A junction is where two or more roads meet.
32-599: Abu Ageila is a road junction and dam in the north of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt , which, because of its proximity to Egypt's border with the State of Israel , is strategically important. Located approximately 25 kilometres from Auja al-Hafir , and 45 kilometres southeast of El Arish , it was the site of major battles in the 1948 , 1956 , and 1967 wars between the two states. The adjacent location Umm Katef ( Arabic : أم قطف )
64-418: A diamond interchange , the advantages of a diverging diamond interchange are: A free-flowing interchange variant, patented in 2015, has received recent attention. Called the double crossover merging interchange ( DCMI ), it includes elements from the diverging diamond interchange, the tight diamond interchange , and the stack interchange . It eliminates the disadvantages of weaving and of merging into
96-697: A June 2014 USDOT publication, "the DDI has made travel more efficient and accessible for all users." The year 2016 saw the introduction of diverging diamond interchanges by three states. In February, the Oregon Department of Transportation opened one in Phoenix . In October, the New Mexico Department of Transportation converted the crossing of NM 14 (Cerrillos Road) and Interstate 25 in Santa Fe . In November,
128-533: A center bridge. All westbound traffic that is continuing west or turning south onto A1 uses the southernmost bridge. In the United States, invention of the diverging diamond interchange is credited to Gilbert Chlewicki. In 2005, the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) considered reconfiguring the existing interchange on Interstate 75 at U.S. Route 224 and State Route 15 west of Findlay as
160-772: A chapter dedicated to this design. Additional research was conducted by a partnership of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and published by Ohio Section of the Institute of Transportation Engineers . On August 14, 2011, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) completed conversion of the intersection of U.S. Route 68 and Kentucky Route 4 in Lexington to
192-438: A diverging diamond design, the first in the state and the sixth completed nationally. Stantec , the engineers who completed the upgrades to the interchange, noted the solution while providing substantial cost savings over other possible options also has decreased accidents by 45 percent, improved traffic flow to more than 35,000 vehicles per day, and incorporated KYTC's goal to provide new paths for bicycles and pedestrians through
224-641: A diverging diamond interchange to improve traffic flow. Had it been constructed, it would have been the first DDI in the United States. By 2006, ODOT had reconsidered, instead adding lanes to the existing overpass. The Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDot) was the first US agency to construct one, in Springfield at the junction between I-44 and Missouri Route 13 (at 37°15′01″N 93°18′39″W / 37.2503°N 93.3107°W / 37.2503; -93.3107 ( Springfield, Missouri diverging diamond interchange ) ). Construction began
256-591: A diverging diamond interchange. In 2020, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) completed the first diverging diamond interchange in California . An interchange at State Route 120 and Union Road in Manteca, California was converted to this interchange and opened to traffic on November 25. As of October 14, 2022 , over 160 DDIs were operational across the world including: Compared to
288-456: A means of linking locations of interest: towns , forts and geographic features such as river fords . Where roads met outside of an existing settlement, these junctions often led to a new settlement. Scotch Corner is an example of such a location. In the United Kingdom and other countries, the practice of giving names to junctions emerged, to help travellers find their way. Junctions took
320-410: A right turn (across oncoming traffic) in one turn). It also allows for diagonal crossings ( pedestrian scramble ) and reduces crossing distances for pedestrians. Intersections generally must manage pedestrian as well as vehicle traffic. Pedestrian aids include crosswalks , pedestrian-directed traffic signals ("walk light") and over/ underpasses . Walk lights may be accompanied by audio signals to aid
352-559: A right turn on red, and sometimes left on red depending on the geometry of the intersection in question, possible in many cases, often without stopping. Cyclists ideally have a protected bike lane on the approach to the intersection, separated by a concrete median with splay kerbs if possible, and have a protected bike lane width of at least 2 metres if possible (one way). In the Netherlands , most one way cycle paths are at least 2.5 metres wide. Bicycle traffic can be accommodated with
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#1732854915140384-415: A setback crossing of the pedestrians and cyclists , generally between 1.5–7 metres of setback, a forward stop bar, which allows cyclists to stop for a traffic light well ahead of motor traffic who must stop behind the crosswalk. Separate signal staging or at least an advance green for cyclists and pedestrians is used to give cyclists and pedestrians no conflicts or a head start over traffic. The design makes
