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34-585: Ullswater is a glacial lake in Cumbria , England and part of the Lake District National Park . It is the second largest lake in the region by both area and volume, after Windermere . The lake is about 7 miles (11 km) long, 0.75 miles (1 km) wide, and has a maximum depth of 63 metres (207 ft). Its outflow is River Eamont , which meets the River Eden at Brougham Castle before flowing into

68-485: A Celtic ulle )." Some say it comes from the name of a Nordic chief named Ulf, who ruled over the area. There was also a Saxon Lord of Greystoke called Ulphus, whose land bordered the lake. The lake may have been named Ulf's Water in honour of either of these, or after the Norse god Ullr . Hodgson Hill, an earthwork on the north-east shoreline of Ullswater may be the remains of a Viking fortified settlement. Glenridding ,

102-507: A corner of the pele. Most pele enclosure walls have not survived, and some towers perhaps never had them. Some, known as a "vicar's pele", housed the local vicar but could also serve as a refuge for the whole community. Peels were built in Scotland , Northumberland , Cumberland , Westmorland , County Durham , the North Riding of Yorkshire , and as far south as Lancashire , in response to

136-611: A fashionable holiday destination for the British aristocracy, thanks to its good sailing conditions and proximity to fell shooting estates. In 1912, Wilhelm II, German Emperor visited Ullswater and toured the lake on the MY Raven , which was re-fitted to act as a royal yacht. A shooting lodge (The Bungalow) was constructed for the Kaiser at Martindale by the major local landowner, Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale . Ullswater's attractions include

170-472: A general stratigraphic sequence of organic muds, glacial clays, silty clays, and sands based on time of formation. Over time the glacial lake sediments are subjected to change. As seen in the English Lake District , the layers of the sediments at the bottom of the lakes contain evidence of the rate of erosion. The elemental make up of the sediments are not associated with the lakes themselves, but by

204-548: A home and a bed-and-breakfast business. Darnick Tower stands just outside Melrose and is still habitable. It was built in 1425 by the Heiton family from Normandy, and remained the property of the same family until 2016. The Pele Tower in Whittingham, Northumberland was converted to alms houses in 1864, but is now a single dwelling, rentable as holiday accommodation. The lower barrel vaulted chamber and first floor date from c. 1280,

238-589: A large population of algae, making the water appear green. Glacial lake sediments also archive changes in geochemistry and pollen records as a result of climate change and human activities. During the transition from the Last Glacial Period to the Holocene climatic optimum , soil development was enhanced, whereas early human activities such as deforestation have resulted in elevated soil erosion. These events can be reflected in geochemistry and isotope signatures in

272-544: A long period of time have a more diverse ecosystem of fauna originating form neighboring tributaries or other glacial refugia. For example, many native species of the great lakes basin entered via the Mississippi basin refugia within the past 14,000 years. Glacial lakes act as fresh water storage for the replenishing of a region's water supply and serve as potential electricity producers from hydropower. Glacial lakes' aesthetic nature can also stimulate economic activity through

306-672: A reservoir. He died one day after the proposition was defeated in the House of Lords and he is commemorated with a plaque on Kailpot Crag. The Birkett Regatta, held each year in early July, involves a two-day round-the-island race in Birkett's memory, 2018 was the 60th anniversary of the event, with Lord Birkett's granddaughter in attendance. Glacial lake Near the end of the last glacial period , roughly 10,000 years ago, glaciers began to retreat. A retreating glacier often left behind large deposits of ice in hollows between drumlins or hills . As

340-466: A shallow lagoon. In the case of Iceland's Jökulsárlón glacial lagoon located on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean, tides bring in an array of fish species to the edge of the glacier. These fish attract an abundance of predators from birds to marine mammals, that are searching for food. These predators include fauna such as, seals, arctic terns and arctic skua . Glacial lakes that have been formed for

374-681: A shift from frozen to liquid water, increasing the extent and volume of glacial lakes around the world. Most glacial lakes present today can be found in Asia, Europe, and North America. The area which will see the greatest increase in lake formation is the Southern Tibetan Plateau region from debris covered glaciers. This increase in glacial lake formation also indicates an increase in occurrence of glacial lake outburst flood events caused by damming and subsequent breaking of moraine and ice. The amount of sediment found in glacial lakes varies, and has

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408-590: Is also a sailing location with several marinas round the lake. It is home to the Ullswater Yacht Club and the Lord Birkett Memorial Trophy, held annually on the first weekend in July. This regularly attracts over 200 sailing boats for two races covering the length of the lake. There are also facilities for diving, rowing and motorboats. Another of attraction is the waterfall of Aira Force , midway along

