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71-655: United Lutheran Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) in Gettysburg and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It is one of the seven seminaries of the church. It was created in 2017 when the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg and the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia consolidated. On September 5, 1826, what is now the oldest Lutheran seminary in

142-725: A bachelor's degree . There are also seminaries for older adults who are well out of school, such as the Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary in Massachusetts, and for other more specialized purposes. All seminaries are run either by religious orders or by dioceses or other similar structures. Often a seminary will train both that particular order's or diocese's priests and the priests of other orders or dioceses that select that particular seminary for its priests. For instance, Saint John's Seminary in Boston, Massachusetts trains priests for many of

213-416: A consensus method of decision making. It proposed that Orthodox members be brought in parity with non-Orthodox members. It further proposed clarification that inter-confessional prayer at WCC events is not worship, particularly "it should avoid giving the impression of being the worship of a church", and confessional and inter-confessional prayer each be specifically identified as such at WCC events. The WCC

284-513: A college degree, usually a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Philosophy , and terminating in a higher degree, such as a Master of Arts in Theology or a Master of Divinity . The pastoral dimension helps to develop pastoral familiarity with situations such as bedside manner , marriage, and life in the parish. For Catholic seminarians, seminary formation can be divided into four distinct stages of formation. The Dallas Theological Seminary (DTS)

355-766: A common witness and Christian service". It has no head office as such, but its administrative centre is at the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva , Switzerland . The organization's members include denominations which claim to collectively represent over 500 million people across the world in more than 110 countries. Many regional affiliates of the World Council of Churches, such as the Middle East Council of Churches and National Council of Churches in Australia , work for

426-475: A culture of solidarity with young people, women, Indigenous Peoples and racially and ethnically oppressed people. Focal issues have been globalization and the emergence of new social movements (in terms of people bonding together in the struggle for justice, peace, and the protection of creation). Attention has been given to issues around: The largest Christian body, the Roman Catholic Church ,

497-499: A long and fruitful cooperation between ECLOF and the WCC. The Ecumenical Development Cooperative Society U.A (now known as Oikocredit ) was developed from discussions at the 1968 Uppsala 4th Assembly, regarding church divestment from financial institutions supporting apartheid-era South Africa and the war in Vietnam. After several years of planning, the cooperative society was founded in 1975 in

568-576: A regional or national council does not mean that the particular group is also a member of the WCC. Some historians, the U.S. State Department and former KGB officers themselves have alleged and provided corroborating evidence that the KGB's influence directly, or through lobbying by means of a front organization, the Christian Peace Conference, resulted in the WCC's failure to recognize or act on calls for help from persecuted East European Christians at

639-927: Is a worldwide Christian inter-church organization founded in 1948 to work for the cause of ecumenism . Its full members today include the Assyrian Church of the East , the Oriental Orthodox Churches , most jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Union of Utrecht , the Lutheran World Federation , the Anglican Communion , the Mennonite churches , the World Methodist Council ,

710-628: Is also a prominent supporter and practitioning body for Peace journalism : journalism practice that aims to avoid a value bias in favor of violence that often characterizes coverage of conflict. The ACT Alliance , bringing together over 100 church-backed relief and development organizations worldwide, was born out of the merger of ACT International (Action by Churches Together International) and ACT Development ( Action by Churches Together for Development ) in March 2010. Both ACT International , established in 1995, and ACT Development (2007) were created through

781-584: Is an evangelical theological seminary in Dallas, Texas . It is known for popularizing the theological system of dispensationalism . DTS has campuses in Dallas, Houston , and Washington, D.C. , as well as extension sites in Atlanta , Austin , San Antonio , Nashville , Northwest Arkansas , Europe, and Guatemala , and a multilingual online education program. DTS is the largest non-denominational seminary accredited by

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852-454: Is not a member of the WCC, but has worked closely with the council for more than three decades and sends observers to all major WCC conferences as well as to its Central Committee meetings and the Assemblies (cf. Joint Working Group ). The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity also nominates 12 members to the WCC's Faith and Order Commission as full members. While not a member of