416-909: Is a four-way interchange on the German autobahn network. Autobahndreieck (literally "autobahn triangle"), short form dreieck , and abbreviated as AD, is a three-way interchange on the German autobahn network. At intersections , roads cross at-grade . They also can be further subdivided into those with and without signal controls. Signalized designs include advanced stop line , bowtie , box junction , continuous-flow intersection , continuous Green-T, double-wide, hook turn , jughandle , median u-turn, Michigan left , paired, quadrant , seagulls , slip lane , split, staggered , superstreet , Texas T , Texas U-turn and turnarounds . Non-signalized designs include unsignalized variations on continuous-flow 3 and 4-leg, median u-turn and superstreet, along with Maryland T/J, roundabout and traffic circle . In
448-495: The A1 and Route d'Avelin was somewhat more specialized than in the adjacent diagram: eastbound traffic on Route d'Avelin intending to enter the A1 northbound must keep left and cross the northernmost bridge before turning left to proceed north onto A1; eastbound traffic continuing east on Route d'Avelin must select a single center lane, merge with A1 traffic that is exiting to proceed east, and cross
480-765: The Delaware Department of Transportation completed the conversion of the DE-1 and DE-72 (Wrangle Hill Rd) overpass west of Delaware City . The first interchange in Canada opened on August 13, 2017, at Macleod Trail and 162 Avenue South in Calgary , Alberta followed by one east of Regina, Saskatchewan the next year as part of the Regina Bypass project. The first diverging diamond interchange in Australia opened to traffic by
512-769: The Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads on November 28, 2019. The interchange, located in Caloundra, Queensland , connects Caloundra Road to the Bruce Highway . The former interchange was upgraded and converted as part of the larger Bruce Highway Upgrade Program. In December 2019, the Virginia Department of Transportation completed the conversion of the interchange at Courthouse Road and I-95 in Stafford, VA into
544-638: The diverging diamond , Michigan urban diamond, three-level diamond , and tight diamond. Others include center-turn overpass, contraflow left, single loop, and single-point urban overpass. Non-signalized designs include the cloverleaf , contraflow left, dogbone (restricted dumbbell), double crossover merging , dumbbell (grade-separated bowtie), echelon, free-flow interchange , partial cloverleaf , raindrop , single and double roundabouts (grade-separated roundabout ), single-point urban , stack , and windmill . Autobahnkreuz (literally "autobahn cross"), short form kreuz , and abbreviated as AK,
576-640: The EU it is estimated that around 5,000 out of 26,100 people who are killed in car crashes are killed in a junction collision, in 2015, while it was around 8,000 in 2006. During the 2006–2015 decade, this means around 20% of road fatalities occur at junctions. By kind of users junctions fatalities are car users, 34%; pedestrians, 23%; motorcycle, 21%; pedal-cycle 12%; and other road users, the remaining. It has been considered that several causes might lead to fatalities; for instance: A number of features make this protected intersection much safer . A corner refuge island,
608-491: The area. That same day in Highland, Utah the seventh U.S. diverging diamond interchange opened at the intersection of I-15 and Timpanogos Highway. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation the goals of this intersection upgrade were similar, increasing traffic capacity and improved pedestrian and bicycle access while reaching these goals without requiring substantial revisions to the existing interstate overpass. Quoting
640-410: The desert. No warning was given to the inhabitants, and no time was allowed for them to collect their belongings before being removed from their homes. Lt. Gen. David Elazar later ordered that the expelled inhabitants be allowed to return. 30°50′35.30″N 34°07′03.84″E / 30.8431389°N 34.1177333°E / 30.8431389; 34.1177333 Road junction Roads began as
672-416: The intersection may fully clear) per cycle. The greatest safety concern of the interchange stems from its relative rarity, as drivers instinctively trying to stay on the customary side of the road could use the crossover intersections to turn against the posted direction of travel. This is a rare occurrence; it is possible only when traffic is so sparse that no cars from the oncoming direction are stopped at
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#1732854915140704-694: The light, and clear signage further reduces the likelihood of such errors. The first known diverging diamond interchanges were in France in the communities of Versailles ( A13 at D182), Le Perreux-sur-Marne ( A4 at N486) and Seclin ( A1 at D549), all built in the 1970s. The ramps of the first two have since been reconfigured to accommodate ramps of other interchanges, but they continue to function as diverging diamond interchanges. The interchange in Seclin (at 50°32′41″N 3°3′21″E / 50.54472°N 3.05583°E / 50.54472; 3.05583 ) between
