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76-723: USS Niagara , commonly called the U.S. Brig Niagara or the Flagship Niagara , is a wooden- hulled snow-brig that served as the relief flagship for Oliver Hazard Perry in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812 . As the ship is certified for sail training by the United States Coast Guard , she is also designated SSV Niagara . Niagara is usually docked behind the Erie Maritime Museum in downtown Erie in

152-534: A commission from (and was responsible to) the Admiralty , who were in charge of the Navy's strategy and tactics. The master's main duty was navigation, taking the ship's position at least daily and setting the sails as appropriate for the required course and conditions. During combat, he was stationed on the quarterdeck , next to the captain. The master was responsible for stowage of the hold, and making sure they had all

228-503: A landing craft . In a typical modern steel ship, the hull will have watertight decks, and major transverse members called bulkheads . There may also be intermediate members such as girders , stringers and webs , and minor members called ordinary transverse frames, frames, or longitudinals, depending on the structural arrangement . The uppermost continuous deck may be called the "upper deck", "weather deck", "spar deck", " main deck ", or simply "deck". The particular name given depends on

304-603: A shakedown cruise of the fleet, now totaling ten after the inclusion of three merchant vessels— Somers , Trippe and Ohio —that were converted into warships and Caledonia , which was captured from the British. Lieutenant Daniel Turner was placed in command of Niagara for the cruise, as the fleet was still seriously undermanned; Dobbins had even written a letter, directed to Secretary Hamilton, out of desperation back in December 1812. Word arrived on 8 August that Jesse Elliott

380-551: A "sailing ambassador for Pennsylvania". In March 2008, the yellow pine mainmast was replaced with one of Douglas fir. The United States Coast Guard certified Niagara as a Sailing School Vessel in August 2005. For safety reasons, Niagara was equipped with modern equipment such as auxiliary diesel engines, lifeboats, radar, LORAN and radio. In 2009, the Flagship Niagara League assumed day-to-day management of Niagara after

456-819: A civilian, to the rank of sailing master in the United States Navy. On 31 December, Captain Isaac Chauncey , the commander of naval forces on Lake Ontario , arrived in Erie for a day, made some alterations to Dobbins' ship design and authorized him to build, additionally, two brigs. Oliver Hazard Perry was named chief naval officer in February 1813 and was given orders to report to Erie from Newport, Rhode Island . Perry arrived in Erie on 26 March, after being held up in Sackets Harbor, New York for two weeks by Chauncey in case of

532-583: A decision by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to cut $ 250,000 to fill a budget deficit. As part of the bicentennial of the Battle of Lake Erie, Niagara took part in a reenactment of the battle on 2 September 2013 in Put-In-Bay along with 16 other tall ships . On 18 December 2023, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission announced that they would be ending their relationship with

608-408: A deck. Atop the deck may be a deckhouse and other superstructures , such as a funnel, derrick, or mast . The line where the hull meets the water surface is called the waterline . There is a wide variety of hull types that are chosen for suitability for different usages, the hull shape being dependent upon the needs of the design. Shapes range from a nearly perfect box in the case of scow barges to

684-418: A hull. Hulls come in many varieties and can have composite shape, (e.g., a fine entry forward and inverted bell shape aft), but are grouped primarily as follows: At present, the most widely used form is the round bilge hull. With a small payload, such a craft has less of its hull below the waterline , giving less resistance and more speed. With a greater payload, resistance is greater and speed lower, but

760-466: A lower-horsepower engine but will pound more in waves. The deep V   form (between 18   and 23   degrees) is only suited to high-powered planing boats. They require more powerful engines to lift the boat onto the plane but give a faster, smoother ride in waves. Displacement chined hulls have more wetted surface area, hence more drag, than an equivalent round-hull form, for any given displacement. Smooth curve hulls are hulls that use, just like

836-477: A naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel . In the Royal Navy , the master was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants . The rank became a commissioned officer rank and was renamed navigating lieutenant in 1867; the rank gradually fell out of use from around 1890 since all lieutenants were required to pass the same examinations. When

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912-468: A navigation corps was founded, which also was in charge of the hydrographic service. In common with other non-executive corps in the Russian navy, members of the navigation corps were given military ranks. This corps contained one major general , and a number of colonels, lieutenant colonels, captains, staff captains, lieutenants, second lieutenants and ensigns, as well as conductors (warrant officers). In 1885

