In Lakota mythology , Unk Cekula (uŋȟčéǧila or uŋkčéǧila) is a serpentoid creature which was responsible for many unexplained disappearances and deaths. Her male counterpart is known as Unk Tehi .
75-470: She was described at first as having no real shape or form; she had eyes of fire, and a fanged mouth that was shrouded in a smoky or cloudy mass. As time went on further, her form was exposed as being massive, with a long scaly body whose natural armor was almost impenetrable. Her eyes burned with wrathful hunger, her claws were like iron, and her voice raged like thunder rolling in the clouds. Whoever looked upon her will become blind or go insane. Her weakness
150-413: A broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as neurology . An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude . Identifying (naming) features, and recognizing typical landform patterns are also part of the field. A topographic study may be made for
225-519: A dry pine savannah , with stands of mountain mahogany and Rocky Mountain juniper . Wildlife is both diverse and plentiful. Black Hills creeks are known for their trout, while the forests and grasslands offer good habitat for American bison , white-tailed and mule deer , pronghorn , bighorn sheep , mountain lions , and a variety of smaller animals, like prairie dogs , American martens , American red squirrels , Northern flying squirrels , yellow-bellied marmots , and fox squirrels . Biologically,
300-465: A great warrior from the bear clan. This warrior was told by a Weasel spirit that if he was to get swallowed by Unk Cekula, he could use his knife to cut his way out of the belly of the beast and free the other victims.. Alternatively, two twin brothers, one of whom was blind, killed Unk Cekula using arrows given to them by a medicine woman. Some accounts state that the brothers' arrows did not kill Unk Cekula, but only injured her so greatly that she damaged
375-730: A joint effort by the Rosebud, Shakopee Mdewakanton, Crow Creek, and Standing Rock Sioux Tribes. In March 2017, Pennington County agreed to abandon its claim to the Pe' Sla area and recognize its Federal Indian trust status. In 2016, the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribe of Oklahoma, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana and the Rosebud Sioux Tribe of South Dakota bought land near the sacred Bear Butte site for $ 1.1 million. In 2018,
450-818: A long history in the Black Hills and consider it a sacred site. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture. In 1868, the federal US government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 , establishing the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River, and exempting the Black Hills from all non-indigenous settlement “forever”; however, when American settlers discovered gold here as
525-560: A metropolitan population of 145,000. It serves a market area covering much of five states: North and South Dakota , Nebraska , Wyoming , and Montana . In addition to tourism and mining (including coal, specialty minerals, and the now declining gold mining), the Black Hills economy includes ranching (sheep and cattle, primarily, with bison and ratites becoming more common), timber (lumber), Ellsworth Air Force Base , and some manufacturing, including Black Hills gold jewelry , cement, electronics, cabinetry, guns and ammunition. In many ways,
600-589: A narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain , the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms ; this is also known as geomorphometry . In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form ( DEM ). It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines , hypsometric tints , and relief shading . The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome , as
675-486: A remote sensing technique that uses a laser instead of radio waves, has increasingly been employed for complex mapping needs such as charting canopies and monitoring glaciers. Terrain is commonly modelled either using vector ( triangulated irregular network or TIN) or gridded ( raster image ) mathematical models. In the most applications in environmental sciences , land surface is represented and modelled using gridded models. In civil engineering and entertainment businesses,
750-576: A result of George Armstrong Custer 's Black Hills Expedition in 1874, a gold rush swept in miners. The US government conquered the Black Hills and forcibly relocated the Lakota, following the Great Sioux War of 1876 , to five smaller reservations in western South Dakota, selling off 9 million acres (36,000 km ) of their former land. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled primarily by European Americans from population centers to
825-420: A surface or extract land surface objects. The contour data or any other sampled elevation datasets are not a DLSM. A DLSM implies that elevation is available continuously at each location in the study area, i.e. that the map represents a complete surface. Digital Land Surface Models should not be confused with Digital Surface Models, which can be surfaces of the canopy, buildings and similar objects. For example, in
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#1732858853102900-405: A variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction of any major civil engineering , public works , or reclamation projects. There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which method(s) to use depends on
