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46-624: A continuation committee was established following the 1910 World Missionary Conference held in Edinburgh, which culminated in the creation of the International Missionary Council in 1921 in London. Like the Edinburgh conference, it was created to continue ecumenical efforts towards Christian mission through a series of meetings: It was in the final 1961 meetings when the IMC was integrated with

92-492: A clear sense of superiority over Chinese medicine. In particular on internal diseases, Olpp commented on the underdevelopment of Chinese Medicine by recounting many examples of patients who, after unsuccessful treatments with Chinese doctors, recovered thanks to European doctors. On the other hand, the failure of European treatment methods for internal disease was attributed to patients first consulting Chinese doctors. Yuan suggests that Olpp, along with other medical missionaries of

138-602: A reverend at the local Gibeon church, he educated Hendrik Witbooi , one of Namibia's national heroes, and maintained correspondences with Witbooi even after his return to Germany. In 1883 to 1913, Olpp's father became a preacher in Herford , Germany, and continued to composed several books on the Rhenish Mission in Southwest Africa. Olpp's oldest brother, Johannes, and his younger brother, Theodor, also became notable members of

184-426: A sequence of interdenominational meetings that can be traced back as far as 1854. The first major missionary conference occurred from June 9 to 19, 1888 in London. With 1,579 delegates from European, North American, South American, and African nations, the ecumenical conference included representatives from 139 different Protestant denominations. The conference exemplified desires to unite Protestantism while spreading

230-536: A similar opinion. In one of his writings, he remarked that Chinese doctors make empty promises to patients and simply take money. In another description of modern Chinese doctors on the Munich Medicine Weekly, he emphasized their negative work ethics and encouraged youth to "pursue the train to an education in Western medicine." According to sinologist Yuan, the frequent comparison with European medicine demonstrated

276-503: A specialized training in Tropical and Infectious Disease. The hospital, called Puji Hospital 普济医院, was the first German missionary hospital in China. At the time of his arrival, Olpp was the second medical missionary from the Rhenish Mission in China, working alongside the first medical missionary, Dr. Johannes E. Kühne , and a male nurse who came in 1901, Johannes Baumann . The hospital compound

322-475: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1910 World Missionary Conference The 1910 World Missionary Conference , or the Edinburgh Missionary Conference, was held on 14 to 23 June 1910. Some have seen it as both the culmination of nineteenth-century Protestant Christian missions and the formal beginning of the modern Protestant Christian ecumenical movement , after

368-472: Is supported by Difäm, originally created to take care of those returning home from tropical areas. Olpp held an address about the clinic and its importance in global medical missions at a conference by natural sciences and medicine organization in Tübingen on 14 May 1916 and wrote about it at length on the magazine Deutsche Medizinische Zeitschrift in 1936. On 2 July 1917, he became an associate professor in

414-635: The Lausanne Movement , was held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 16–25 October 2010. The third gathering was held in Boston, from November 4–7. Each of these four gatherings reflected on the significance and outcomes of Edinburgh 1910 over the last century. They also looked to the future of the Church's global mission in the century ahead. The meetings in Edinburgh and Boston were more ecumenical in representation, and

460-661: The Rhenish Missionary Society (Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft) and married in Africa. His mother was Louise Regine Karoline Olpp, née Wagner. His father, Johannes Olpp , was ordained on the Rhenish mission in Southwest Africa from 1864 to 1879, stationed first in Berseba until 1868 then Gibeon after. Olpp's father dedicated himself to the study of Nama language , tradition and customs and published many works on this field. As

506-730: The SS Kaiserin Auguste Victoria . He came to New York City on the 22 September with a final destination in the US of Washington, DC . In Summer 1914, he was giving lectures on Tropical Disease and Tropical Hygiene for the Medicine Department in University of Tübingen. In 1916, he was appointed as chief physician for the newly opened Tübinger Tropengenesungsheims (Tuebinger Convalescent Homes), also called Tropical Clinic Paul-Lechler-Hospital. The institute has direct connections with and

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552-653: The University of Tübingen . As of 1926, he was teaching Tropenkrankenheit ( Tropical Diseases) as a medical faculty at the Nauklerstrasse 47 building. The building was originally built in 1908–1909 to serve medical missionaries. During his tenure, he oversaw 32 dissertations from his students. On 19 October 1934, he received an honorary degree in theology by the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg . Due to deteriorating health, Olpp left Difäm,