988-400: A needle-sharp surface of revolution in the case of a racing multihull sailboat. The shape is chosen to strike a balance between cost, hydrostatic considerations (accommodation, load carrying, and stability), hydrodynamics (speed, power requirements, and motion and behavior in a seaway) and special considerations for the ship's role, such as the rounded bow of an icebreaker or the flat bottom of

1064-457: A possible attack by the British. The construction of the fleet was largely supervised by Noah Brown , a shipwright brought in from New York City. The keels of two brigs were each constructed out of a single 14-by-18-inch (360 mm × 460 mm) black oak log. Due to a lack of iron, the timbers that made up the hulls were joined using wooden pins called treenails . In place of the oakum and pitch normally used to caulk ships, lead

1140-675: A rendezvous in Put-in-Bay . In Put-in-Bay, Harrison made available 100 "Kentucky and frontier riflemen" to serve on board as Marines. The British fleet, under the command of Commodore Robert Heriot Barclay , was based at Fort Amherstburg , Canada. While Perry's fleet was under construction, Barclay had ordered the construction of HMS  Detroit , which was to be a match for Niagara and Lawrence . Unbeknownst to Perry, supplies in Fort Amherstburg were running out, as his fleet had cut off shipments from Long Point . Fearing an uprising caused by

1216-435: A replica. While the first Niagara was built hurriedly, the new Niagara was built out of properly seasoned and preserved yellow pine and Douglas fir . The new Niagara was launched on 10 September 1988, but was not completed until 18 July 1990 when its sea trials were held. The Pennsylvania General Assembly designated Niagara as the official flagship of Pennsylvania on 29 April 1988 and described its purpose as being

1292-422: A shortage of food, Barclay and his fleet set sail as soon as Detroit was complete. On 10 September, both fleets got underway. Detroit fired the first shot around noon, while still out of range. Perry formed the fleet into a line, with the larger ships each being assigned a target: Lawrence to Detroit , Niagara to Queen Charlotte , and Caledonia to Hunter . As the line moved to engage, Niagara , under

1368-627: A silver bar in 1877. In 1881 they started wearing sleeve stripes of one 1 ⁄ 2 -inch (13 mm) and one 1 ⁄ 4 -inch-wide (6.4 mm) strip of gold lace, still used for the rank of lieutenant, junior grade . Until 1733 the sailing masters in the Imperial Russian Navy were rated as petty officers , but in that year the rank of Master was introduced after the British model. Masters ranked above sub-lieutenants , but under lieutenants . Meritorious masters could be given lieutenant's rank, but only if they were noblemen. In 1741

1444-432: A warranted master. Second masters were paid significantly more than master's mates, £5 5s per month. Second masters were given the first opportunity for master vacancies as they occurred. Originally, the sailing master did not have an official officer uniform, which caused problems when they were captured because they had trouble convincing their captors they should be treated as officers and not ordinary sailors. In 1787

1520-423: Is easily unsettled in waves. The multi-chine hull approximates a curved hull form. It has less drag than a flat-bottom boat. Multi chines are more complex to build but produce a more seaworthy hull form. They are usually displacement hulls. V or arc-bottom chine boats have a V   shape between 6°   and 23°. This is called the deadrise angle. The flatter shape of a 6-degree hull will plane with less wind or

1596-592: The United States Navy was formed in 1794, master was listed as one of the warrant officer ranks and ranked between midshipmen and lieutenants. The rank was also a commissioned officer rank from 1837 until it was replaced with the current rank of lieutenant, junior grade in 1883. In the Middle Ages, when 'warships' were typically merchant vessels hired by the crown, the man in charge of the ship and its mariners, as with all ships and indeed most endeavours ashore,

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1672-610: The Yngling and Randmeer . Hull forms are defined as follows: Block measures that define the principal dimensions. They are: Form derivatives that are calculated from the shape and the block measures. They are: Coefficients help compare hull forms as well: Note: C b = C p ⋅ C m {\displaystyle C_{b}=C_{p}\cdot C_{m}} Use of computer-aided design has superseded paper-based methods of ship design that relied on manual calculations and lines drawing. Since

