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42-551: The officers of the UID came from a number of backgrounds, some were farmers, some army officers from British and colonial regiments, some colonial civil servants and some were businessmen. The following European officers were affiliated with the unit and their ranks and individual Medal Record numbers are also listed (each Medal Record makes reference to the Uganda Intelligence Department, along with other units associated with

84-423: A compromise, with straight edges and a long point. The gladius Hispaniensis was a Roman sword used from around 216 BC until 20 BC. Its blade had a length of 60–68 cm (24–27 in), and the sword was 75–85 cm (30–33 in) long. The width of the sword was 5 cm (2.0 in). It was the largest and heaviest of the gladii , weighing 1 kg (2.2 lb) or 900 g (2.0 lb). This gladius

126-511: A general meaning as any type of sword. This use appears as early as the 1st century AD in the Biography of Alexander the Great by Quintus Curtius Rufus . The republican authors, however, appear to mean a specific type of sword, which is now known from archaeology to have had variants. Gladii were two-edged for cutting and had a tapered point for stabbing during thrusting. A solid grip was provided by

168-454: A knobbed hilt added on, possibly with ridges for the fingers. Blade strength was achieved by welding together strips, in which case the sword had a channel down the centre, or by fashioning a single piece of high-carbon steel, rhomboidal in cross-section. The owner's name was often engraved or punched on the blade. The hilt of a Roman sword was the capulus . It was often ornate, especially the sword-hilts of officers and dignitaries. Stabbing

210-567: A loan from Welsh]; the root of the word may survive in the Old Irish verb claidid "digs, excavates" and anciently attested in the Gallo-Brittonic place name element cladia / clado "ditch, trench, valley hollow"). Modern English words derived from gladius include gladiator ("swordsman") and gladiolus ("little sword", from the diminutive form of gladius ), a flowering plant with sword-shaped leaves. According to Polybius ,

252-580: A proposed Gallipoli Star , for award to New Zealanders and Australians of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), but not to the British forces serving alongside them. Following protests by British parliamentarians and news media, the Gallipoli Star was never awarded and the 1914–15 Star, with its wider eligibility, instituted instead. No clasp or bar to the medal was approved. To be eligible for

294-479: Is that the later award bears '1914-15' on the central scroll instead of '1914'; the ribbon is the same. The three medals were sometimes irreverently referred to as Pip, Squeak and Wilfred after three comic strip characters, a dog, a penguin and a rabbit, which were popular in the immediate post-war era. Pip represented either of the two Stars, Squeak represented the British War Medal and Wilfred represented

336-613: The 1914–15 Star , British War Medal and Victory Medal . This Uganda -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1914%E2%80%9315 Star The 1914–15 Star is a campaign medal of the British Empire which was awarded to all who served in the British and Imperial forces in any theatre of the First World War against the Central European Powers during 1914 and 1915. The medal

378-558: The First Punic War (264-241 BC), not the second. In any case, the gladius hispaniensis became particularly known in 200 BC during the Second Macedonian War , in which Macedonian soldiers became horrified at what Roman swords could do after an early cavalry skirmish. It has been suggested that the sword used by Roman cavalrymen was different from the infantry model, but most academics have discarded this view. Arguments for

420-552: The Celtiberian source of the weapon have been reinforced in recent decades by discovery of early Roman gladii that seem to highlight that they were copies of Celtiberian models. The weapon developed in Iberia after La Tène I models, which were adapted to traditional Celtiberian techniques during the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC. These weapons are quite original in their design, so that they cannot be confused with Gallic types. As for

462-562: The Gladius Hispaniensis. The Mainz Gladius still had wasp-waisted curves. The decoration on the scabbard illustrates the ceding of military victory to Augustus by Tiberius after a successful Alpine campaign. Augustus is semi-nude, and sits in the pose of Jupiter, flanked by the Roman gods of Victory and Mars Ultor, while Tiberius , in military dress, presents Augustus with a statuette of Victory. The Fulham gladius or Mainz-Fulham gladius