598-721: The World Student Christian Federation , chaired its proceedings. The main organiser was Joseph Oldham , a leader in the Student Christian Movement . The conference was held in the Assembly Hall of the United Free Church of Scotland . The formal title of this conference should be called the "third ecumenical missionary conference," because the first and the second had already taken place in London in 1888 and New York in 1900, respectively. Before

644-639: The Xu Hui Xi Xian Sheng Shi San Zhong (《徐洄溪先生十三种》 Thirteen Kinds of Books. Consistent with the negative views of TCM in the West at the time, Olpp did not have a high evaluation of TCM, calling the practice “a tall building of numerous errors and a few golden grains of truth." Portraying TCM as backward, Olpp compared the anatomical and physiological findings of TCM to the work of Galen, whose many theories have been scientifically disproven in Europe at

690-449: The "white man's burden" as western countries tried to mold foreign nations in their image through this "civilizing" process. Major Protestant and Anglican denominations and missionary societies, predominantly from North America and Northern Europe, sent 1,215 representatives to Edinburgh , Scotland. Delegation was usually based on the annual expenditure of the missionary societies; one hundred additional special delegates were appointed by

736-634: The British, Continental, and American Executive Committees. No Eastern Orthodox or Catholic missionary organizations were invited. Only 18 delegates were from non-Westerners. Ango-Catholics agreed to participate only after the British Executive Committee agreed to add the subtitle “to consider Missionary Problems in Relation to the Non-Christian World” to the conference title and to define

782-649: The Christian student fraternity, Wingolf , where he remained in touch for life. His doctoral dissertation on Ein Fall von eitriger Pyelonephritis nach Nephrolithiasis ( A case of Kidney Infection festering to Kidney Stones) was completed magna cum laude in 1895 in Munich. In 1896, he graduated. In the following years, he continued to build expertise in the areas of Infectious-and-Tropical Diseases by studying in London, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Berlin and Paris. On 26 October 1897, he entered

828-514: The Church Do? , Robert S. Bilheimer used the phrase "New Reformation" to refer to the ecumenical movement that resulted from the conference, and this usage became commonplace thereafter. In the years following the conference, Mott was especially energetic in promoting indigenisation of the evangelisation process. A Continuation Committee was formed under his leadership and he recruited thirty five members to carry out this mission. One important member

874-663: The Commission on World Mission and Evangelism of the World Council of Churches , forming the Division of World Mission and Evangelism. The IMC archives are held at the World Council of Churches in Geneva . Microfiche copies can be found in various library records. At Yale University Library : At Columbia University 's Burke Library : This article about a Christian organization

920-619: The Paul-Lechler Hospital and Tübingen on 1 October 1937 and moved to Schwarzenbruck-Rummelsberg. There, he continued his medical practice, support for medical missionary and research on submerged intestinal bath . Olpp died on 24 August 1950 in Esslingen am Neckar , Germany. His last work on submerged intestinal bath was published posthumously. Olpp's work was well received by his peers during his lifetime and recognized by later historians. His translations of Traditional Chinese Medicine

966-685: The Rhenish Missionary Society. He married Agnes Christine, née Wagner, in Hongkong on 21 March 1899. From 1878 to 1891, he received schooling in Johanneum, Gütersloh and was raised in Salm-Horstmar. After completing his Abitur primus omnium in 1891, he pursued medical schooling in Marburg (1891–1893), Tübingen (SS 1893) und Munich (1893–1895). While at these three places, he was active at

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1012-667: The Sanitation Corps in the Bavarian Army ( Bayerische Armee) . He was also listed in their handbook as a doctor and a Landwehr for Munich. In 1898, he began his medical residence period ( Spitaldienst) in Tungkun, in Canton Province, China (now Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China). Olpp became a member of the Rhenish Missionary Society in 1897. In 1898, he travelled to subtropical Dongguan (东莞), China, then called Tungkun, for

1058-717: The book on surgery  Jin Jian Wai Ke  (《金鉴外科》  Golden Mirror of Surgery ), Wang Shu He Tu Zhu Nan Jing Mai Jue  (《王叔和图注难经脉决》 Work of Wang Shuhe about Classics of Difficult Inquiries and Rhyming Book of Pulse) , Ben Cao Gang Mu ,  Xuan Er Chuang Tu  (《旋耳疮图》  Picture of Ulcer Behind the Ear ), Chen Xiu Yuan Yi Shu Er Shi Yi Zhong  (《陈修园医书二十一种》  Twenty-one Kinds of Medicine Books by Chen Xiuyuan ), the  Zeng Ding Yan Fang Xin Bian  (《增订验方新编》  Revised Edition of New Compilation of Empirical Formulas ), and

