In architecture , pavilion has several meanings;
163-461: The United States Pavilion (also known as the U.S. Pavilion and Federal Pavilion ) was a pavilion at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens , New York City, United States. Themed to the "challenge to greatness", it was designed for the 1964 New York World's Fair by Leon Deller of the architectural firm Charles Luckman Associates. The building was a hollow square surrounding a garden court. Inside
326-736: A 10,000-square-foot (930 m) library operated by the American Library Association , which had additional information on the topics mentioned in the Challenge to Greatness exhibit. The library contained items from the President's Library at the White House . The library also contained UNIVAC 490 computers, where visitors could search up information about the exhibits. Visitors could print out bibliographies related to their queries, and visitors in several other American cities could remotely use
489-679: A 1984 case, Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by
652-513: A 600-seat performing arts theater in the building, but these plans were canceled in December 1963 because the congressional appropriation did not cover the theater's cost. There were also plans for a sculpture show at the pavilion, sponsored by the Museum of Modern Art , but these were also canceled. The U.S. government unveiled a scale model of the pavilion in late 1963 and provided further details about
815-459: A 600-seat theater that screened a short film, as well as a 200-seat multipurpose auditorium. Occupying the second floor was the American Journey ride, where visitors watched a short Cinerama film from slow-moving vehicles. Luckman's initial design for the pavilion was not well-received, but the final design and the exhibits themselves received positive reviews. Flushing Meadows–Corona Park ,
978-484: A 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service. They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements: Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service. With an average age of 58,
1141-559: A FEHBP plan upon retirement. The ACA and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for Medicare benefits. The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and
1304-515: A U.S. pavilion. After Moses and Kennedy talked about the fair, Kennedy pledged support for U.S. involvement in the fair in October 1961, though he did not explicitly approve funding for a pavilion. Kennedy also agreed to establish a committee to discuss the U.S. government's involvement with the fair. No progress occurred for several months, and, at a speech in March 1962, Moses expressed concerns about delays in
1467-456: A bank vault before being shown at the fair. The pavilion reopened at the beginning of the fair's second season on April 21, 1965. The hall of presidents was receiving its finishing touches at the time, and it opened a few days later. During the 1965 season, the hall of presidents attracted many visitors who came to see the historical documents and other artifacts there. Among the visitors was Eisenhower, as well as Vice President Hubert Humphrey and
1630-538: A candidate. Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications. William C. C. Claiborne served in the House below the minimum age of 25. Disqualification: under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes
1793-586: A copy of the United States Bill of Rights , the Emancipation Proclamation , and the Gettysburg Address . The hall also exhibited presidents' personal belongings, such as a pistol, lock of hair, campaign sign, and chair. Each president's items was placed in a different section of the hall. The objects were protected continuously by ultrasonic alarms, in addition to security guards. There was
SECTION 10
#17328523503431956-623: A cost of $ 6 million. That December, the DOC allocated $ 530,000 to the GSA to pay for the building's demolition. U.S. Representative Benjamin Rosenthal requested that the DOC delay the demolition in March 1976 so preservationists could find a tenant for the building, but the DOC rejected his request. Mauro suggested that the building could be added to the Gateway National Recreation Area , which, at
2119-557: A facade of multicolored glass". The American Institute of Steel Construction gave the building an architectural award in 1964, and Newsday wrote that, during the fair, the pavilion had received largely positive reviews from architects. In a 1972 study of World's Fair architecture at Flushing Meadows, the Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Association and the Queens Historical Society wrote that
2282-520: A federal statutory requirement since 1967 pursuant to the act titled An Act For the relief of Doctor Ricardo Vallejo Samala and to provide for congressional redistricting . Before that law, general ticket representation was used by some states. States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. Malapportionment
2445-476: A feeling of vivid renewal." Newsweek described the American Journey film as "technically the most interesting and economically the most impressive film at the fair", praising the placement of the screens along the ride's track. Conversely, a critic for The Baltimore Sun praised the complexity of the ride but said "a less hectic pace might leave a more lasting impression of the picture content". During
2608-419: A film in the building's 600-seat theater before they rode the American Journey attraction on the building's second floor. After exiting the American Journey attraction, they could access the rest of the exhibits. The building had elevators and wheelchair-accessible restrooms, and the pavilion's staff helped handicapped visitors navigate the pavilion. One source described the spaces as climate-controlled , although
2771-456: A former ash dump in the New York City borough of Queens , was used for the 1939/1940 New York World's Fair . At the conclusion of the fair, it was used as a park. The Flushing Meadows site was selected in 1959 for the 1964 New York World's Fair . Gilmore David Clarke and Michael Rapuano, designers of the original World's Fair layout, were retained to tailor the original 1939 park layout for
2934-523: A four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011, they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive. States entitled to more than one representative are divided into single-member districts . This has been
3097-472: A hall of presidents at the pavilion in November 1963, shortly before he was assassinated . The federal government hired George Nelson to design the hall of presidents, and a group of 75 historians created a list of 11 "great" and "near-great" presidents who should be featured in the hall. After Kennedy's death, his successor Lyndon B. Johnson added Kennedy to the hall of presidents. The U.S. government had planned
3260-503: A loading station every 80 seconds, which gave the ride an hourly capacity of about 2,500 passengers. Each vehicle measured about 16 feet (4.9 m) across and 18 feet (5.5 m) long, with raised seats at the rear. Each rider had their own headset, which allowed visitors to listen to the film in English and four other languages. Luckman's initial design for the pavilion was not well received. An editorial for Architectural Forum described