736-596: The low grade bike lanes in the roadway or higher grade and much safer protected bicycle paths that are physically separated from the roadway. In Manchester, UK, traffic engineers have designed a protected junction known as the Cycle-Optimised Signal (CYCLOPS) Junction. This design places a circulatory cycle track around the edge of the junction, with pedestrian crossing on the inside. This design allows for an all-red pedestrian / cyclist phase with reduced conflicts. Traffic signals are timed to allow cyclists to make
768-459: The name of a prominent nearby business or a point of interest. As of the road networks increased in density and traffic flows followed suit, managing the flow of traffic across the junction became of increasing importance, to minimize delays and improve safety. The first innovation was to add traffic control devices, such as stop signs and traffic lights that regulated traffic flow. Next came lane controls that limited what each lane of traffic
800-418: The non- freeway road cross each other on either side of the interchange so that traffic crossing the freeway on the overpass or underpass is operating on the opposite driving side from that which is customary for the jurisdiction. The crossovers may employ one-side overpasses or be at-grade and controlled by traffic lights . The diverging diamond interchange has advantages in both efficiency and safety, and
832-487: The outside lane from which the standard DDI variation suffers. A highway U-turn requires weaving, however. As of 2016, no such interchanges have been constructed. Another variation of the diverging diamond was developed by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as part of their I-10 widening/ SR 210 extension project near Tucson, Arizona . The interchange (I-10 exit 270 at Kolb Road) will be reconfigured as
864-525: The secret expulsion from Abu Ageila of 3,000 of its inhabitants in late January 1972. Ostensibly, this was to clear the way for a military exercise code-named Oz (meaning "Valour" in Hebrew) in preparation for an attack on the Suez Canal were a further war to break out between Israel and Egypt. The expulsion order was executed by Israeli military personnel over three days during the onset of freezing temperatures in
896-435: The visually impaired. Medians can offer pedestrian islands, allowing pedestrians to divide their crossings into a separate segment for each traffic direction, possibly with a separate signal for each. Diverging diamond interchange A diverging diamond interchange ( DDI ), also called a double crossover diamond interchange ( DCD ), is a subset of diamond interchange in which the opposing directions of travel on
928-541: The week of January 12, 2009, and the interchange opened on June 21, 2009. This interchange was a conversion of an existing standard diamond interchange, and used the existing bridge. MoDot reports that traffic congestion for left turns at the intersection cleared up immediately, and crashes dropped by 40–50%. In 2010, the Federal Highway Administration released a publication titled "Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR)" with
960-982: Was allowed to do while crossing. Turns across oncoming traffic might be prohibited, or allowed only when oncoming and crossing traffic was stopped. This was followed by specialized junction designs that incorporated information about traffic volumes, speeds, driver intent and many other factors. The most basic distinction among junction types is whether or not the roads cross at the same or different elevations . More expensive, grade-separated interchanges generally offer higher throughput at higher cost. Single-grade intersections are lower cost and lower throughput. Each main type comes in many variants. At interchanges , roads pass above or below each other, using grade separation and slip roads . The terms motorway junction and highway interchange typically refer to this layout. They can be further subdivided into those with and without signal controls. Signalized ( traffic-light controlled) interchanges include such " diamond " designs as
992-711: Was another key Egyptian position in the Abu Ageila battles. In 1930, there were about 10,000 'Azazme Bedouin Egyptians, related to the Tarabin in El Arish, living in the area. By 1948, the number was only 3,500. Land ownership was often disputed between the inhabitants. In his 2013 biography of Ariel Sharon , 'Arik: The Life of Ariel Sharon', David Landau records that, during the Israeli occupation of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, Sharon ordered
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1024-538: Was cited by Popular Science as one of the best engineering innovations of 2009 and in the U.S. has been promoted as part of the Federal Highway Administration's Every Day Counts initiative . The flow through a diverging diamond interchange using overpasses at the crossovers is limited only by weaving , and the flow through an implementation using traffic lights is subject to only two clearance intervals (the time during which all lights are red so that
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