975-571: Is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief , but also natural , artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings. In the United States, topography often means specifically relief , even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on. Topography in
1050-413: Is a general term for geodata collection at a distance from the subject area. Besides their role in photogrammetry, aerial and satellite imagery can be used to identify and delineate terrain features and more general land-cover features. Certainly they have become more and more a part of geovisualization , whether maps or GIS systems. False-color and non-visible spectra imaging can also help determine
1125-692: Is composed of highly variable sandstones and limestones followed by the Opeche shale and the Minnekahta limestone. The next rock layer, the Spearfish Formation , forms a valley around the hills called the Red Valley and is often referred to as the Race Track. It is mostly red shale with beds of gypsum , and circles much of the Black Hills. These shale and gypsum beds, as well as the nearby limestone beds of
1200-456: Is concerned with underlying structures and processes to the surface, rather than with identifiable surface features. The digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster -based digital dataset of the topography ( hypsometry and/or bathymetry ) of all or part of the Earth (or a telluric planet ). The pixels of the dataset are each assigned an elevation value, and a header portion of the dataset defines
1275-730: Is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial , Wind Cave National Park , Jewel Cave National Monument , Black Elk Peak (the highest point in the United States east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota), the Crazy Horse Memorial , and The Mammoth Site in Hot Springs , the world's largest mammoth research facility. Attractions in the Northern Hills include Spearfish Canyon , historic Deadwood , and
1350-525: Is raw and uninterpreted. It may contain holes (due to cloud cover for example) or inconsistencies (due to the timing of specific image captures). Most modern topographic mapping includes a large component of remotely sensed data in its compilation process. In its contemporary definition, topographic mapping shows relief. In the United States, USGS topographic maps show relief using contour lines . The USGS calls maps based on topographic surveys, but without contours, "planimetric maps." These maps show not only
1425-537: Is the range's highest summit. The name of the range in Lakota is Pahá Sápa . It encompasses the Black Hills National Forest . It formed as a result of an upwarping of ancient rock, after which the removal of the higher portions of the mountain mass by stream erosion produced the present-day topography . The hills are so called because of their dark appearance from a distance, as they are covered in evergreen trees. American Indian tribes have
1500-454: Is the seventh spot on her torso, behind which lies her fiercely burning heart. To kill her, one has to shoot a medicine arrow at this flaw in her natural armor. The ancient Lakota tribes of the Northwest had heard rumors, from neighboring tribes, that a Giant Evil Spirit had emerged from the icy waters of the far Northeast Atlantic. In time the creature and its companion had fought its way across
1575-422: Is to something else). Topography has been applied to different science fields. In neuroscience , the neuroimaging discipline uses techniques such as EEG topography for brain mapping . In ophthalmology , corneal topography is used as a technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea . In tissue engineering , atomic force microscopy is used to map nanotopography . In human anatomy , topography
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#17328588531021650-588: The Cheyenne , Crow , Kiowa , and Arapaho . The Lakota (also known as Sioux ) arrived from Minnesota in the 18th century and displaced the other tribes that lived there, who eventually moved to what became known as the Western United States . They claimed the land, which they called Ȟe Sápa (Black Mountains). The mountains commonly became known as the Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota). François and Louis de La Vérendrye probably traveled near
1725-591: The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally , held each August. The first Rally was held on August 14, 1938, and the 75th Rally in 2015 saw more than one million bikers visit the Black Hills. Devils Tower National Monument , located in the Wyoming Black Hills, is an important nearby attraction and was the United States' first national monument. Although the written history of the region begins with the Sioux domination of
1800-512: The Trans-Hudson orogeny and contains abundant pegmatite. The core of the Black Hills has been dated to 1.8 billion years. Other localized deposits have been dated to around 2.2 to 2.8 billion years. One of these is located in the northern hills. It is called French Creek Granite although it has been metamorphosed into gneiss . The other is called the Bear Mountain complex, and it is located in
1875-640: The "Topographical Bureau of the Army", formed during the War of 1812 , which became the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. After the work of national mapping was assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard. In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where mapping in