3423-583: A member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office. As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the Senate has several distinct powers. For example, the " advice and consent " powers (such as the power to approve treaties and confirm members of the Cabinet ) are a sole Senate privilege. The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose
SECTION 20
#17328523503433586-541: A more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment. The House is commonly referred to as the lower house and the Senate the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew
3749-505: A rectangular block, or only connected to the main block by a thin section of building. The two 18th-century English country houses of Houghton Hall and Holkham Hall illustrate these different approaches in turn. In the Place des Vosges (1605–1612), Paris, twin pavilions mark the centers of the north and south sides of the square. They are named the Pavillon du Roi (“king’s pavilion”) and
3912-580: A result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a third party in the United States may be affected by results of previous years' elections. In 1967, Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts. Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision, Congress
4075-438: A single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $ 1.4 million per member, and ranged from $ 1.35 to $ 1.67 million. The Personnel allowance was $ 944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary
4238-559: A small palace, from Latin papilionem ( accusative of papilio ). In Late Latin and Old French, it meant both ‘butterfly’ and ‘tent’, because the canvas of a tent resembled a butterfly's spread wings. The word is from the early 13c., paviloun , "large, stately tent raised on posts and used as a movable habitation," from Old French paveillon "large tent; butterfly" (12c.), from Latin papilionem (nominative papilio ) "butterfly, moth," in Medieval Latin "tent" (see papillon);
4401-581: A translucent facade of multicolored plastic panels, and it was accessed by pyramidal staircases leading into the garden court. The exhibit spaces contained objects relating to American history and culture; they included the Challenge to Greatness, the Exhibit Hall of the Great Society, and two scientific-exhibit halls. The hall of presidents displayed artifacts from 13 U.S. presidents, while the library had study areas and numerous activities. The basement included
4564-462: A two-year term, with no term limit. In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in
4727-461: A view may be referred to as a gazebo . Bandstands in a park are a class of pavilion. A poolhouse by a swimming pool may have sufficient character and charm to be called a pavilion. By contrast, a free-standing pavilion can also be a far larger building such as the Royal Pavilion at Brighton , which is in fact a large Indian-style palace; however, like its smaller namesakes, the common factor
4890-722: A voice in committees, and can introduce bills on the floor, but cannot vote on the ultimate passage of bills. Presently, the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a delegate. A seventh delegate, representing the Cherokee Nation , has been formally proposed but has not yet been seated. An eighth delegate, representing the Choctaw Nation is guaranteed by treaty but has not yet been proposed. Additionally, some territories may choose to also elect shadow representatives , though these are not official members of
5053-494: Is a typical 18th-century aristocratic hunting pavilion. The pavilion, located on the site of an old Roman villa, includes a garden à la française , which was used by the guests for receptions. United States House of Representatives Minority (213) Vacant (2) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , with
United States Pavilion - Misplaced Pages Continue
5216-523: Is actually a large building including a grandstand . A pavilion in stadia , especially baseball parks, is a typically single-decked covered seating area (as opposed to the more expensive seating area of the main grandstand and the less expensive seating area of the uncovered bleachers ). Externally, pavilions may be emphasised by any combination of a change in height, profile (a flat facade may end in round pavilions, or flat ones that project out), colour, material, and ornament. Internally they may be part of
5379-440: Is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate
5542-512: Is never accomplished. America is always to build." The building's primary stilts were located at each corner of the court. The building was cantilevered 75 feet (23 m) inward from these stilts. At the time of the building's construction, The Christian Science Monitor said it was "believed to be the largest building cantilever project ever erected". The inner walls were constructed out of trusses measuring 182 feet (55 m) long and 57 feet (17 m) high. There were two pairs of trusses along
5705-662: Is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care. (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care). House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. The MRA
5868-468: Is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, first-past-the-post or plurality voting is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives, ranked-choice or instant-runoff voting in two states (Alaska and Maine), electing 3 representatives, and two-round system in two states (Georgia and Louisiana), electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve
6031-529: Is occasionally abbreviated as either "MOC" or "MC" (similar to MP ). However, the abbreviation "Rep." for Representative is more common, as it avoids confusion as to whether they are a member of the House or the Senate . All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants , except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in
6194-545: Is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house. Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $ 174,000, the same as it is for each member of the Senate . The speaker of the House and the majority and minority leaders earn more: $ 223,500 for the speaker and $ 193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). A cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however,
6357-408: Is that it was built for pleasure and relaxation. A sports pavilion is usually a building adjacent to a sports ground used for changing clothes and often partaking of refreshments. Often it has a verandah to provide protection from the sun for spectators. In cricket grounds , as at Lord's , a cricket pavilion tends to be used for the building the players emerge from and return to, even when this
6520-504: Is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of majority leader and minority leader being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of
6683-571: Is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see Wesberry v. Sanders ). Additionally, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters. Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering to benefit political parties or incumbents. In
United States Pavilion - Misplaced Pages Continue
6846-414: Is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of Washington and California use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana. Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless