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504-534: The Victory Medal. The medal, based on the design of the earlier 1914 Star, is a four-pointed star of bright bronze, ensigned with a crown, with a height of 50 millimetres (62 millimetres with the ring suspension included) and a width of 44 millimetres. The medal and suspension assembly was struck in one piece. The obverse has two crossed gladii (swords) with their blades upwards, the points and grips of which form what might appear to be four additional points to

546-645: The adoption of this design by the Romans even before the end of the war , which canonical Polybius reaffirms by calling the later Roman sword gladius hispaniensis in Latin and iberiké machaira in Greek . It is believed Scipio Africanus was the promoter of the change after the Battle of Cartagena in 209 BC, after which he set the inhabitants to produce weapons for the Roman army. In 70 BC, both Claudius Quadrigarius and Livy relate

588-472: The authors believe the process was continuous from the Etruscans to the Romans. The Vetulonian sword was crafted by the pattern welding process from five blooms reduced at a temperature of 1,163 °C (2,125 °F). Five strips of varying carbon content were created. A central core of the sword contained the highest: 0.15–0.25% carbon. On its edges were placed four strips of low-carbon steel, 0.05–0.07%, and

630-403: The back side of the sword to 0.35–0.4% on the blade, from which the authors deduce that some form of carburization may have been used. The sword was 40 cm (16 in) long and was characterized by a wasp-waist close to the hilt. Romans continued to forge swords, both as composites and from single pieces. Inclusions of sand and rust weakened the two swords in the study, and no doubt limited

672-478: The campaign medals awarded to South Africans, the 1914–15 Star takes precedence as shown below. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Gladii Gladius ( Classical Latin: [ˈɡɫadiʊs] ) is a Latin word properly referring to the type of sword that was used by ancient Roman foot soldiers starting from the 3rd century BC and until the 3rd century AD. Linguistically, within Latin,

714-414: The consulships of Gaius Marius was armed with a sword ( gladius ), a shield ( scutum ), one or two javelins ( pila ), often a dagger ( pugio ), and perhaps, in the later empire period, darts ( plumbatae ). Conventionally, soldiers threw pila to disable the enemy's shields and disrupt enemy formations before engaging in close combat, for which they drew the gladius . A soldier generally led with

756-628: The medal, a member must have served on the establishment of a unit in a theatre of war during the relevant dates of operations in that theatre. Excluded from eligibility, were all those who had already qualified for the award of the 1914 Star , and those who received the Africa General Service Medal or the Khedive's Sudan Medal of 1910 for campaigns from 4 August 1914 to the end of 1915. Some 2,366,000 medals were awarded to servicemen and supporting personnel of British military forces and

798-590: The officer): The African soldiers known to be on the Uganda Intelligence Department's establishment were: There is (as yet) no record of the roles of the African soldiers posted to the department. However, the presence of a tribal chief indicates they were political influencers and collectors of intelligence. The British Army medal index cards record that the Uganda Intelligence Department personnel were active from 1914 to as late as 1921. The same index cards and medal auction descriptions point to UID personnel being awarded

840-557: The origin of the word gladius , one theory proposes the borrowing of the word from * kladi - during the Gallic wars, relying on the principle that K often became G in Latin. Ennius attests the word gladius may have replaced ensis , which until then was used mainly by poets. By the time of the Roman Republic , which flourished during the Iron Age , steel and the steel-making process

882-637: The place of the gladius in the Roman legions. Several different designs were used; among collectors and historical reenactors , the three primary kinds are known as the Mainz gladius , the Fulham gladius , and the Pompeii gladius (these names refer to where or how the canonical example was found). More recent archaeological finds have uncovered an earlier version, the gladius Hispaniensis . The differences between these varieties are subtle. The original Hispanic sword, which