1950-606: The Black Hill basins occurs at a probability rate of 0.01, making such floods occur on average once in every 100 years. During The Medieval Climate Anomaly, or the Medieval Warm Period , flooding increased in the basins. A stratigraphic record of the area shows that during these 400 years, thirteen 100-year floods occurred in four of the region's basins, while the same four basins from the previous 800 years only experienced nine floods. The Arikara arrived by AD 1500, followed by
2025-409: The Black Hills functions as a very spread-out urban area with a population (not counting tourists) of 250,000. Other important Black Hills cities and towns include: Bibliography Topography Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces . The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography
2100-526: The Black Hills in 1743. Fur trappers and traders also had some dealings with the American Indians that lived there. Americans settlers increasingly encroached on Lakota territory. In order to secure safe passage of settlers on the Oregon Trail , and to end intertribal warfare, the United States government proposed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, which established the Great Sioux Reservation west of
2175-418: The Black Hills is a meeting and mixing place, with species common to regions to the east, west, north, and south. It supports some endemic taxa, including white-winged junco ( Junco hyemalis aikeni ). Some other endemics are Cooper's Rocky Mountain snail, Black Hills subspecies of red-bellied snake , and a Black Hills subspecies of southern red-backed vole . Some birds that are only in the Black Hills and not
2250-434: The Black Hills learned of the monsters plans and began making plans to prevent anymore monsters from becoming a threat. Unk Cekula and Unk Tehi coexisted with nature because they were only two that were sustained by nature, but if there were more monsters that needed to kill for survival it meant that more animals and people would die to feed them. This forced everyone to act, before she became the cause of chaos and fear. Over
2325-509: The Black Hills that follows the abandoned track of the historic railroad route from Edgemont to Deadwood . The train used to be the only way to bring supplies to the miners in the Hills. The trail is about 110 miles (180 km) in length, and can be used by hikers, cross-country skiers, and cyclists. The cost is $ 4 per day or $ 15 annually. Today, the major city in the Black Hills is Rapid City , with an incorporated population of roughly 75,000 and
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2400-450: The Black Hills were illegally seized by the federal U.S. government and ordered remuneration of the initial offering price plus interest, nearly $ 106 million. The Lakota refused the settlement, as they wanted the Black Hills returned to them. The money remains in an interest-bearing account but the Lakota still refuse to take the money. They have declined to accept the money, because acceptance would legally terminate their demands for return of
2475-531: The Black Hills. The money remains in a Bureau of Indian Affairs account accruing compound interest . As of 2011, the Sioux's award plus interest was "about $ 1 billion" or "1.3 billion" (equivalent to $ 1.35 to $ 1.76 billion in 2023). In 2012, United Nations Special Rapporteur James Anaya conducted a 12-day tour of Indigenous lands to determine how the US is following the United Nations Declaration on
2550-593: The Continental U.S., for example), the compiled data forms the basis of basic digital elevation datasets such as USGS DEM data. This data must often be "cleaned" to eliminate discrepancies between surveys, but it still forms a valuable set of information for large-scale analysis. The original American topographic surveys (or the British "Ordnance" surveys) involved not only recording of relief, but identification of landmark features and vegetative land cover. Remote sensing
2625-756: The Minnekahta, are used in the manufacture of cement at a cement plant in Rapid City . Next is the shale and sandstone Sundance Formation , which is topped by the Morrison Formation and the Unkpapa sandstone. The outermost feature of the dome stands out as a hogback ridge . The ridge is made out of the Lakota Formation and the Fallriver sandstone, which are collectively called the Inyan Kara Group. Above this,
2700-435: The Missouri River and acknowledged indigenous control of the Black Hills. The treaty protected the Black Hills "forever" from American settlers. Both the Sioux and Cheyenne also claimed rights to the land, saying that their cultures considered it the axis mundi , or sacred center of the world. Although rumors of gold in the Black Hills had circulated for decades (see Thoen Stone and Pierre-Jean De Smet ), confirmation of
2775-563: The Northern Cheyenne Tribe of Montana and the Arapahoe Tribe of Oklahoma teamed together to purchase land near Bear Butte for $ 2.3 million. The geology of the Black Hills is complex. A Tertiary mountain-building episode is responsible for the uplift and current topography of the Black Hills region. This uplift was marked by volcanic activity in the northern Black Hills. The southern Black Hills are characterized by Precambrian granite , pegmatite , and metamorphic rocks that comprise