923-611: Is similarly claimed that it downplayed appeals from Egyptian Copts about human rights abuses under Sadat and Mubarak, in order to focus on its neighbour. In 2009, the Council called for an international boycott on goods produced in Israeli settlements, which it described as 'illegal, unjust' and 'incompatible with peace'. In 2013, the General Secretary was reported to claim in Cairo, "We support

994-468: The Association of Theological Schools . DTS was founded as "Evangelical Theological College" in 1924 by Rollin T. Chafer and his brother, Lewis Sperry Chafer , who taught the first class of thirteen students, and William Henry Griffith Thomas , who was to have been the school's first theology professor but died before the first classes began. Their vision was a school where expository Bible preaching

1065-794: The Baptist World Alliance , the World Communion of Reformed Churches , the Pentecostal churches , the Moravian Church and the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church . Notably, the Catholic Church is not a full member, although it sends delegates who have observer status to meetings. The WCC describes itself as "a worldwide fellowship of 352 global, regional and sub-regional, national and local churches seeking unity,

1136-649: The Eastern Orthodox Churches and Lutheran Churches ; the Moravian Church ; the Anglican Communion ; some Old Catholic Churches ; the Methodist churches; the Presbyterian and other Reformed churches , a sampling of united and independent churches, and some Baptist and Pentecostal churches. Many churches who refused to join the WCC joined to form the World Evangelical Alliance . Both

1207-713: The Episcopal Church of the United States) and Life and Work Movement (under Nathan Söderblom of the Lutheran Church of Sweden ) organisations. Its official establishment was deferred with the outbreak of World War II until 23 August 1948. Delegates of 147 churches assembled in Amsterdam to merge the Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement. This was consolidated by a second meeting at Lund in 1950, for which

1278-454: The 1983 Vancouver General Assembly. It is claimed the KGB has infiltrated and influenced past WCC councils and policy. In 1992, Father Gleb Yakunin , a vice Chairman of a Russian parliamentary commission that investigated the activities of the KGB, citing verbatim KGB reports, claimed that its Fifth Directorate was actively involved in influencing WCC policy from 1967 to 1989. For example, in

1349-588: The 1983 WCC General Assembly in Vancouver, one cited document described the presence and activities of 47 KGB agents to secure the election of an "acceptable" candidate as General Secretary. The Mitrokhin Archive reveals more about the depth of the penetration and influence wielded by the KGB over the WCC. Metropolitan Nikodim was a KGB agent, codenamed SVYATOSLAV, who served as one of six WCC Presidents from 1975 until his death. His earlier intervention had resulted in

1420-464: The Alliance, from Catholic, Evangelical, Orthodox and Protestant traditions. These members, representing a combined constituency of tens of millions of people around the world, are committed to working together in public witness and action for justice on defined issues of common concern. Current campaigns are on Food and on HIV and AIDS. The Ecumenical Church Loan Fund (ECLOF) was founded in 1946 as one of

1491-584: The Americas held its first classes with eight students in the small borough of Gettysburg. In 1832, the seminary relocated to Seminary Ridge overlooking Gettysburg, becoming the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. In July 1863, the seminary's premises and environs became the stage for the Battle of Gettysburg . Schmucker Hall . the original seminary building, is today a museum dedicated to

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1562-622: The British Methodist Robert Newton Flew edited an influential volume of studies, The Nature of the Church . Subsequent mergers were with the International Missionary Council in 1961 and the World Council of Christian Education, with its roots in the 18th century Sunday School movement, in 1971. WCC member churches include the Assyrian Church of the East and the Oriental Orthodox Churches , almost all of

1633-524: The Catholic approach: I. ‘ Separated brethren ’ was the new term for non-Catholics, as opposed to the previously used ‘heretics’ II. Both Catholic and non-Catholic elements are held responsible for the schism between Catholicism and the Protestant movement III. Non-Catholics are recognised to the contributions that they make to Christian belief overall Further reforms have been enacted with regard to