442-477: Is situated at the southern end of the lake, Pooley Bridge is at the northern end, other villages situated on Ullswater include Howtown , Sandwick and Watermillock . Ullswater is overlooked by Dunmallard Hill , which was the site of an Iron Age fort, on the western side of the lake is the Aira Force waterfall . The lake has been a tourist destination since the mid-18th century. By the 1890s, Ullswater had become

476-521: Is unknown, though there was speculation that a large pike , a wels catfish or an otter was responsible. Dr Roger Sweeting, of the Freshwater Biological Association , also suggested that the birds could have become entangled in discarded fishing line and had become exhausted, losing their stability. Just south of Pooley Bridge on the lake's eastern shore is Eusemere , where anti-slavery campaigner Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846) lived;

510-668: The English and Scottish borders in the Scottish Marches and North of England , mainly between the mid-14th century and about 1600. They were free-standing with defence being a prime consideration in their design, although "confirmation of status and prestige" also played a role. Additionally, they functioned as watch-towers , where garrisoned personnel could light signal fires to warn of approaching danger. The FISH Vocabulary Monument Types Thesaurus lists "pele" alongside " bastle ", "fortified manor house" and "tower house" under

544-463: The Parliament of England in 1455, each of these towers was required to have an iron basket on its summit and a smoke or fire signal, for day or night use, ready at hand. Apart from their primary purpose as a warning system, these towers were also the homes of the lairds and landlords of the area, who dwelt in them with their families and retainers, while their followers lived in simple huts outside

578-537: The Solway Firth . The lake is in the administrative county of Westmorland and Furness and the ceremonial county of Cumbria . It is a typical Lake District " ribbon lake ", formed after the last ice age by a glacier scooping out the valley floor, which then filled with meltwater . Ullswater was formed by three glaciers. Surrounding hills give it the shape of an extenuated "Z" with three segments or reaches winding through them. For much of its length, Ullswater formed

612-689: The Ullswater "Steamers" which offer trips around the lake calling at Pooley Bridge, Glenridding, Howtown and Aira Force. These sail all the year round and were originally working boats which from the 1850s moved mail, workers and goods to and from the Greenside Mine at Glenridding, which closed in 1962. A 20 miles (32 km) walking route the Ullswater Way was officially opened in 2016 by writer and broadcaster Eric Robson . The route can be walked in either direction and from any starting point. Ullswater

646-836: The attraction of the tourism industry. Thousands of tourists visit the Jökulsárlón glacial lagoon in Iceland annually to take part in commercial boat tours and every two to four years thousands visit the Argentino glacial lake in Argentina to witness the collapse of the cyclically formed arch of ice from the Perito Moreno glacier , making it one of the largest travel destinations in Patagonia. Peel tower Peel towers (also spelt pele ) are small fortified keeps or tower houses , built along

680-496: The border between the historic counties of Cumberland and Westmorland . The origin of the name Ullswater is uncertain. Whaley suggests "Ulf's lake", from Old Norse personal name Ulfr plus Middle English water, influenced in usage by the Old Norse vatn (water or lake). Ulfr is also the Old Norse noun meaning wolf, and Hutchinson thought that the name might refer to the lake as a resort of wolves, or to its elbow-shaped bend (citing

714-474: The broader term "fortified house". Pevsner defines a peel as simply a stone tower. Outside of this, "peel" or "pele" can also be used in related contexts, for example a "pele" or " barmkin " (in Ireland a bawn ) was an enclosure where livestock were herded in times of danger. The rustling of livestock was an inevitable part of Border raids, and often their main purpose. In this usage, the tower usually stood at

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748-465: The house gives one of the best views of the lower reach of Ullswater. William and Dorothy Wordsworth were friends of Clarkson and visited on many occasions. After visiting Clarkson in April 1802, Wordsworth was inspired to write his famous poem Daffodils after seeing daffodils growing on the shores of Ullswater on his journey back to Grasmere . Wordsworth once wrote of "Ullswater, as being, perhaps, upon

782-593: The ice age ended, these melted to create lakes. This is apparent in the Lake District in Northwestern England where post-glacial sediments are normally between 4 and 6 metres deep. These lakes are often surrounded by drumlins , along with other evidence of the glacier such as moraines , eskers and erosional features such as striations and chatter marks . These lakes are clearly visible in aerial photos of landforms in regions that were glaciated during