2850-463: The Northern Hills. Oddly, this endemic variety of spruce does not occur in the moist Bear Lodge Mountains , which make up most of the Wyoming portion of the Black Hills. Large open parks (mountain meadows) with lush grassland rather than forest are scattered through the Hills (especially the western portion), and the southern edge of the Hills, due to the rainshadow of the higher elevations, are covered by
2925-560: The Pe' Sla sacred site around November 30, 2012" meaning the Pe' Sla is officially Sioux land. After 2,022 acres of Pe' Sla (Reynolds Prairie) were granted Federal Indian trust status by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in March 2016, the Shakopee Mdewakanton tribe released a statement acknowledging the 2012 land purchase of 1,940 acres of Pe' Sla and also stated that this purchase was the result of
3000-652: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples , endorsed in 2010 by the Obama administration . Anaya met with tribes in seven states on reservations and in urban areas as well as with members of the Obama administration and the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs . In an appeal issued August 21, 2012, Anaya brought a sale of over 1,900 acres of land in Black Hills by the Reynolds family to the attention of
3075-673: The Southern Hills. Railroads were quickly constructed to the previously remote area. From 1880 onward the gold mines yielded about $ 4,000,000 annually, and the silver mines about $ 3,000,000 annually. The conflict over control of the region sparked the Black Hills War (1876), also known as the Great Sioux War, the last major Indian War on the Great Plains. Following the defeat of the Lakota and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies in 1876,
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3150-525: The US government and asked that it disclose measures taken by federal or state governments to address Sioux concerns over the sale of the land within Reynolds Prairie. These acres consist of five land tracts, including the sacred Pe' Sla site for Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota peoples; natives to the Black Hills fundraised to buy the land during the Reynolds' sale. On January 15, 2013, the US responded, telling Anaya that it "understands several tribes purchased
3225-522: The United States occupied the Black Hills in disregard of past treaties. Despite their forced relocations, the Lakota never accepted the validity of the US appropriation. They have continued to try to reclaim the property, and had also filed a lawsuit against the U.S. federal government . On July 23, 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that
3300-669: The area of coverage, the units each pixel covers, and the units of elevation (and the zero-point). DEMs may be derived from existing paper maps and survey data, or they may be generated from new satellite or other remotely sensed radar or sonar data. A geographic information system (GIS) can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something
3375-455: The basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps. Topographic mapping should not be confused with geologic mapping . The latter
3450-747: The case of surface models produces using the lidar technology, one can have several surfaces – starting from the top of the canopy to the actual solid earth. The difference between the two surface models can then be used to derive volumetric measures (height of trees etc.). Topographic survey information is historically based upon the notes of surveyors. They may derive naming and cultural information from other local sources (for example, boundary delineation may be derived from local cadastral mapping). While of historical interest, these field notes inherently include errors and contradictions that later stages in map production resolve. As with field notes, remote sensing data (aerial and satellite photography, for example),
3525-414: The common points are identified on each image . A line of sight (or ray ) can be built from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of its rays ( triangulation ) which determines the relative three-dimensional position of the point. Known control points can be used to give these relative positions absolute values. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information on
3600-454: The contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover , built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest. While not officially "topographic" maps, the national surveys of other nations share many of the same features, and so they are often called "topographic maps." Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form
3675-419: The core of the entire Black Hills uplift. This core is rimmed by Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks. The stratigraphy of the Black Hills is laid out like a target, as it is an oval dome , with rings of different rock types dipping away from the center. The 'bull's eye' of this target is called the granite core. The granite of the Black Hills was emplaced by magma generated during
3750-549: The deposits came first in 1874, when Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer of the 7th US Cavalry led an expedition there and discovered gold in French Creek . An official announcement of gold was made by the newspaper reporters accompanying the expedition. The following year, the Newton-Jenney Party conducted the first detailed survey of the Black Hills. The surveyor for the party, Valentine McGillycuddy , became