1704-527: The Center City District. It relocated to Mount Airy in 1889, a historic site where the first shots of the American Revolution's Battle of Germantown had been fired a century before. The current school was founded on July 1, 2017, as a consolidation of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg and the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia. United Lutheran Seminary continues under

1775-516: The Central Committee of the World Council of Churches; she is the first woman and the first African to hold this position. The 11th Assembly of the World Council of Churches took place in Karlsruhe , Germany, from 31 August to 8 September 2022, under the theme "Christ's love moves the world to reconciliation and unity". The World Council of Churches has held 11 Assemblies to date, starting with

1846-597: The Cold War, a number of important WCC representatives of the Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe had been working for the KGB, and that they influenced the policy of the WCC. From 1955 to 1958, Robert S. Bilheimer co-chaired a WCC international commission to prepare a document addressing the threat of nuclear warfare during the Cold War. At the 1961 conference, a 32-year-old Russian Orthodox Bishop named Aleksey Ridiger

1917-654: The Holy See. Only some Catholic universities may bestow these degrees; these are called ecclesiastical or pontifical universities . The only pontifical seminary outside of Italy is the Pontifical College Josephinum , in Columbus, Ohio . As outlined by the Ratio , Catholic seminary formation is composed of four major components, or dimensions: human, spiritual, intellectual and pastoral. The human dimension focuses on

1988-456: The Netherlands to provide an alternative ethical investment vehicle to church institutions, by providing credit to productive enterprises serving economically disadvantaged populations. Originally organized for large institutional members of the WCC, by 1976 local congregations developed Support Associations to enable congregations as well as individuals to participate. EDCS became independent from

2059-709: The Palestinians. The WCC supports the Palestinians, because they are in the right." The WCC's Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI) has been criticised by the Board of Deputies of British Jews for promoting "an inflammatory and partisan programme at the expense of its interfaith relations". The WCC secretariat was involved in preparing and helped disseminate the Kairos Palestine Document , which declares “the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land

2130-579: The Papacy rejected, to a great extent, the idea of the participation of the Catholic Church within the World Council of Churches. Pius XI stated that the ‘One True Church’ was that of the Roman Catholic denomination, and therefore there was the implication that the Catholic Church was not permitted at this stage to engage with other denominations, which the Papacy considered to be irrelevant. A similar policy

2201-475: The Russian Orthodox Church and Protestants were ignored in 1983. Metropolitan Aleksi Ridiger of Tallinn and Estonia was repeatedly alleged to be a KGB agent codenamed DROZDOV, who in 1988 was awarded an honorary citation for services to the KGB by its chairman. Despite official disavowals, The Guardian described the evidence as "compelling". In 1990 he became Alexius II , the 15th Patriarch of

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2272-529: The Russian Orthodox Church. Upon his death in 2008, the WCC's official tribute, by its Council officers, described him as "courageous", "supportive and constructive" and the recipient of "abundant blessing", no reference was made to the allegations. The World Council of Churches has been described as taking an adversarial position toward the state of Israel. It has also been claimed the council has focused particularly on activities and publications criticizing Israel in comparison with other human rights issues. It

2343-677: The United States and Canada and the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . The following degree programs are approved: In 1835, Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg welcomed one of the first African Americans to study theology in America, Daniel Alexander Payne , who later became a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church and the first president of Wilberforce University under AME auspices. A century after its early integration, Gettysburg

2414-582: The United States is St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore founded in 1791. In the United States, Protestant institutions also widely adopted the term 'seminary' for independent graduate schools (separate from a university) to train their ministers. The oldest such Protestant seminary in the United States was founded in Andover, Massachusetts , in 1807 as the Andover Theological Seminary and

2485-538: The United States, the governing document is Program of Priestly Formation: in the United States of America (6th Ed.) , published by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops in 2022. Seminaries in the Catholic Church are divided into minor seminaries for teenagers and major seminaries for adults, including both college seminaries, sometimes also known as minor seminaries, for undergraduate students and post-graduate seminaries for those who already have