1748-473: The port into Lady Prevost . After several broadsides, Queen Charlotte surrendered, followed shortly after by Detroit and the rest of the British fleet. After the battle, Niagara assisted in the transporting of Harrison's army to the mouth of the Detroit River in preparation for an invasion of southwest Ontario. On 25 April 1814, command of Niagara was transferred to Arthur Sinclair . After repairs,

1824-491: The sesquicentennial of the Battle of Lake Erie in 1963 with the addition of rigging and cannons. Niagara was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 11 April 1973. In 1981, the Flagship Niagara League was formed with intent of reconstructing Niagara so that it would be a working ship, instead of an "outdoor museum piece". The League was eventually incorporated as a non-profit organization associated with

1900-448: The 18th century, three voyages in Europe and one back and forth to America was required, as well as having passed a special examination . Promotion to second master could only take place if a berth was available. Masters, called primeros pilotos , were originally ranked as ensigns , while the second masters, called pilotos , were ranked below officers but above petty officers. Later

1976-486: The 1913 reconstruction was not accurate to the period. The hull of Niagara was launched in October 1943 without any masts, spars , or rigging. It was placed in a concrete cradle in 1951. Discovery of dry rot throughout every part of Niagara made it clear that a complete reconstruction would eventually be needed. Funds were appropriated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to make Niagara "presentable" for

2052-494: The Flagship Niagara League on 1 January 2024 and would be assuming operational control of Niagara as part of a more museum focused future for the vessel. On 23 April 2024, the Unites States Coast Guard declared Niagara to be inactive and closed her to the public. In 1996, a commemorative Pennsylvania license plate was introduced depicting Niagara during the Battle of Lake Erie. Concerns by law enforcement about

2128-691: The Pennsylvania Historical Commission, predecessor of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission , and became a project for the Works Progress Administration . The Historical Commission contracted Howard I. Chapelle to draw up plans for another restoration of Niagara , based on other period ships that were built by Noah Brown, like Saratoga . According to Chapelle, very little of the original Niagara remained, as parts of it had been sold as souvenirs, and

2204-464: The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. Melbourne Smith, builder of the schooner Pride of Baltimore , was hired in 1986 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to head the reconstruction. The decay of Niagara was so bad that it was dismantled and ultimately destroyed, with various timbers salvaged and used in non-structural areas of the ship. The destruction of the old ship and use of new wood often leads Niagara to be considered

2280-546: The U.S. state of Pennsylvania as an outdoor exhibit for the museum. She also often travels the Great Lakes during the summer, serving as an ambassador of Pennsylvania when not docked. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and was designated the official state ship of Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1988. Niagara was constructed from 1812 to 1813 to protect

2356-479: The applicant had to be a Spaniard between eight and 14 years of age. Colored persons, Romani people , heretics , Jews , those punished by the Inquisition , and those whose parents pursued disreputable professions, were not eligible for enrollment. The master's apprentices were called meritorios de pilotaje and were at sea rated as common seamen. In order to become a master's assistant, called pilotín , during

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2432-687: The beginning of September 1812, Daniel Dobbins , a merchant on the Great Lakes , arrived in Washington, D.C. , to warn the United States government of the vulnerability of the Lake Erie coastline to a British attack. Dobbins had been captured by the British after a surprise attack at Fort Mackinac in Michigan, but was able to negotiate his release. Dobbins was briefly detained again by the British in Detroit after

2508-462: The brig Lawrence on 25 June. Niagara was launched on 4 July along with Ariel . One of the strategic advantages of building a fleet in Erie was that the bay formed by Presque Isle was cut off from the Lake Erie by a sandbar , which prevented British warships from being able to enter the bay. The brigs Niagara and Lawrence both had a draft of 9 feet (2.7 m), which was too deep to cross

2584-543: The centennial of the Battle of Lake Erie, Niagara was raised from Misery Bay in April 1913. Its keel was found to be in good enough condition for the brig to be rebuilt. Efforts to rebuild Niagara were hampered by the lack of original plans. The restored Niagara was launched on 7 June, complete with a new bowsprit , rigging and reproduction cannons supplied by the Boston Navy Yard . From mid-July to mid-September, Niagara