3825-560: The detailed description of a place. The word comes from the Greek τόπος ( topos , "place") and -γραφία ( -graphia , "writing"). In classical literature this refers to writing about a place or places, what is now largely called ' local history '. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. Detailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in
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#17328588531023900-595: The eastern coast into the mid west, with many different tribes finding ways to scare off the monsters. Until they made their way to the Black Hills (Ȟe Sápa) and sought a new home in the mountains. Once she and her companion arrived and made a place in the mountains. She coexisted with everyone, from the tribes to the Wamakaskan and the other spirit beings. During this time her and her companion began to prepare to spawn offspring, many different Tribal Clans and Nagi that lived in
3975-647: The first European American to ascend to the top of Black Elk Peak . This highest point in the Black Hills is 7,242 feet (2,207 m) above sea level. During the 1875–1878 gold rush thousands of miners went to the Black Hills; in 1880, the area was the most densely populated part of the Dakota Territory . Three large towns developed in the Northern Hills: Deadwood , Central City , and Lead . Around these clustered groups of smaller gold camps, towns, and villages. Hill City and Custer City sprang up in
4050-534: The first topographic maps was begun in France by Giovanni Domenico Cassini , the great Italian astronomer. Even though remote sensing has greatly sped up the process of gathering information, and has allowed greater accuracy control over long distances, the direct survey still provides the basic control points and framework for all topographic work, whether manual or GIS -based. In areas where there has been an extensive direct survey and mapping program (most of Europe and
4125-560: The flattest parts of the Great Plains . It took a period of uplift to bring them to their present topographical levels in the Black Hills. This uplift called the Laramide orogeny , began around the beginning of the Cenozoic and left a line of igneous rocks through the northern hills superimposed on the rocks already discussed. This line extends from Bear Butte in the east to Devils Tower in
4200-413: The high elevations, are older, as old as 20 million years, according to camel and rodent fossils found. Some gravels have been found but for the most part, these older beds have been eroded. As with the geology, the biology of the Black Hills is complex. Most of the Hills are a fire-climax ponderosa pine forest, with Black Hills spruce ( Picea glauca var. densata ) occurring in cool moist valleys of
4275-532: The land as she writhed away. As she finally died, the Sun scorched her flesh and dried up the land, resulting in the arid rock formations and skeletons found in the Badlands (Makȟóšiča). In another myth, Unk Cekula emerged from the primordial waters to flood the land. The resulting devastation angered Wakinyan , who flapped his wings to create a great storm to dry up the land and shoot lightning, killing Unk Cekula. Her heart
4350-520: The land over the native Arikara tribes, researchers have carbon-dating and stratigraphic records to analyze the early history of the area. Scientists have been able to utilize carbon-dating to evaluate the age of tools found in the area, which indicate a human presence that dates as far back as 11,500 BC with the Clovis culture . Stratigraphic records indicate environmental changes in the land, such as flood and drought patterns. For example, large-scale flooding of
4425-460: The largest in the US), Bear Butte State Park , Devils Tower National Monument , and the Crazy Horse Memorial . The Black Hills also hosts the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally each August. The rally was started in 1940 and the 65th Rally in 2005 saw more than 550,000 bikers visit the Black Hills. It is a key part of the regional economy. The George S. Mickelson Trail is a recently opened multi-use path through
4500-454: The late eighteenth century) were called Ordnance Surveys , and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. The earliest scientific surveys in France were the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be American in origin. The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by
4575-569: The layers of rocks are less distinct and are all mainly grey shale with three exceptions: the Newcastle sandstone; the Greenhorn limestone, which contains many shark teeth fossils ; and the Niobrara Formation, which is composed mainly of chalk . These outer ridges are called cuestas . The preceding layers were deposited horizontally. All of them can be seen in core samples and well logs from
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#17328588531024650-456: The lie of the land by delineating vegetation and other land-use information more clearly. Images can be in visible colours and in other spectrum. Photogrammetry is a measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points in 3D of an object are determined by the measurements made in two photographic images (or more) taken starting from different positions, usually from different passes of an aerial photography flight. In this technique,
4725-451: The many years in which she wreaked havoc in the hills, she was challenged by many warriors from the Lakota tribe. It was learned that the creature had offspring, and the tribes had to kill them when they began feeding on people. In one myth, Unk Cekula fights with and kills a giant bear, whose fallen body produced the Bear Butte in the Black Hills. She was slain after she ate the family of