2556-624: The United States. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) hosts seminary classes for high school students ages 14 to 18, as part of the Church Educational System . Unlike use in other religious contexts, the word "seminary", in an LDS Church context, does not refer to a higher education program designed to train students that they may obtain a church-based career. LDS seminary students do not get high school credit for their seminary studies. World Council of Churches The World Council of Churches ( WCC )

2627-694: The Vatican. 1961 saw Catholic members attend the Delhi conference of the WCC, which marked a significant shift in attitude toward the WCC from the Papacy. There was the idea in addition to this, that the Pope invited non-Catholics to attend the Vatican II Council. This new approach to inter-denominational relations was marked within the Unitatis Redintegratio decree. This document marked several key reforms within

2698-705: The Vatican. For instance, the Pontifical North American College , which trains priests from the United States and elsewhere, is supported by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . These colleges usually award degrees to seminarians and priests pursuing further education and specializing in specific fields such as Scripture , hagiography , moral theology , or Canon Law , among countless others. In addition to civil degrees, these pontifical seminaries confer ecclesiastical degrees ( Baccalaureate of Sacred Theology , Licentiate of Sacred Theology , and Doctorate of Sacred Theology ), which are backed by

2769-510: The WCC and the U.S. based National Council of Churches (NCC) do not include denominations such as Jehovah’s Witnesses , Mormons , The Church of Scientology , and other groups which have historically refused to affirm biblical Christianity and the widely accepted creeds of Christendom. They, for example, do not accept the Holy Trinity as canonized by the Nicene Creed . Delegates sent from

2840-407: The WCC in 1977. Ecumenical News International (ENI) was launched in 1994 as a global news service reporting on ecumenical developments and other news of the Christian churches, and giving religious perspectives on news developments worldwide. The joint sponsors of ENI, which was based at the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland, were the World Council of Churches, the Lutheran World Federation,

2911-418: The WCC making no comment on the invasion of Czechoslovakia. As a result of his influence and that of other agents, it is claimed the USSR was rarely publicly criticised. In 1989, copies of the KGB documents claim "the WCC executive and central committee adopted public statements (eight) and messages (three)" which corresponded to its own political direction. Appeals from suffering dissidents both from within

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2982-405: The WCC, the Catholic Church is a member of some other ecumenical bodies at regional and national levels, for example, the National Council of Churches in Australia and the National Council of Christian Churches in Brazil (CONIC). Pope Pius XI stated in 1928, that the only means by which the world Christian community was to return to faith, was to return to Roman Catholic worship. In this regard,

3053-453: The World Alliance of Reformed Churches, and the Conference of European Churches, which also had their headquarters at the Ecumenical Centre. A shortage of funds led to the suspension of the work of ENI in 2012. As of 2024 ENI remains closed. The WCC has not sought the organic union of different Christian denominations, but it has, however, facilitated dialogue and supported local, national, and regional dialogue and cooperation. Membership in

3124-416: The battle that took place there, the role of faith in freedom in nineteenth century America, and also Civil War medical practices. Schmucker Hall was the largest fixed field hospital at Gettysburg. Founded by the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1864 to preserve both Lutheran identity and the study of and instruction in the German language, the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia was first located in

3195-479: The cause of Christian unity at the domestic level, with member denominations including the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheran churches, Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox churches, Methodist churches, Anglican Communion, Reformed churches, among others. The Ecumenical Movement met with initial successes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 (chaired by future WCC Honorary President John R. Mott ). In 1920,

3266-427: The charter of Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. The first president of the seminary, Theresa F. Latini, a Presbyterian, was announced on April 20, 2017. Latini's previous experience working for OneByOne , an organization that performed " gay conversion ", caused significant controversy and she was fired on March 14, 2018. Her departure then revealed a deep history of racism in the institution On May 16, 2018,

3337-407: The council's decision-making style, public statements, worship practices, and other issues. It issued its final report in 2006. Specific issues that it clarified were that the WCC does not formulate doctrine, does not have authority to rule on moral issues, nor does it have any ecclesiastical authority. Such authority is entirely internal to each individual member church. It proposed that the WCC adopt