7009-465: The Pavillon de la Reine (“queen’s pavilion”), though no royal personage ever lived in the square. With their triple archways, they function like gatehouses that give access to the privileged space of the square. French gatehouses had been built in the form of such pavilions in the preceding century. In some areas, a pavilion is a term for a hunting lodge . The Pavillon de Galon in Luberon , France ,
7172-544: The American Political Science Association , only about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering. Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for
7335-790: The District of Columbia and the U.S. territories of Guam , the U.S. Virgin Islands , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa . A non-voting Resident Commissioner, serving a four-year term, represents the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . As of the 2020 census , the largest delegation was California , with 52 representatives. Six states have only one representative apiece : Alaska , Delaware , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House meets in
7498-702: The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS). However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under
7661-468: The Senate being the upper chamber . Together, they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills ; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the president for signature or veto . The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, impeaching federal officers, and electing
7824-494: The Star-Spangled Banner flag was also installed at the U.S. Pavilion; the flag was originally created for the nearby Maryland Pavilion, whose operators could not find space to display the flag there. The pavilion also included an 8,000-square-foot (740 m) hall of presidents, which displayed artifacts from 13 U.S. presidents . At the entrance to the hall was a quote by Lyndon B. Johnson, crediting Kennedy with devising
7987-629: The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term. Representatives use
8150-450: The Uniform Congressional District Act , sit in single member congressional districts allocated to each state on the basis of population as measured by the United States census , with each district having at least a single representative, provided that that state is entitled to them. Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although suffrage was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after
8313-676: The president if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes. Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate
SECTION 50
#17328523503438476-460: The second person singular to give visitors the impression that they were personally involved in various aspects of American history. Donald Specht composed the film's score. The film was shortened and simplified during the 1965 season. The ride itself consisted of twelve vehicles, each seating 54–55 passengers. The vehicles traveled along a winding tunnel, which measured 1,200 feet (370 m) or 1,250 feet (380 m) long. Vehicles departed from
8639-556: The size of the House states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. In 1959, upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after
8802-462: The "challenge to greatness". U.S. commerce secretary Luther H. Hodges appointed an advisory committee to pick out the theme, which was inspired by a quote from Archibald MacLeish , the Librarian of Congress. The General Services Administration (GSA), United States Department of Commerce (DOC), and World's Fair Corporation (WFC) all had to review Luckman's design. Luckman had already begun working on
8965-563: The "use of lightweight structural glass has reached new artistic zeniths" in the U.S. and New York State pavilions. A critic for the Boston Globe described the building as an "extremely beautiful building", and a Chicago Tribune writer called the United States Pavilion "one of the most impressive buildings in the [fairground's] federal and state section". Americas magazine likened the building to "a huge box floating in space with
9128-591: The ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D). Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees. However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in
9291-485: The Committee of Artists' Societies, though the committee had requested twice that floor area. U.S. Representative Benjamin Rosenthal also proposed adding a hall of human relations in accordance with the pavilion's "challenge to greatness" theme. The U.S. government tentatively approved an alternate plan for the United States Pavilion in November 1962, which called for a hollow square on stilts. The New York Times said that
9454-549: The Confederation Congress's sanction to "amend the Articles of Confederation". All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates. Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and
9617-590: The Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut. The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi
9780-675: The Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program. The Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee. The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them). The office does not provide vision or dental care. Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities. There
9943-406: The House and are separate individuals from their official delegates. Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a resident commissioner (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on
SECTION 60
#173285235034310106-409: The House would have women-only spaces following the election of Sarah McBride . Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population, as determined by the census conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population. The only constitutional rule relating to
10269-581: The New York City government reimbursed the federal government after the fair. That April, the Senate approved $ 15 million at the recommendation of the Senate Appropriations Committee . Discussions about how to resolve the discrepancy were delayed due to disagreements over who should lead the discussions. U.S. Senator Jacob Javits introduced an amendment to a foreign-aid bill in June 1962, allowing
10432-543: The Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., was displayed at the United States Pavilion. The pavilion closed for the season on October 18, 1964. During the season, the pavilion had received 5.5 million visitors, while the fair as a whole had had 33 million visitors. The WFC described the U.S. government as one of "four bellwethers" that it wished to attract for the fair's second season. Between the 1964 and 1965 seasons, some of
10595-630: The Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war. The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in
10758-519: The Space Park (now part of the New York Hall of Science ), which was also sponsored by the U.S. government. Kennedy appointed Norman K. Winston as the U.S. Pavilion's commissioner during the first week of August 1962, and Winston was sworn in to his position that week. The same month, Charles Luckman Associates was hired to design a 190,000-square-foot (18,000 m) pavilion for the fair, themed to