1104-485: The conference convened, eight assigned commissions, each with twenty members, conducted two years of research on their assigned topic. Each commission produced a single volume report, which was distributed to all of the delegates before they headed to Scotland and discussed at the assembly during the Conference. The eight commissions and their date of presentation at the conference are as follows: A ninth volume, containing

1150-578: The development of sinology in Germany and the West in early 20th century. As a medical missionary from the Rhenish Missionary Society from 1898 to 1907 in Dongguan, Guangdong Province of China, he conducted extensive research on local diseases and healing practices, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and wrote extensively throughout his life for publication in Germany on the topic of tropical medicine, theology and missionary work. After his return to Germany, he

1196-557: The general Chinese population as helpless and unaware are likely used to give meaning to the "civilized Christian purpose" of medical missions in South China. In 1907, Olpp returned to Germany. From 1908 to 1909, Olpp pursued further studies in Hamburg on Ships-and-Tropical Diseases, Work in Labor, Chief Physician in Herford . On 1 May 1909, he left the Rhenish Missionary Society to undertake

1242-511: The gospel, and "civilization," with it. The next international missionary conference occurred in New York at Carnegie Hall. Held from April 21 to May 1, 1900, this was the highest attended international conference to date, with up to 200,000 attendees. It boasted prominent attendees such as President William McKinley and New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt, signifying the cultural prominence of missionary efforts and its connection to imperialism and

1288-480: The magazine Deutschen Tropenmedizinischen Zeitschrift and Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (Munich Medicine Weekly). He translated and introduced parts of TCM literature, mainly from TCM classics during the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as the  Ming Yi Lei An  (《名医类案 》  A Compilation of Healing Methods of Famous Doctors ), the  Shou Shi Bao Yuan  (《寿世保元 》  Longevity and Life Preservation ),

1334-517: The mass spread of tuberculosis in South China, he attributed a partial cause to the Chinese's lack of awareness about the dangers of infection. On the leprosy pandemic, Olpp described the Chinese population as struggling victims and criticized the lack of effective response by the Chinese government. At the time, the negative evaluation of Western physicians about TCM led to a general disregard of Chinese doctors as not "real doctors." Olpp seemed to share

1380-512: The meetings in Tokyo and Cape Town were primarily evangelical. The Tokyo meeting was organized and designed for evangelical mission leaders, and the Cape Town meeting was organized and designed for a broad representation of Church and mission leaders. Gottlieb Olpp Gottlieb Friedrich Adolf Olpp (3 January 1872 – 24 August 1950) was a German missionary and tropical medicine doctor, accredited with spreading Traditional Chinese Medicine and aiding

1426-523: The monograph Beiträge zur Medizin in China mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Tropenpathologie ("On Chinese Medicine from the Perspective of Tropical Pathology"), consisting of his extensive multilingual research, 9-year observations and medical experiences in Dongguan. The monograph also served as his Habilitation post-doctoral thesis on Tropical Medicine in Tübingen, opening doors to professorship. On 12 September 1912, Olpp departed from Hamburg on

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1472-704: The non-Christian world as excluding areas of the world that were Christian but mostly non-evangelical, such as Latin America. Lord Balfour of Burleigh , of the Church of Scotland , a former Unionist cabinet minister , was the President of the World Missionary Conference. American John R. Mott , an American Methodist layperson and leader of both the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions and

1518-623: The position of director of the German Institute for Medical Missionary ( Deutsches Instituts für ärztliche Mission ) in Tübingen, which he held until 1937. The organization supports worldwide Christian healthcare efforts, particularly for economically poor countries. Olpp attended the 1910 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh as a delegate. There, he described "the work that has commenced auspiciously in Germany" and ended his address with reverence to "the great missionary, Livingstone " and "our Lord Jesus Christ." In that same year, he compiled

1564-509: The proceedings and major speeches, was published after the conclusion of the conference. For one, a notable German medical missionary, Gottlieb Olpp , described "the work that has commenced auspiciously in Germany" and ended his address with reverence to "the great missionary, Livingstone " and "our Lord Jesus Christ." The spirit of the conference was driven by the watchword of the Protestant Christian Missionary community at