3408-418: The date of Easter , on the nature and purpose of the church ( ecclesiology ), and on ecumenical hermeneutics . Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation (JPIC) has drawn many elements together with an environmental focus. Its mandate is: To analyze and reflect on justice, peace and creation in their interrelatedness , to promote values and practices that make for a culture of peace , and to work towards

3479-412: The debates that led to the drafting of the "Toronto Statement", a foundational document which facilitated Eastern Orthodox participation in the organization and today it constitutes its ecclesiological charter. The 10th Assembly was held in Busan , Republic of Korea, from 30 October to 8 November 2013. In 2013 Dr. Agnes Abuom of Nairobi, from the Anglican Church of Kenya, was elected as moderator of

3550-435: The former Patriarch of Constantinople , Germanus V , wrote a letter "addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded League of Nations ". Church leaders agreed in 1937 to establish a World Council of Churches, based on a merger of the Faith and Order Movement (under Charles Brent of

3621-463: The founding assembly in 1948: Presidents elected at the 11th Assembly are: Former presidents of the World Council of Churches include: Since the World Council of Churches was officially founded in 1948, the following men have served as general secretary: There are two complementary approaches to ecumenism: dialogue and action. The Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement represent these approaches. These approaches are reflected in

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3692-449: The leadership of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The two bodies coordinated the work of agencies related to the member churches of the WCC and the Lutheran World Federation in the areas of humanitarian emergencies and poverty reduction respectively. The Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance was officially founded in December 2000 at a meeting convened by the WCC. There are currently 73 churches and Christian organizations that are members of

3763-447: The member churches meet every seven or eight years in an Assembly, which elects a Central Committee that governs between Assemblies. A variety of other committees and commissions answer to the Central Committee and its staff. Assemblies have been held since 1948. The "human rights abuses in communist countries evoked grave concern among the leaders of the World Council of Churches." However, historian Christopher Andrew claims that, during

3834-408: The nature of the Catholic Church on the world stage, for instance the 1965 union with the Patriarch of Constantinople, whereby the 1054 schism was undermined. In addition to this, Michael Ramsay , the then Archbishop of Canterbury, received an episcopal ring in 1966; a mark of union which had not been seen since prior to the Reformation . Moreover, the Anglican, Roman Catholic International Committee

3905-443: The other dioceses in New England which are suffragan dioceses of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston . Either way, a man who seeks to enter a seminary to become a priest must be sponsored by either a diocese or by a religious order. Often a diocese might be attached to or affiliated with a larger Catholic college or university so that the larger college and its faculty provides more general education in history or theology while

3976-424: The seminarian's ability to relate to others, show etiquette, and care for himself (in what he eats, frequency of exercise, healthcare, etc.). The spiritual dimension aids the seminarian in becoming more responsive to God and forming a habit of prayer throughout the day. It also emphasizes the importance of the Sacraments and liturgy . The intellectual dimension consists of academic classes, usually beginning with

4047-409: The seminary board announced the selection of Richard Green as interim president, beginning June 1. After Green left the institution in late November 2019, Angela Zimmann, who was then the seminary's Vice President of Advancement, served as acting president until the arrival of President Erwin in August 2020. On June 9, 2020, the seminary board announced the election of R. Guy Erwin as president. Erwin

4118-566: The seminary focuses on topics specific to the needs of future priests, such as training in canon law , the sacraments , and preaching , or specific to the particular order or diocese. For instance the Theological College in Washington, D.C. , is part of The Catholic University of America . Further, in Rome there are several seminaries which educate seminarians or already ordained priests and bishops and which are maintained by orders or dioceses from outside of Italy. Many countries have their own pontifical seminary in Italy, usually very close to

4189-434: The southern United States. The International Council for Evangelical Theological Education was founded in 1980 by the Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance . In 2015, it would have 1,000 member schools in 113 countries. In some countries, the term seminary is also used for secular schools of higher education that train teachers; in the nineteenth century, many female seminaries were established in

