurpassable one with your oxen convey the boon at your pleasure, Dawn, you who are a goddess, o Daughter of Heaven. Become worthy to be seen with your munificence at the early invocation! The revered Gayatri mantra , states George Williams, remains
576-400: The "mother of cows" and one, who like a cow, gives to the benefit of all people. Hymn 1.113 calls her "mother of the gods", while hymn 7.81 states her to be the mother of all living beings who petition her. She is the goddess of the hearth, states hymn 6.64. She symbolizes reality, is a marker of time and a reminder to all that "life is limited on earth". She sees everything as it is, and she
612-582: The English goddess Ēostre (OE: ēastre), whose name is probably the root of the modern English word " Easter ." Ushas is the prominent goddess of dawn in the Vedas. She is depicted as the one who imbues life to all beings, as the "life of all life" and "breath of all breaths", according to Jones and Ryan. She is revered as the deity who revivifies earth each day, drives away the chaos and the darkness, sets all things in motion, sends all living beings to do their duties in
648-524: The Saṃhitās comprising the four Vedas: ṛg, atharvan, yajus, sāman, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the canonical foundation both of the Vedic religion, and the later religion known as Hinduism. Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Ṛg·veda have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient Avestan language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text of
684-453: The Vedas. Ushas is the most important goddess in the Vedic literature, but she is not as important as the three central male deities named Agni , Soma , and Indra . She is mentioned in far fewer hymns than these three, but at least as much as all other male and female deities in the Vedas. Ushas is mentioned in numerous hymns of the Rigveda . Forty of its hymns are dedicated to her, while her name appears in other additional hymns. She
720-526: The advent of writing by several centuries. Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian history. The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and Proto-Indo-Aryan is estimated, on linguistic grounds, to have occurred around or before 1800 BCE. The date of composition of
756-754: The basis for the word "east" in Indo-European traditions, state Mallory and Adams. Uṣás is an s -stem, i.e. the genitive case is uṣásas , whereby it connotes "dawn goddess" in Indo-European languages . Ushas is related to the Proto-Indo-European goddess * h₂ausos - . Her cognates in other Indo-European pantheons include the Greek goddess Eos , the Roman goddess Aurora , the Lithuanian goddess Aušrinė , and
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#1732848226256792-469: The daily coming of light to the world, driving away oppressive darkness, chasing away evil demons, rousing all life, setting all things in motion, sending everyone off to do their duties". She is the life of all living creatures, the impeller of action and breath, the foe of chaos and confusion, the auspicious arouser of cosmic and moral order called the Ṛta in Hinduism. Ushas is the most exalted goddess in
828-412: The development of periphrastic aorist forms. This must have occurred before the time of Pāṇini because Panini makes a list of those from the northwestern region of India who knew these older rules of Vedic Sanskrit. In this layer of Vedic literature, the archaic Vedic Sanskrit verb system has been abandoned, and a prototype of pre-Panini Vedic Sanskrit structure emerges. The Yajñagāthās texts provide
864-480: The early Upanishads of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit. The formalization of the late form of Vedic Sanskrit language into the Classical Sanskrit form is credited to Pāṇini 's Aṣṭādhyāyī , along with Patanjali 's Mahabhasya and Katyayana 's commentary that preceded Patanjali's work. The earliest epigraphic records of the indigenous rulers of India are written in
900-669: The festival of Chhath Puja , in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (India), and in Nepal . Vedic Sanskrit Vedic Sanskrit , also simply referred as the Vedic language , is an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid- 2nd to mid-1st millennium BCE. It is orally preserved , predating
936-407: The high court of Kerala, India from 2000 to 2001 P. T. Usha (born 1964), Indian athlete Usha Vance (born 1985), American attorney, wife of JD Vance Acronyms [ edit ] United States Housing Authority United States Handball Association See also [ edit ] Usa (disambiguation) , alternative transliteration Okha (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
972-469: The mantras of the Yajurveda . These texts are largely derived from the Ṛg·veda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. For example, the more ancient injunctive verb system is no longer in use. An important linguistic change is the disappearance of the injunctive , subjunctive, optative, imperative (the aorist ). New innovations in Vedic Sanskrit appear such as
1008-458: The meaning of the words, and was still in use in Pāṇini's time, as can be inferred by his use of devices to indicate its position. At some latter time, this was replaced by a stress accent limited to the second to fourth syllables from the end. Since a small number of words in the late pronunciation of Vedic carry the so-called "independent svarita " on a short vowel, one can argue that late Vedic
1044-452: The most beautiful hymns in the Vedas are dedicated to her. Her sister is "Nisha" or Ratri , the deity of night. Vedic uṣás is derived from the word uṣá which means "dawn". This word comes from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hušā́s ("ušā" in Avestan), which in turn is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éusōs ("dawn"), and is related to "ēṓs" in Greek and "aušrà" in Lithuanian. It is also
1080-617: The oldest hymns of the Rigveda is vague at best, generally estimated to roughly 1500 BCE. Both Asko Parpola (1988) and J. P. Mallory (1998) place the locus of the division of Indo-Aryan from Iranian in the Bronze Age culture of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). Parpola (1999) elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in
1116-423: The overlong or prolated vowels are themselves called pluta . Pluta vowels are usually noted with a numeral "3" ( ३ ) indicating a length of three morae ( trimātra ). A diphthong is prolated by prolongation of its first vowel. Pāṇinian grammarians recognise the phonetic occurrence of diphthongs measuring more than three morae in duration, but classify them all as prolated (i.e. trimoraic) to preserve
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1152-496: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Usha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usha&oldid=1241205082 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
1188-424: The waves of the waters. She makes all pathways, all passages easy to travel. She has appeared— the good priestly gift, the bounteous one. 2. Auspicious, you have become visible; you radiate widely. Your flare, your radiant beams have flown up to heaven. You reveal your breast as you go in beauty, goddess Dawn, shining with all your might. In
1224-437: The world in hymn 1.113. Ushas is described in Vedic texts as riding in a shining chariot drawn by golden-red horses or cows, a beautiful maiden bedecked with jewels, smiling and irresistibly attractive, who brings cheer to all those who gaze upon her. She dispels darkness, reveals treasures and truths that have been hidden, illuminates the world as it is. Hymn 6.64 associates her with wealth and light, while hymn 1.92 calls her
1260-428: Was marginally a tonal language . Note however that in the metrically-restored versions of the Rig Veda almost all of the syllables carrying an independent svarita must revert to a sequence of two syllables, the first of which carries an udātta and the second a so-called dependent svarita . Early Vedic was thus definitely not a tonal language like Chinese but a pitch accent language like Japanese , which
1296-467: Was inherited from the Proto-Indo-European accent . Pitch accent was not restricted to Vedic. Early Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini gives accent rules for both the spoken language of his post-Vedic time as well as the differences of Vedic accent. However, no extant post-Vedic text with accents are found. Pluti , or prolation , is the term for the phenomenon of protracted or overlong vowels in Sanskrit ;
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