10921-402: The U.S. Pavilion as an exhibit hall during the bicentennial celebrations. The Flushing Meadows Park Action Committee's records indicate that the city government may took over the building in 1973, though city officials denied that they wanted the structure. That year, Queens borough president Donald Manes recommended that the building be used as a bicentennial exhibit hall. The decrepit structure
11084-470: The U.S. Pavilion was one of several "interesting examples of architectural innovations of their respective periods". There was also commentary about the exhibits. Variety magazine described the American Journey ride as unusual, saying that the ride vehicles allowed "the audience [to] become an actual participant" in the namesake film. A Christian Science Monitor critic wrote of the American Journey and Voyage to America films: "I think you will leave with
11247-484: The U.S. Pavilion's development. Following Moses's speech, Kennedy requested that Congress provide $ 25 million for the pavilion. This included $ 10.1 million for the pavilion itself, $ 13.7 million for the exhibits, and $ 1.2 million for the pavilion's programs. The House of Representatives voted in late March 1962 to provide $ 17 million for the pavilion. The Senate was then asked to consider the appropriation, but Fulbright and Lausche indicated that they would approve it only if
11410-543: The U.S. and Canada to perform at the pavilion during 1965, and dancing and music programs were also presented. Moses wrote to the Mayor's Committee on the Future of Flushing Meadow in early 1965, asking them to retain two pavilions after the fair ended, but no decision on the United States Pavilion was made at that time. The building's preservation depended on whether the federal government was willing to pay for its upkeep. The trustees of
11573-426: The U.S. government either refurbish or raze the pavilion, and the DOC requested $ 800,000 for the building's demolition from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget in mid-1974. Supporters of the building's preservation said at the time that the building still did not have any structural issues. Marshall Lee of World Festival Associates proposed converting the building into an international festival structure in 1975 at
11736-414: The U.S. government eventually whittled down to four finalist designs. In October, the GSA hired Del E. Webb as the United States Pavilion's general contractor . The U.S. government decided not to select a contractor through competitive bidding because of the limited time available for construction. The original plans provided 20,000 square feet (1,900 m) for contemporary American art galleries run by
11899-449: The U.S. government had not committed to a pavilion, Moses wanted the federal government to construct a structure that "compel[s] the respect and even the admiration of mankind". The United States House of Representatives passed a bill in mid-1961 to appropriate $ 300,000 for a U.S. government pavilion at the fair. Former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower expressed support for the appropriation. The United States Senate next had to pass
12062-468: The U.S. government to host an exhibit at the fair. That December, Moses proposed constructing a science center at the fair, which would be maintained by the U.S. government and known as the Franklin National Center. This exhibit would have been located near the center of Flushing Meadow and would have cost $ 30,000,000 (equivalent to $ 308,976,000 in 2023). Wallace Harrison drew up plans for
12225-400: The U.S. government to provide financial support to the fair. The next month, the House and Senate agreed on a $ 17 million appropriation, and they agreed to hire a commissioner to oversee the pavilion's development. The Senate also voted to approve the revised appropriation. Around $ 3 million from the appropriation was allocated to the interior design. The appropriation did not include funding for
12388-526: The UNIVAC 490 devices to look up information. Visitors could also listen to book reviews at the library, and there were daily storytelling sessions as well. The storytelling sessions were hosted in a room called the Children's World, where storytellers could dim the lights and display scenes on film projectors. There were also study areas for school groups, with TVs where lessons and documentaries could be displayed. On
12551-514: The US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in Russia and the other G7 nations. Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $ 3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state. Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in
12714-505: The United States Pavilion into a 500-seat art school with a student exchange program. St. Francis College students David Oats and Eric Ierardi organized the Flushing Meadows Corona Park World's Fair Association in 1970, proposing that the building be converted into a cultural center in advance of the 1976 United States Bicentennial . At that point, the interior was in an advanced state of disrepair, with broken glass, tangled wires, missing fixtures, and dirt everywhere. A squatter had replaced
12877-443: The United States Pavilion's auditorium mainly hosted performing arts . The United States Pavilion was originally supposed to include a third venue with 600 seats, which was intended to be a performing arts theater, but the theater was canceled before the building was completed. Occupying the second floor was the American Journey, an amusement park–style dark ride attraction. It consisted of an approximately 15-minute tour scripted by
13040-462: The United States. Cinerama filmed other parts of the movie at its studio in Redwood City, California . The footage was displayed on more than a hundred screens, which surrounded the ride's track. Most of the screens were flat and rectangular, but there were also domed and hexagonal screens, as well as a rectangular screen with 151 domes. The actor John McIntire narrated the film, which was dictated in
13203-479: The Vowels , which was finished in 1932, the plaza's sculptures were all cast between 1958 and 1964. The building was accessed by various escalators and stairs around the plaza. The staircases were the largest on the fairground, with 72 steps divided into four flights. They were shaped like the sides of pyramids, narrowing to 4 feet (1.2 m) at their tops. There was a secondary wheelchair-accessible entrance. The structure
13366-542: The ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian Julian E. Zelizer , the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican Newt Gingrich argued American democracy
13529-731: The bill, but U.S. Senator Frank J. Lausche of Ohio opposed the appropriation because he did not want to use any federal money to finance the 1964 fair. J. William Fulbright , who chaired the Foreign Relations Committee , refused to consider the appropriation, and the bill died in committee in September 1961. The Standard-Star criticized the "know-it-all way" of Fulbright's decision, and the New York Herald Tribune called Lausche's and Fulbright's behavior "petty". Moses, similarly, thought there would be "irreparable damage" to