4260-529: The work of the WCC in its commissions , these being: The WCC acts through both its member churches and other religious and social organizations to coordinate ecumenical, evangelical, and social action. Current WCC programs include a Decade to Overcome Violence , an international campaign to combat AIDS/HIV in Africa and the Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation (JPIC) initiative. WCC's Faith and Order Commission has been successful in working toward consensus on Baptism , Eucharist , and Ministry , on

4331-404: The world's first international micro-credit institutions in the service of the poor. Willem Visser 't Hooft , then general secretary of the "WCC in process of formation" played an important role in founding ECLOF. It was he who sketched the prospects and challenges for the proposed institution and gave specific ideas on potential sources of funds. His inspiration and teamwork marked the beginning of

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4402-446: Was additionally established as a means of promoting communication and cohesion between the two denominations. This has since marked a new level of participation of the Catholic Faith in the aforementioned ecumenical movement, and therefore is the basis for increased participation from the faith, in the WCC. A Special Commission was set up by the eighth Harare Assembly in December 1998 to address Orthodox concerns about WCC membership and

4473-452: Was affiliated with the Congregationalist Church . After two mergers and a number of relocations, Andover is now part of the Yale Divinity School , in New Haven, Connecticut . General guidelines for seminary formation are set out in the governing document as of 2016 is Ratio Fundamentalis Institutionis Sacerdotalis , 1992's Pastores dabo vobis , and the Code of Canon Law . Seminaries are overseen by regional conferences of bishops . In

4544-452: Was also the first among American Lutheran seminaries to grant tenure to a female professor, Bertha Paulssen. Graduating in 1965 was Elizabeth Platz , the first woman to be ordained (in 1970) by a U.S. Lutheran body. Following his graduation from the Philadelphia seminary, Franklin Clark Fry was elected to the presidency of the United Lutheran Church , the Lutheran World Federation , and the World Council of Churches . On April 7, 1958, Fry

4615-427: Was featured on the cover of TIME . Seminary The English word is taken from Latin : seminarium , translated as 'seed-bed', an image taken from the Council of Trent document Cum adolescentium aetas , 'Since the age of adolescence' which called for the first modern seminaries. In the United States, the term is currently used for graduate-level theological institutions, but historically it

4686-421: Was followed by his successor, Pope Pius XII ; the Catholic Church, therefore, did not attend the 1948 meeting of the WCC, in addition to the idea that all members of the Church were barred from attending WCC conferences. Pope John XXIII took a different stance however, and in 1958 he was elected as the head of the Catholic Church. Ecumenism was a new element of Catholic ideology which had been permitted, which

4757-400: Was previously bishop of the Southwest California Synod of the ELCA. He is the first Native American bishop and the first openly gay bishop of that church body. The Gettysburg campus is mostly in the Gettysburg borough limits, though it has portions in Cumberland Township . United Lutheran Seminary is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in

4828-406: Was sent as delegate to the assembly, and then appointed to the WCC's central committee. He was later elected as Russian patriarch in 1990 as Alexei II . The ninth assembly took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil in February 2006, under the theme "God, in your grace, transform the world". During the first Assemblies, theologians Vasileios Ioannidis and Amilkas Alivizatos contributed significantly to

4899-417: Was signified to a great extent, when John XXIII met with the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher . This was the first meeting between an Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Pope in the Vatican for 600 years. John XXIII later developed the office of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity ; which symbolised a dramatic shift in support for the ecumenical movement, from the Catholic Church, led from

4970-498: Was taught simply, and under Chafers' leadership, DTS pioneered one of the first four-year degrees in theology, the Master of Theology (Th.M.). The present location of the school was purchased in 1926 and Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) program was started in 1927. Chafer remained president until his death in 1952. The seminary had a considerable influence in the fundamentalist movement by training students who established various Bible Colleges and independent fundamentalist churches in

5041-399: Was used for high schools . The establishment of seminaries in modern times resulted from Roman Catholic reforms of the Counter-Reformation after the Council of Trent . These Tridentine seminaries placed great emphasis on spiritual formation and personal discipline as well as the study, first of philosophy as a base, and, then, as the final crown, theology. The oldest Catholic seminary in

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