4800-640: The metamorphic layers at a much shallower angle. This rock called the Deadwood Formation is mostly sandstone and was the source of gold found in the Deadwood area. Above the Deadwood Formation lies the Englewood Formation and Pahasapa limestone , which is the source of the more than 200 caves found in the Black Hills, including Jewel Cave and Wind Cave . The Minnelusa Formation is next and
4875-479: The most representations of land surface employ some variant of TIN models. In geostatistics , land surface is commonly modelled as a combination of the two signals – the smooth (spatially correlated) and the rough (noise) signal. In practice, surveyors first sample heights in an area, then use these to produce a Digital Land Surface Model in the form of a TIN . The DLSM can then be used to visualize terrain, drape remote sensing images, quantify ecological properties of
4950-659: The national forest's Hell Canyon District. Finally, Wyoming's Black Hills follow the Bearlodge District, approximately Weston and Crook Counties. Geologically separate from the Black Hills are the Elk Mountains , a small range forming the southwest portion of the region. The region is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial , Wind Cave National Park , Jewel Cave National Monument , Black Elk Peak , Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of
5025-424: The original rocks to fold and twist into a vast mountain range. Over millions of years, these tilted rocks, which in many areas are tilted to 90 degrees or more, eroded. Today we see the evidence of this erosion in the Black Hills, where the metamorphic rocks end in an angular unconformity below the younger sedimentary layers. The final layers of the Black Hills consist of sedimentary rocks. The oldest lie on top of
5100-850: The rest of South Dakota are pinyon jay , Canada jay , three-toed woodpecker , black-backed woodpecker , American dipper , ruffed grouse , and others. The northern Black Hills approximate Lawrence and Meade Counties and are roughly equivalent to the Northern Hills District of the Black Hills National Forest . The central Black Hills (the Mystic District of the Black Hills National Forest) are located in Pennington County west of Rapid City. The southern Black Hills are in Custer and Fall River Counties and are administered in
5175-425: The scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility, and the quality of existing surveys. Surveying helps determine accurately the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them using leveling instruments such as theodolites , dumpy levels and clinometers . GPS and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are also used. Work on one of
5250-462: The scene known a priori (for example, symmetries in certain cases allowing the rebuilding of three-dimensional co-ordinates starting from one only position of the camera). Satellite RADAR mapping is one of the major techniques of generating Digital Elevation Models (see below). Similar techniques are applied in bathymetric surveys using sonar to determine the terrain of the ocean floor. In recent years, LIDAR ( LI ght D etection A nd R anging),
5325-427: The urban fantasy prequel Death Valley Magic by Linsey Hall. J.K Rowling's Ilvermoney House, The Horned Serpents, refers to the Unktechi, or the children of Unchegila. Black Hills The Black Hills is an isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains of North America in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming , United States. Black Elk Peak , which rises to 7,242 feet (2,207 m),
5400-489: The west and south of the region, as miners flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana. As the economy of the Black Hills has shifted away from natural resources ( mining and timber ) since the late 20th century, the hospitality and tourism industries have grown to take its place. Locals tend to divide the Black Hills into two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills." The Southern Hills
5475-546: The west-central part of the hills. Making a concentric ring around the core is the metamorphic zone. The rocks in this ring are all very old, as much as 2 billion years and older. This zone is very complex, filled with many diverse rock types. The rocks were originally sedimentary until there was a collision between the North American continent and a terrane . This collision, called the Trans-Hudson Orogeny, caused
5550-444: The west. Evidence of Cenozoic volcanic eruptions, if this happened, has long since been eroded. The Black Hills also has a 'skirt' of gravel covering them in areas, which are called pediments . Formed as the waterways cut down into the uplifting hills, they represent the former locations of today's rivers. These beds are generally around 10,000 years old or younger, judging by the artifacts and fossils found. A few places, mainly in
5625-433: Was destroyed, but her bones were scattered across the land. A fictionalized version of the myth appeared in a Marvel Comics Presents story arc starring Wolverine . She appears in a story told in the 2003 film Dreamkeeper , in which Eagle Boy is the one who slays her with weapons given to him by an old woman. Unk Cekula appears in the urban fantasy novel Boundary Lines by Melissa F. Olson. She appears briefly in
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