13692-579: The building could be restored for much less; they estimated the cost of renovations at $ 750,000. In November 1969, a bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate to provide $ 350,000 for the pavilion's demolition. A fence was built around the dilapidated pavilion. Congress rejected the appropriation after the Committee for the Establishment of the International Cultural Complex proposed renovating the building. The committee's plans entailed converting
13855-533: The building did not have structural issues. Nonetheless, the city government took no action on any of these proposals, and Ierardi and Oats accused Lindsay of letting the pavilion decay. Later the same year, the Mid-Queens Community Council proposed reusing the building as the National Hall of Health, which would have contained exhibits and programs about health. There were also discussions about using
14018-399: The building for $ 116,000, but their bid was rejected. Moses wanted the structure to become "a cultural feature" of Flushing Meadows Park. City officials proposed converting Flushing Meadows into a "sports park" in 1966 and converting the pavilion into a sports venue, but this never happened. There were other proposals for the pavilion in the decade afterward, none of which came to fruition. In
14181-561: The building in January 1977, and the structure caught fire that March while it was being torn down. After demolition was completed in mid-1977, the site was landscaped and flattened to make way for an expansion of the USTA National Tennis Center . Arthur Ashe Stadium was built on the pavilion's site, opening in 1996. The United States Pavilion was a boxy structure designed by Charles Luckman Associates. Leon Deller of Luckman's firm
14344-439: The building to be supported by temporary wood pilings, these were changed to steel-and-concrete pilings during the development process. WFC officials claimed that the building could stand for a century. Unlike some of the other pavilions that charged an admission fee, the United States Pavilion was free to enter. The structure was equivalent in height to a 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story building. It measured 84 feet (26 m) high and
14507-447: The building were two auditoriums, a dark ride –style attraction, several exhibit spaces, and a library. In addition, the pavilion had a hall of presidents during the 1965 season. The United States Pavilion was first proposed in January 1960, but the United States Congress did not provide an appropriation for the project for two years. The U.S. government hired Luckman for the project in 1962, and U.S. President John F. Kennedy attended
14670-427: The building's groundbreaking ceremony on December 14, 1962. It opened on April 23, 1964, and operated for two seasons of six months each, attracting five million visitors during its first season alone. The structure became part of Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in 1967, but it remained abandoned for several years due to a lack of upkeep. The building was extensively vandalized, and numerous attempts to renovate and restore
14833-499: The building's lower level, there was a 200-seat auditorium and a 600-seat theater. The larger theater screened a short film, Voyage to America , a 9-to-12 minute documentary about immigration to the United States . The film, directed by John Houseman , included a musical score composed by Virgil Thomson . The nearby auditorium was used for special events such as meetings, lectures, and recitals. In contrast to other countries' pavilions that displayed sculptures, paintings and artifacts,
14996-416: The building's preservation, and the DOC also agreed to retain the building. Wagner traveled to Washington, D.C., in November 1965 to discuss the building's preservation with federal officials. The following January, city and federal officials announced that the United States Pavilion would be preserved and would likely become an educational center. Moses, who had previously supported the building's demolition,
15159-458: The city to acquire the building, but the U.S. government ultimately retained control over the structure. The federal government at first employed police officers to guard the building, but it failed to maintain the structure. NYC Parks, which faced fiscal issues over the next decade, was also unable to keep the pavilion in good shape. Federal and city officials had still not agreed on how the building should be used by late 1967. Various proposals for
15322-518: The date that the original member's would have expired. The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats John Bullock Clark of Missouri, John William Reid of Missouri, and Henry Cornelius Burnett of Kentucky. Democrat Michael Myers of Pennsylvania
15485-446: The daughters of presidents Eisenhower and Johnson. The building also hosted events like a chess tournament. In addition, as part of a five-month pilot program, two New York City Police Department officers used the pavilion's computers to retrieve information about vehicles that had been pulled over throughout the city; this information helped other officers arrest 165 people for various traffic violations. Further artifacts were added to
15648-432: The electorate. The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the speaker of the House . The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . "Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system
15811-408: The exhibits. By early 1964, the pavilion's estimated construction cost had increased to $ 10.5 million; this left only $ 4 million for exhibits and $ 2.5 million for operating costs. Accordingly, Klotz asked individuals and companies to donate money, artifacts, and decorations for the pavilion. The dramatist Jean Dalrymple was hired as the pavilion's performing-arts consultant. Two films were produced for
15974-512: The fair's opening, and it was dedicated on May 5, 1964. Despite the pavilion's prominent location and large size, it was initially unpopular among guests. The building had relatively few exhibits on opening day, and the pavilion's design created a severe bottleneck . By July, though, it was one of the fair's most popular pavilions. A bust of John F. Kennedy was installed at the pavilion in July 1964, and Paul von Ringelheim 's sculpture World Peace Screen
16137-486: The fair's reputation if the U.S. had no exhibit at the fair. At the time, the United States' geopolitical rival, the Soviet Union, was planning to host an exhibit there. After the congressional appropriation failed, New York City Mayor Robert F. Wagner asked U.S. President John F. Kennedy to endorse the U.S. government's involvement in the fair. Moses also encouraged Kennedy to appoint a presidential committee to develop
16300-522: The fair's second season, Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times that the simplified American Journey film "packs its message more clearly" compared with the version that was shown during the first season. Lawrence R. Samuel wrote retrospectively in 2007 that the American Journey "was a tour de force of equal parts patriotism and entertainment". Pavilion The word is from French pavillon ( Old French paveillon ) and it meant
16463-479: The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act , representatives must be elected from single-member districts . After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there