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924-426: The porous surface. A recent metallurgical study of two Etrurian swords, one in the form of a Greek kopis from 7th century BC Vetulonia , the other in the form of a gladius Hispaniensis from 4th century BC Clusium ( Chiusi ), gives insight concerning the manufacture of Roman swords. The Chiusi sword comes from Romanized etruria ; thus, regardless of the names of the forms (which the authors do not identify),

966-627: The shield and thrust with the sword. Gladius is a Latin masculine noun. The nominative plural of it is gladiī . However, gladius in Latin refers to any sword, not only the sword described here. The word appears in literature as early as the plays of Plautus ( Casina , Rudens ). Gladius is generally believed to be a Celtic loan in Latin (perhaps via an Etruscan intermediary), derived from ancient Celtic * kladi(b)os or * kladimos "sword" (whence modern Welsh cleddyf "sword", modern Breton klezeff , Old Irish claideb /Modern Irish claidheamh [itself perhaps

1008-411: The shield wall. The gladius was sheathed in a scabbard mounted on a belt or shoulder strap. Some say the soldier reached across his body to draw it, and others claim that the position of the shield made this method of drawing impossible. A centurion wore it on the opposite side as a mark of distinction. Towards the end of the 2nd century AD and during the 3rd century the spatha gradually took

1050-537: The star. The swords are overlaid by a wreath of oak leaves, with the Royal Cypher of King George V at the base of the wreath and an overlaying central scroll inscribed "1914–15". The reverse is plain and is impressed with the recipient's number, rank and name. The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and has the red, white and blue colours of the flag of the United Kingdom in shaded and watered bands. The same ribbon

1092-528: The story of Titus Manlius Torquatus using a "Hispanic sword" ( gladius Hispanus ) in a duel with a Gaul in 361 BC. However, the Gladius was not yet used by the Romans in the 4th century BC, and because of that this has been traditionally considered a terminological anachronism caused by the long established naming convention. It's possible that the Celtiberian sword was first adopted by Romans after encounters with Carthaginian mercenaries of that nationality during

1134-539: The strength of swords during the Roman period. The craftsmen with the strategic task of making the gladii were called gladiarii . They were part of the Roman legions as fabri , enjoying the status of immunes . There were also public workshops, fabricae , dedicated to the making of the gladii . Epigraphic attestations of the gladiarii have been found in Italy, especially in areas of ancient metallurgic tradition such as Capua and Aquileia . The word gladius acquired

1176-518: The sword used by the Roman army during the Battle of Telamon in 225 BC, though deemed superior to the cumbersome Gallic swords, was mainly useful to thrust. These thrusting swords used before the adoption of the Gladius were possibly based on the Greek xiphos . Later, during the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, they found Hannibal's Celtiberian mercenaries wielding swords that excelled at both slashing and thrusting. A text attributed to Polybius describes

1218-571: The various forces of the British Dominions, India and the Colonies. (Members of the Mercantile Marine qualified only where serving under Royal Naval engagement, as a consequence of signing a T124x agreement.) This medal breakout included: Like the 1914 Star, the 1914–15 Star was never awarded singly and recipients were also awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal. The only difference

1260-423: The weapon and modified it depending on how their battle units waged war, and created over time new types of " gladii " such as the Mainz gladius and the Pompeii gladius . Finally, in the third century AD the heavy Roman infantry replaced the gladius with the spatha (already common among Roman cavalrymen), relegating the gladius as a weapon for light Roman infantry. A fully equipped Roman legionary after

1302-455: The whole thing was welded together by forging on the pattern of hammer blows. A blow increased the temperature sufficiently to produce a friction weld at that spot. Forging continued until the steel was cold, producing some central annealing . The sword was 58 cm (23 in) long. The Chiusian sword was created from a single bloom by forging from a temperature of 1,237 °C (2,259 °F). The carbon content increased from 0.05–0.08% at