2660-408: The chine. More than one chine per side is possible. The Cajun "pirogue" is an example of a craft with hard chines. Benefits of this type of hull include potentially lower production cost and a (usually) fairly flat bottom, making the boat faster at planing . A hard chined hull resists rolling (in smooth water) more than does a hull with rounded bilges (the chine creates turbulence and drag resisting

2736-488: The city was captured . After several days of discussions with President James Madison and Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton , Dobbins convinced them that the safest place to build a fleet was in the sheltered bay formed by Presque Isle at Erie, Pennsylvania . On 15 September, Hamilton authorized Dobbins to construct four gunboats. Hamilton also granted $ 2,000 to be used for the construction and appointed Dobbins,

2812-540: The command of Elliott, lagged behind the fleet. The cause of the failure of Niagara to maintain formation is unknown, either deliberate on the part of Elliott, or because it was becalmed . After a couple of hours, all of the cannons on Lawrence that were facing the British were out of commission and the brig could no longer be maneuvered. Perry lowered his battle flag , emblazoned with the last words of Captain James Lawrence , "Don't Give Up The Ship", and transferred to

2888-414: The context—the type of ship or boat, the arrangement, or even where it sails. In a typical wooden sailboat, the hull is constructed of wooden planking, supported by transverse frames (often referred to as ribs) and bulkheads, which are further tied together by longitudinal stringers or ceiling. Often but not always there is a centerline longitudinal member called a keel . In fiberglass or composite hulls,

2964-513: The curved hulls, a centreboard, or an attached keel. Semi round bilge hulls are somewhat less round. The advantage of the semi-round is that it is a nice middle between the S-bottom and chined hull. Typical examples of a semi-round bilge hull can be found in the Centaur and Laser sailing dinghies . S-bottom hulls are sailing boat hulls with a midships transverse half-section shaped like an s . In

3040-403: The early 1990s, a variety of commercial and freeware software packages specialized for naval architecture have been developed that provide 3D drafting capabilities combined with calculation modules for hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. These may be referred to as geometric modeling systems for naval architecture. Master (naval) The master , or sailing master , is a historical rank for

3116-530: The examination, they would be eligible to receive a warrant from the Navy Board, but promotion was not automatic. Second master was a rating introduced in 1753 that indicated a deputy master on a first- , second- or third-rate ship-of-the-line . A second master was generally a master's mate who had passed his examination for master and was deemed worthy of being master of a vessel. Master's mates would act as second master of vessels too small to be allocated

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3192-687: The executive officers. In 1843 the wardroom warrant officers were given commissioned status. The Admiralty, under the First Lord of the Admiralty the Duke of Somerset , began to phase out the title of master after 1862. The ranks of staff commander and staff captain were introduced in 1863 and 1864 respectively; and in 1867 the Masters Branch was re-organised as the Navigating Branch with a new pay scale, with

3268-410: The fleet—consisting of Niagara , Lawrence , Caledonia , Scorpion and Tigress —departed Erie for Detroit. In Detroit, soldiers under the command of Colonel George Croghan embarked with the fleet, bound for Mackinac Island . The fleet arrived on 26 July and landed on 4 August. The battle was ultimately lost, with Croghan being forced to retreat back to his boats. On 13 August, the fleet arrived at

3344-510: The following ranks: The Royal Naval College exams for navigating lieutenant and lieutenant were the same after 1869. By 1872 the number of navigating cadets had fallen to twelve, and an Admiralty experiment in 1873 under the First Sea Lord George Goschen further merged the duties of navigating lieutenants and sailing masters with those of lieutenants and staff commanders. There were no more masters warranted after 1883, and

3420-412: The high drag, hull forms are narrow and sometimes severely tapered at bow and stern. This leads to poor stability when heeled in a sailboat. This is often countered by using heavy interior ballast on sailing versions. They are best suited to sheltered inshore waters. Early racing power boats were fine forward and flat aft. This produced maximum lift and a smooth, fast ride in flat water, but this hull form

3496-407: The hull's outward bend provides smoother performance in waves. As such, the inverted bell shape is a popular form used with planing hulls. A chined hull does not have a smooth rounded transition between bottom and sides. Instead, its contours are interrupted by sharp angles where predominantly longitudinal panels of the hull meet. The sharper the intersection (the more acute the angle), the "harder"