1610-528: The spread of TCM to the West and development of sinology. On 5 October 1916, along with many in his military cohort, he was given the Wilhelm Cross with Sword Medal (Wilhelmskreuz mit Schwerter ) issued by the State of Württemberg for his service as a doctor and Landwehr. He was recognized as a great storyteller and writer (composing 259 articles alone in 1942) and was successful as a book author. In 1930, he

1656-448: The time, did not encounter actual TCM because the majority of their patients belonged to the lower class, who can only afford "quacks and European hospitals and doctors, where cheaper or free treatments are offered," whereas those from the upper social class, by and large, continued to use Traditional Chinese physicians. Regardless, the Western perception and portrayals of TCM as unmedical, Chinese doctors as morally lacking and unskilled and

1702-419: The time. Olpp was also critical of both Chinese people and Chinese doctors, seeing their practices as an unnegligible factor in the development and spread of illnesses in China. In his later monograph On Chinese Medicine from the Perspective of Tropical Pathology , he wrote that Prolapsus uteri is partly caused by "new mothers who stood up too soon and the unskilled handling of ignorant local midwives." On

1748-507: The time: "The Evangelization of the World in This Generation." Thus, sentiments of obligation and urgency drove many of the commission reports, discussions and speeches at the conference. A call to unity among Protestant missionaries was also a common desire expressed at the conference, although no common liturgy was celebrated among the delegates while in Edinburgh. In his 1947 book What Must

1794-548: The year. The whole process was co-ordinated through the Edinburgh 2010 website, where documents, videos, photos, etc. are available. Also in 2010, three other major conferences were held to commemorate Edinburgh 1910. The first was held in Tokyo as a gathering of global mission leaders, from May 11–14th, called the Global Mission Consultation . The next gathering, the Third International Congress of

1840-536: Was a delegate conference in Edinburgh from 2–6 June 2010, which included representatives of the Evangelical, Protestant, Orthodox and Pentecostal churches, and the Catholic Church. It produced a common call to mission. Recognising the global nature of modern Christianity and the wide appreciation of the Edinburgh 2010 legacy across churches and mission bodies, many other events and study processes took place throughout

1886-545: Was appointed to be the director of the German Institute of Medical Missionary ( Deutsches Instituts für ärztliche Mission ), a director of the Tübingen Convalescent Homes and associate professor of Tropical Medicine at the University of Tübingen . A street in Tübingen is named in his honor. Olpp was born 3 January 1872 in Gibeon , Namibia, the second of seven children in a missionary family. His parents were members of

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1932-447: Was highly critical of its medical benefits, Olpp highlighted its cultural and historical significance. Since up until that point, translations of TCM literature have only come from a non-medical professional, Olpp's medical expertise and deepened cultural knowledge from interactions with his patients produced important Sino-German works that radically changed the interpretation and translation method of TCM and made him an important figure in

1978-544: Was highly valued by sinologists and medical historians, in particular Dr. Franz Hübotter. Olpp's reports to the Rhenish Mission Society, his own publications on missionary experiences and frequent articles on the Munich Medicine Weekly provided a lot of valuable information about the medical and hygienic conditions in China at the time. Different from his contemporaries, Olpp did not entirely reject Traditional Chinese Medicine but approached it factually. Although he

2024-701: Was initially located entirely within the city walls, surrounded by Chinese dwelling, but since 1903–1906, it was relocated the bank of the East River, where cases from afar can be brought by boat directly. It was constructed to accommodate 100 patients. In order to better communicate with the local patients, Olpp spent one and a half year studying Chinese, which subsequently allowed him to perform extensive research on Tropical Diseases and to read and translate Traditional Chinese Medicine directly. Along with yearly missionary reports, Olpp wrote many academic papers and reflections on his medical experience in China to Germany via

2070-498: Was interrupted by World War I, but formed the foundation for the establishment of the International Missionary Council , established in 1921. Later, in 1948, the World Council of Churches formed. In celebration of its 100-year anniversary, a new World Missionary Conference was held in Edinburgh in 2010. Like the 1910 original, it was preceded by discussions on reports written by nine appointed study groups. There

2116-488: Was the only representative from China to speak at the conference, Cheng Jingyi , whose address to the conference had been especially fervent on the issue of turning leadership of mission organizations to native leaders. In the next few years, members of this committee, under Mott's direction, headed to India, Burma, Malaysia, China, Korea, and Japan to gather information. The work of the Continuation Committee

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