816-441: The jet-propelled hydroplane "Bluebird K7" to a speed of 202.32 mph (325.53 km/h). Ullswater Lake is a popular tourist destination containing many campsites, static caravan parks, and holiday parks. The rural setting gives plenty of space for pitching tents as well as woodland shelter and screening. In 2022 greylag geese on the lake were seen to be dragged underwater by several witnesses on different occasions. The cause

850-479: The lake on the western side. Ullswater lies partly within the National Trust 's Ullswater and Aira Force property. Close to the falls is Lyulph's Tower, a pele tower or castellated building built by a former Duke of Norfolk as a shooting box. The Sharrow Bay Country House hotel stands on the lake's eastern shore. Donald Campbell set the world water speed record on Ullswater on 23 July 1955, when he piloted

884-410: The lake sediments. Biodiversity and productivity tend to be lower in glacial lakes as only cold-tolerant and cold-adapted species can withstand their harsh conditions. Glacial rock flour and low nutrient levels create an oligotrophic environment where few species of plankton, fish and benthic organisms reside. Before becoming a lake the first stages of glacial recession melt enough freshwater to form

918-493: The last ice age . The formation and characteristics of glacial lakes vary between location and can be classified into glacial erosion lake, ice-blocked lake, moraine-dammed lake, other glacial lake, supraglacial lake, and subglacial lake. Since the glaciation of the Little Ice Age , Earth has lost more than 50% of its glaciers. This along with the current increase in retreating glaciers caused by climate change has created

952-484: The migration of the elements within the soil, such as iron and manganese. The distribution of these elements, within the lake bed, are attributed to the condition of the drainage basin and the chemical composition of the water. Sediment deposition can also be influenced by animal activity; including the distribution of biochemical elements, which are elements that are found in organic organisms, such as phosphorus and sulfur. The amount of halogens and boron found in

986-707: The one at Hulne Priory near Alnwick is in the grounds of the priory . Corbridge Vicar's Pele in Northumberland has been converted to a small pub. St Michael's Church, Burgh by Sands has a heavily fortified tower at the west end and a former vicar's pele at the east end. St Cuthbert's, Great Salkeld , is another example of a fortified church . Both these Cumbrian churches have yetts or strong internal iron gates to defend their towers against Scottish raiders. Some peles were converted to castles, such as Penrith Castle . Some towers are now derelict while others have been converted for use in peacetime. Embleton pele tower

1020-422: The sediments accompanies a change in erosional activity. The rate of deposition reflects the amount of halogen and boron in the deposited sediments. The scouring action of the glaciers pulverizes minerals in the rock over which the glacier passes. These pulverized minerals become sediment at the bottom of the lake, and some of the rock flour becomes suspended in the water column. These suspended minerals support

1054-868: The threat of attack from the English, Scots and the Border Reivers of both nationalities. In Scotland, a line of these towers was built in the 1430s across the Tweed valley from Berwick to its source, as a response to the dangers of invasion from the Marches . In the upper Tweed valley, going downstream from its source, they were as follows: Fruid, Hawkshaw , Oliver , Polmood , Kingledoors , Mossfennan , Wrae Tower , Quarter, Stanhope , Drumelzier , Tinnies, Dreva , Stobo , Dawyck, Easter Happrew, Lyne , Barnes, Caverhill, Neidpath , Peebles , Horsburgh , Nether Horsburgh Castle , Cardrona , Kirna(Kirnie) , Elibank. By an Act of

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1088-449: The walls. The towers also provided a refuge so that, when cross-border raiding parties arrived, the whole population of a village could take to the tower and wait for the marauders to depart. Pele towers can be associated with a church : for example Embleton Tower in Embleton, Northumberland , and another at Church of St Michael, Alnham , are examples of a so-called ' vicar 's peles' and

1122-592: The whole, the happiest combination of beauty and grandeur, which any of the Lakes affords". The politician William Marshall lived on the Ullswater shore at Watermillock . His descendants, the diplomat Sir Cecil Spring Rice and his brother Stephen Spring Rice , were brought up there. Nearby Aira Force has several memorials to members of the Spring family . In 1962 Lord Birkett led a campaign to prevent Ullswater from becoming

1156-511: Was part of the former vicarage, now a private home, and that on the Inner Farne is a home to bird wardens. The most obvious conversion needs include access, which would have originally been made intentionally difficult, and the provision of more and larger windows. A pele tower in Hellifield , North Yorkshire featured in an episode of Grand Designs showing the conversion from a derelict state to

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