3572-460: The lack of funds caused by the Great Depression and remained uncompleted until 1963. A more extensive restoration was carried out in 1988 in which much of the original ship was largely destroyed. The incorporation of new materials and modern equipment makes it ambiguous as to whether it is or is not a replica . In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt issued an executive order standardizing

3648-551: The last one retired in 1892. Although the actual rank of navigating lieutenant fell out of use about the same time, lieutenants who had passed their navigating exams were distinguished in the Navy List by an N in a circle by their name, and by N† for those passed for first-class ships. The last staff commander disappeared in around 1904, and the last staff captain left the Active List in 1913. Master, originally sailing master,

3724-441: The master, who would notify the captain. The master was in charge of the entry of parts of the official log such as weather, position, and expenditures. Masters were promoted from the rank of the master's mates , quartermasters , or midshipmen . Masters were also recruited from the merchant service. A prospective master had to pass an oral examination before a senior captain and three masters at Trinity House . After passing

3800-407: The masters were given rank as lieutenant commanders or lieutenants, while the second masters were ranked as sub-lieutenants or ensigns according to seniority. Master's assistant lacked formal rank. From 1821, masters ranked as lieutenants, second masters as sub-lieutenants, and third masters as ensigns. Promotion from the navigation corps to the sea officer corps was not unusual. Early on, members of

3876-742: The mouth of the Nottawasaga River where they attacked a blockhouse owned by the North West Company . The blockhouse was destroyed by the British, along with the schooner HMS Nancy , to prevent their supplies from being captured. After the Treaty of Ghent was signed, ending the war, the majority of the surviving ships that participated in the Battle of Lake Erie were disposed of in 1815. Queen Charlotte , Detroit , and Lawrence were sunk for preservation in Misery Bay on Presque Isle, whereas Niagara

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3952-419: The navigation corps sought to improve its status. It was not until 1770, however, that the sailing masters received a uniform different from the petty officers. Under royal orders members of the navigation corps were from 1781 to be called Don , be regarded as caballeros ( gentlemen ), carry small swords , and take oaths by swearing by a crucifix . In 1823, the senior ranks of the navigation corps

4028-475: The navigation corps was put under abolishment, and its responsibilities were transferred to the executive corps. Spanish sailing masters belonged to a navigation corps, called Cuerpo de Pilotos . They were, unlike their British counterparts, theoretically trained at the famous navigation schools, called Real Colegios Seminarios de San Telmo , in Seville and Málaga . In order to be accepted at these schools,

4104-494: The plates' legibility led them to be no longer issued. In 2010, Niagara was used to depict the whaleship Essex in an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service documentary series American Experience . Hull (watercraft) A hull is the watertight body of a ship , boat , submarine , or flying boat . The hull may open at the top (such as a dinghy ), or it may be fully or partially covered with

4180-584: The prefix of all vessels of the United States Navy to be " USS ". Prior to this, ship prefixes were used "haphazardly", but ships' names were often preceded by the abbreviation "US" and the type of vessel. A survey of documents contained in the National Archives and Records Administration that were sent to and from the Department of the Navy in that era found a number of inconsistencies. Of 55 correspondences that mentioned Niagara , 43.6 percent used

4256-669: The rank of master was abolished, and the officers holding that rank were promoted to lieutenants, while second masters and master's mates became ensigns . Henceforth masters could be promoted to sea officers, even if they were commoners. The Pauline military reforms also included the navy, and the sailing department henceforth contained masters of VIII Class (rank as lieutenant commanders); masters of IX Class (below lieutenant commander but above lieutenant); masters of XII Class (rank as sub-lieutenants); masters of XIV Class (junior to sub-lieutenants); as well as master's mates and master's apprentices which were rated as petty officers. In 1827

4332-469: The rolling motion, as it moves through the water, the rounded-bilge provides less flow resistance around the turn). In rough seas, this can make the boat roll more, as the motion drags first down, then up, on a chine: round-bilge boats are more seakindly in waves, as a result. Chined hulls may have one of three shapes: Each of these chine hulls has its own unique characteristics and use. The flat-bottom hull has high initial stability but high drag. To counter