16626-413: The foyer wall. The Challenge to Greatness exhibit, on the same floor, was divided into three sections about freedom, the history of the land, and "New America". There was another exhibit space, the Exhibit Hall of the Great Society, with seven sections about various aspects of American culture, technology, history, and economy. In addition, the pavilion had two scientific exhibits: Challenge of Freedom, which
16789-481: The funds that had been allocated for the pavilion's demolition, and city officials were negotiating to preserve the New York State and U.S. pavilions. As such, the demolition contracts for the pavilions were postponed. If the United States Pavilion were to be retained, it would have to be upgraded to meet New York City building codes , and a heating system would have been needed. Mayor-elect John V. Lindsay supported
16952-500: The group had no standing to oppose the demolition. U.S. Representative Mario Biaggi requested that the DOC delay the building's destruction while Congress voted on whether to add part of Flushing Meadows Corona Park to the Gateway National Recreation Area. The DOC denied Biaggi's request in October 1976, and it awarded a $ 147,000 demolition contract that month. The P. J. Maffei Construction Corporation began wrecking
17115-477: The hall of presidents during August 1965. The Mayor's Committee on the Future of Flushing Meadow had recommended in mid-1965 that the United States Pavilion be razed after the fair, citing the high cost of renovations, though Winston supported its preservation. By that August, several organizations had proposed preserving the building, and the Queens Federation of Civic Council launched a fundraiser to preserve
17278-498: The idea for the hall. The hall operated only during the 1965 season and had been used as storage space during 1964. There were items from George Washington , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Andrew Jackson , James K. Polk , Abraham Lincoln , Grover Cleveland , Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , and John F. Kennedy . The artifacts included Washington's first inaugural address, Lincoln's two inaugural addresses, and
17441-539: The incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As
17604-439: The influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics. The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of
17767-476: The inner walls and another two pairs on the outer walls. Inside the building were two above-ground exhibit floors. When the building was under construction, Winston estimated that the United States Pavilion could accommodate 40,000 people per day. The pavilion not only hosted stationary displays but also employed Peace Corps volunteers, who talked about their experiences in the Peace Corps. Visitors first watched
17930-564: The land gained during the Mexican–American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore
18093-521: The late 1960s, these included suggestions to convert the building into an art museum, a cultural center, a visual research center, or a library for the City College of New York . The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) ultimately dedicated the pavilion as part of Flushing Meadows Park in June 1967. The same year, the New York State Legislature passed a bill to allow
18256-650: The most voting members. Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body with equal representation for each state, any of which could veto most actions. After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles, numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which received
18419-600: The nearby New York City Pavilion . Other proposals for the building included an art museum operated by the Queens Art Council; an art complex with a museum, theater, and classrooms operated by the Catan-Rose Art Institute; a children's shelter; and a recreational and cultural hub. Oats also circulated a petition to save the United States Pavilion, receiving 20,000 signatures. The New York Daily News wrote in 1972 that architects and engineers had determined that
18582-606: The nearby New York Hall of Science wanted to convert the Ford and United States pavilions into additional space for the Hall of Science, which was being converted into a museum. The museum did not know how much the United States Pavilion's conversion would cost, and the plan was ultimately rejected. The artifacts for the hall of presidents were transported from Washington, D.C. , to New York City in April 1965 via armored trucks. The items were stored in
18745-509: The new fair. New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses was president of the World's Fair Corporation, which leased the park from the city until 1967, after the fair's completion. When the fair was announced, the New York state government had pledged not to request federal funds for the fair. As early as June 1960, United States Congress members from New York had proposed legislation to allow
18908-418: The opening ceremony, hundreds of civil rights activists organized a sit-in at the pavilion and were arrested. When the fair opened, Moses indicated that the United States Pavilion might be preserved after the fair. The hall of presidents was not complete at the time, and the pavilion's operators had not even decided what to display in the hall of presidents. The American Journey attraction was also not ready for
19071-416: The original plans as "three giant flying saucers, seemingly suspended in mid-air, and looking rather like the familiar pawnshop sign known to every inhabitant of every skid row". William Walton described the building as "a weird-looking thing, like a giant plant-stand". The redesigned pavilion received mixed commentary. Time magazine said that "Charles Luckman with his severely simple United States Pavilion"
19234-521: The other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states. The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time. During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery . The North
19397-471: The padlocks, stolen a power transformer, and piled up garbage to block off access to parts of the building. There was graffiti on the facade, and the pools around the pavilion had long since run dry. By 1971, several local community groups had submitted proposals for the reuse of the United States Pavilion. One proposal would have converted the building into the Queens Museum , but the museum instead moved into
19560-427: The past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do. The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on
19723-423: The pavilion as presenting "a picture of democracy—its opportunities, its problems, its inspiration and its freedoms". A final model for the United States Pavilion was displayed the next month. Concurrently, the U.S. government began developing exhibits for the fair, in conjunction with 200 educators from across the nation. Workers were constructing the pavilion's foundations by April 1963, and the first steel pier for
19886-459: The pavilion contained Paul von Ringelheim's sculpture World Peace Screen , which was commissioned by Fairleigh Dickinson University and shipped to the university campus after the fair. The wall weighed 9,500 pounds (4,300 kg) and measured 35 feet (11 m) wide by 8.5 feet (2.6 m) tall. In front of the pavilion was John F. Kennedy Plaza, where work by 19 American sculptors was displayed. Except for Jacques Lipchitz 's sculpture Song of