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1344-649: The word also came to mean "sword", regardless of the type used. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks, called xiphe ( pl. , sg. : xiphos ). From the 3rd century BC, however, the Romans adopted a weapon based on the sword of the Celtiberians of Hispania in service to Carthage during the Punic Wars , known in Latin as the gladius hispaniensis , meaning " Hispanic -type sword". The Romans improved

1386-490: The years, the Pompeii got longer, and these later versions are called semi- spathes . The length of the blade was 45–50 cm (18–20 in). The length of the sword is 60–65 cm (24–26 in). The width of the blade is 5 cm (2.0 in). The sword weighs 700 g (1.5 lb) (wooden hilt). ^ This is only true for the nominative case ; For more information, see the Latin declension page. The articles in

1428-495: Was a Roman sword that was used after Aulus Plautius' invasion of Britain in 43 AD. The Romans used it until the end of the 1st century. The Fulham gladius has a triangular tip. The length of the blade is 50–55 cm (20–22 in). The length of the sword is 65–70 cm (26–28 in). The width of the blade is 6 cm (2.4 in). The swords weighs 700 g (1.5 lb) (wooden hilt). A full size replica can be seen at Fulham Palace , Fulham . The Pompeii gladius

1470-587: Was a very efficient technique, as stabbing wounds, especially in the abdominal area, were almost always deadly. However, the gladius in some circumstances was used for cutting or slashing, as is indicated by Livy 's account of the Macedonian Wars , wherein the Macedonian soldiers were horrified to see dismembered bodies. Though the primary infantry attack was thrusting at stomach height, they were trained to take any advantage, such as slashing at kneecaps beneath

1512-406: Was also the earliest and longest blade. It had a pronounced leaf-shape. The Mainz Gladius is made of heavily corroded iron and a sheath made of tinned and gilded bronze. The blade was 50–55 cm (20–22 in) long and 7 cm (2.8 in) in width. The sword was 65–70 cm (26–28 in) long. The sword weighed 800 g (1.8 lb). The point of the sword was more triangular than

1554-462: Was known to the classical world. Pure iron is relatively soft, but pure iron is never found in nature. Natural iron ore contains various impurities in solid solution , which harden the reduced metal by producing irregular-shaped metallic crystals. The gladius was generally made out of steel. In Roman times, workers reduced ore in a bloomery furnace. The resulting pieces were called blooms , which they further worked to remove slag inclusions from

1596-429: Was named by modern historians after the Roman town of Pompeii . This type of gladius was by far the most popular one. Four examples of the sword type were found in Pompeii, with others turning up elsewhere. The sword has parallel cutting edges and a triangular tip. This is the shortest of the gladii . It is often confused with the spatha , which was a longer, slashing weapon used initially by mounted auxilians . Over

1638-641: Was never awarded singly and recipients also received the British War Medal and Victory Medal . The 1914–15 Star was instituted in December 1918 and was awarded to all who served in the British and Imperial forces against the Central European Powers in any theatre of the Great War between 5 August 1914 and 31 December 1915, provided they had not already received the 1914 Star . The period of eligibility

1680-621: Was prior to the Military Service Act 1916 , which introduced conscription in Britain. The creation of the 1914 Star for the original British Expeditionary Force , who served in France and Flanders up to November 1914, led to demands from the Australian and other dominion governments for medallic recognition for their original contingents who had fought at Gallipoli and elsewhere. This led to

1722-399: Was used during the republic, had a slight "wasp-waist" or "leaf-blade" curvature. The Mainz variety came into use on the frontier in the early empire. It kept the curvature, but shortened and widened the blade and made the point triangular. At home, the less battle-effective Pompeii version came into use. It eliminated the curvature, lengthened the blade, and diminished the point. The Fulham was

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1764-588: Was used for the 1914 Star . The order of wear of the First World War campaign stars and medals is as follows: On 6 April 1952 the Union of South Africa instituted its own range of military decorations and medals. These new awards were worn before all earlier British decorations and medals awarded to South Africans, with the exception of the Victoria Cross , which still took precedence before all other awards. Of

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