20049-415: The pavilion itself. As late as April 1964, the facade of the building was still surrounded by scaffolding , and workers were planting dogwood around the pavilion. To expedite the pavilion's construction, the federal government paid construction workers $ 100,000 in overtime . The World's Fair formally opened on April 23, 1964, and President Johnson dedicated the United States Pavilion the same day. During
20212-403: The pavilion lacked a heating system. The first floor had a panorama depicting the United States in the 1960s and the future of the U.S. Displayed in the building's foyer was a 380-pound (170 kg), gilded wooden sculpture of an eagle, which was designed by United States Navy diver Ernst Benson. A quote from Lyndon B. Johnson, "Greatness is a challenge, not a conclusion", was also displayed on
20375-401: The pavilion proved unsuccessful. The United States Department of Commerce (DOC) proposed demolishing the building in 1974; following protracted disputes, it was ultimately razed in 1977. Arthur Ashe Stadium was built on the pavilion's site in 1996. The structure was 84 feet (26 m) tall, standing upon four stilts, with a frontage of 330 feet (100 m) on each side. The structure had
20538-576: The pavilion was closed with a flag-lowering ceremony. When the fair ended, Moses was skeptical about the idea of preserving the building, since he wanted to redevelop the site immediately after the fair ended. The World's Fair Corporation mandated that most exhibition buildings in Flushing Meadows Park be demolished within 90 days of the fair's closure, although the U.S. Pavilion would not have to be razed until September 1966 if officials had decided to demolish it. The U.S. government had already spent
20701-429: The pavilion's reuse were canceled due to the high cost of renovations. The pavilion's roof began to decay, and the building was extensively vandalized. During one visit to the building, City Council member Emanuel R. Gold (who supported the building's renovation) reported seeing evidence of marijuana use. According to Flushing Meadows Park Action Committee chairman Al Mauro, several small fires were set inside, and there
20864-481: The pavilion's staff members remained at the building. As part of a renovation of several federal and state pavilions, a hall of presidents was to be added to the United States Pavilion. The U.S. government appointed a committee to curate the displays in the hall of presidents, and an exhibit about "the challenges and opportunities facing the American people" was also added. In addition, Winston selected 184 groups from across
21027-524: The pavilion, weighing 55 short tons (49 long tons; 50 t), was bolted into place that June. During the building's construction, civil rights groups claimed that the United States Pavilion was discriminating against African American construction workers, Federal authorities ultimately negotiated with the Union League of Greater New York to prevent the league from protesting outside the pavilion. In addition, one worker died during construction after falling off
21190-422: The plans before his firm was formally selected, and the U.S. government decided to use his designs due to time constraints. His initial plan, consisting of three spheres suspended from a central core, was criticized extensively. After the artist William Walton showed the designs to Kennedy, the president asked other architectural advisers to review Luckman's other proposals. Luckman drew up 28 alternate plans, which
21353-622: The prefix " The Honorable " before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example, Democratic representative Nancy Pelosi , who represents California's 11th congressional district within San Francisco , may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco". "Member of congress"
21516-494: The president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . Members of the House serve a fixed term of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress. Special elections also occur when a seat is vacated early enough. The House's composition was established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to
21679-574: The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and the civil rights movement . Since 1913, the number of voting representatives has been at 435 pursuant to the Apportionment Act of 1911 . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased from 1959 until 1963 to 437 following the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii to the Union. In addition, five non-voting delegates represent
21842-500: The reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a resident commissioner , but other than having
22005-526: The requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress. Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on Election Day
22168-430: The revised design resembled "a rectangle on a squat pyramid". The planned contemporary art galleries were canceled after the building was redesigned, as the new designs would have provided only 3,000 square feet (280 m) of art exhibition space, which the Committee of Artists' Societies felt was too small. Kennedy attended the building's groundbreaking ceremony on December 14, 1962. At the ceremony, Kennedy described
22331-507: The roof of a large house, reached only via the roof (rather than by internal stairs) may also be called pavilions. These were particularly popular up to the 18th century and can be equated to the Italian casina , formerly rendered in English "casino". These often resembled small classical temples and follies . Especially if there is some space for food preparation, they may be called a banqueting house . A pavilion built to take advantage of
22494-600: The science-fiction novelist Ray Bradbury . The American Journey attraction included realistic sound effects, such as the sounds of rockets taking off, and it also included live performances and displays of artifacts. Accompanying the tour was a Cinerama film, which was also called American Journey . The film depicted scenes from four centuries of American and pre-American history, with one- and two-sentence summaries of major events. There were clips from old films produced by Paramount Pictures , depictions of American landscapes, and "unusual and historic sequences" filmed throughout
22657-431: The seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce
22820-425: The second floor. The pavilion's steel superstructure topped out on August 23, 1963. The Cinerama Camera Corporation received a $ 2.25 million contract that month to design a film for the pavilion. Work was slightly delayed that October due to a labor strike involving many of the pavilion's concrete workers. Following a discussion with U.S. assistant commerce secretary Herbert W. Klotz , Kennedy approved plans for
22983-633: The south wing of the United States Capitol . The rules of the House generally address a two-party system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof. Other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has
23146-453: The structure, a hemispherical building with glass arcs and rectangular annexes around it. Another proposal, drawn up by the engineer Theodore J. Kauffeld based on a New Jersey teenager's idea, called for a 180-foot-diameter (55 m) sphere atop a series of piers . Had the Franklin National Center been built, it would have remained in the park as a permanent structure, but plans for the Franklin National Center were canceled in 1961. Even though
23309-453: The structure. The New York Criminal and Civil Courts Bar Association proposed converting the building into a law school. Hofstra University and the Center for Applied Linguistics also made bids for the pavilion, and there were also proposals to give the structure to a city government agency. A month before the fair ended, there was still no decision on the building's future. The federal government
23472-698: The support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states. Eventually, the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas
23635-615: The system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat Tom Foley , as speaker after the Republican Revolution of 1994 gave his party control of the House. Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract with America and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of
23798-404: The time, mostly consisted of beaches and wetlands. Despite efforts from preservationists, the GSA began requesting bids from demolition contractors in mid-1976. Eleven companies bid for the contract. In a final attempt to prevent the demolition, Kathy Friedman of the Mid-Queens Community Council filed a lawsuit that July. Federal judge John Francis Dooling Jr. dismissed Friedman's lawsuit, saying
23961-400: The type of tent was so called on its resemblance to wings. Meaning "open building in a park, etc., used for shelter or entertainment" is attested from 1680s. Sense of "small or moderate-sized building, isolated from but dependent on a larger or principal building" (as in a hospital) is by 1858. Pavilions may be small garden outbuildings, similar to a summer house or a kiosk ; small rooms on
24124-410: The vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified. Historically, many territories have sent non-voting delegates to the House. While their role has fluctuated over the years, today they have many of the same privileges as voting members, have
24287-422: Was a popular hangout for drug users, and people continued to trespass despite the presence of the chain-link fence. The New York Daily News reported in 1974 that "it looks like a bomb hit" the interior, and the pavilion was also described as "not usable for anything". By then, the cost of demolition was estimated at $ 2 million, while renovation costs were estimated at $ 8 million. Manes requested in March 1974 that
24450-467: Was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that
24613-415: Was considering converting the building into a university library, linguistics library, job-training center, student exchange center, or training center for high school dropouts, but Moses opposed the training center plan. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimated that demolition would cost $ 250,000, while Javits placed the demolition cost at $ 2 million. When the fair's second season ended on October 18, 1965,
24776-470: Was dedicated at the pavilion that month. Dalrymple hosted fashion shows at the pavilion during mid-1964, and librarians also told stories to children at the pavilion's library every day. The pavilion also hosted special events such as a party for its sponsors, a press conference by Johnson, and an Armenian Independence Day celebration. Toward the end of the 1964 season, a scale model of the John F. Kennedy Center for
24939-437: Was evidence of squatting on the property. By 1969, the building still had not been upgraded to meet city building codes, which mandated that temporary structures be torn down after five years. NYC Parks announced in 1969 that the building would be razed at an estimated cost of $ 500,000. At the time, the city government estimated the cost of renovation at millions of dollars. Supporters of the pavilion's preservation claimed that
25102-435: Was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, Democrat James Traficant of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption, and Republican George Santos was expelled in 2023 after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a House Ethics Committee investigation. The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of
25265-413: Was indifferent toward the new plans. Engineers had determined that the building's foundation was stable enough to accommodate a more permanent use. Discussions over the future use of the United States Pavilion continued for months after the World's Fair closed. The United States Pavilion was one of 18 structures that remained from the fair by mid-1966. An unidentified demolition contractor had offered to raze
25428-479: Was motivated by fears that courts would impose at-large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities. Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967. Louisiana
25591-565: Was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in
25754-475: Was probably the only American architect at the fair whose pavilion deserved special notice. A Progressive Architecture guidebook likened the building to "a gigantic ice-cream sandwich" with a blue and green plastic filling. By contrast, the critic Vincent Scully Jr. derided the pavilion as a "pompous pile of absolutely nothing". When the building was completed, the Christian Science Monitor said
25917-443: Was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s. However, the Democrats retook the house in 2019 , which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the 2022 elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority. In November 2024, House Speaker Mike Johnson announced that
26080-426: Was supported by four stilts measuring 18 feet (5.5 m) tall. From above, the building appeared as a hollow square, with a frontage of 330 feet (100 m) on each side. The structure had a translucent facade made of plastic panels, which were cast in various shades of green and blue. The facade reflected the sunlight during the daytime and were illuminated from inside during the nighttime. The rear (north) wall of
26243-436: Was surrounded by a moat with fountains, which was spanned by four bridges. At the center of the building was an open-air garden court, which linked all of the pavilion's exhibits and included shrubs, trees, and sculpture. Luckman intended for the garden court to give visitors an "atmosphere of peaceful relief". The garden court contained a quote from Archibald MacLeish, which read: "The American Journey has not yet ended. America
26406-472: Was the primary architect. Severud-Elstad-Krueger was the structural engineer, while Bethlehem Steel provided the steel that was used in the building. The building occupied a 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) site in the middle of the fairground's Federal and State area, north of the Unisphere . The building was supposed to have been a permanent structure. It was supported by 2,300 pilings ; although early plans called for
26569-544: Was themed to progress, and Challenge of a Peaceful World, which showcased technology. The pavilion displayed models, paintings, photos, posters, and other objects relating to American history and culture. An interactive chart showed the position of every man-made space object, and a 7-by-4-foot (2.1 by 1.2 m) diorama of the Morton neighborhood in Philadelphia was also on display. A 42-by-30-foot (12.8 by 9.1 m) replica of
#342657