4408-487: The s-bottom, the hull has round bilges and merges smoothly with the keel, and there are no sharp corners on the hull sides between the keel centreline and the sheer line. Boats with this hull form may have a long fixed deep keel, or a long shallow fixed keel with a centreboard swing keel inside. Ballast may be internal, external, or a combination. This hull form was most popular in the late 19th and early to mid 20th centuries. Examples of small sailboats that use this s-shape are

4484-400: The sailing supplies necessary for the voyage. The master was also in charge of stowing the hold and ensuring the ship was not too weighted down to sail effectively. The master, through his subordinates, hoisted and lowered the anchor, docked and undocked the ship, and inspected the ship daily for problems with the anchors, sails, masts, ropes, or pulleys. Issues were brought to the attention of

4560-411: The sandbar. On 4 August, Niagara was pulled onto the sandbar using its anchor in a technique called kedging and was lightened by removing its cannons and ballast . A pair of 90-by-40-foot (27 by 12 m) barges, called "camels", were placed on either side of the ship. The camels were sunk and secured to Niagara . The water was pumped out of the camel, lifting the ship. By the following day, Niagara

4636-415: The still-intact Niagara via a small rowboat. Perry took command of Niagara and crossed the British line perpendicularly in a tactic called crossing the "T" . Queen Charlotte , while attempting to prevent Niagara from breaking through the line, collided with Detroit and became entangled. Niagara opened fire with both broadsides : the starboard broadside hitting Queen Charlotte and Detroit , and

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4712-494: The structure may resemble wooden or steel vessels to some extent, or be of a monocoque arrangement. In many cases, composite hulls are built by sandwiching thin fiber-reinforced skins over a lightweight but reasonably rigid core of foam, balsa wood, impregnated paper honeycomb, or other material. Perhaps the earliest proper hulls were built by the Ancient Egyptians , who by 3000 BC knew how to assemble wooden planks into

4788-485: The term "US Sloop Niagara ", 32.7 percent used "US Brig Niagara " and 23.6 percent had "USS Niagara ". Because of its historical role as the flagship of Oliver Hazard Perry during the Battle of Lake Erie, the ship is commonly referred to as the Flagship Niagara . Niagara also carries the name of "SSV Niagara " due to its designation by the United States Coast Guard as a Sailing School Vessel . In

4864-411: The vulnerable American coastline on Lake Erie from the British and played a pivotal role in the battle for the lake. Along with most warships that served in the war, Niagara was sunk for preservation on Presque Isle in 1820. Raised in 1913, it was rebuilt for the centennial of the Battle of Lake Erie. After deteriorating, the restoration of Niagara was started again in the 1930s, but was hampered by

4940-452: The wardroom with the other officers, had a large cabin in the gunroom, and had a smaller day cabin next to the captain's cabin on the quarterdeck for charts and navigation equipment. However, the number of sailing-masters halved from 140 to 74 between the years 1840–1860: partly because the pay and privileges were less than equivalent ranks in the military branch, and also because the master's responsibilities had been largely assumed by

5016-465: The warrant masters who would not be promoted. After 1855, passed midshipmen who were graduates of the Naval Academy filled the positions of master. Both the commissioned officer rank of master and warrant officer rank of master were maintained until both were merged into the current rank of lieutenant, junior grade on 3 March 1883. In 1862 masters wore a gold bar for rank insignia, which became

5092-699: The warrant officers of wardroom rank (master, purser and surgeon ) received an official uniform, but it did not distinguish them by rank. In 1807, masters, along with pursers , received their own uniform. By the classic Age of Sail the Master in the Royal Navy had become the warrant officer trained specifically in navigation, the senior warrant officer rank, and the second most important officer aboard rated ships. In 1808, Masters (along with Pursers and Surgeons ) were given similar status to commissioned officers, as warrant officers of wardroom rank. The master ate in

5168-463: Was a historic warrant officer rank of the United States Navy , above that of a midshipman , after 1819 passed midshipman , after 1862 ensign , and below a lieutenant . Some masters were appointed to command ships, with the rank of master commandant . In 1837, sailing master was renamed master, master commandant was renamed commander , and some masters were commissioned as officers, formally "master in line for promotion" to distinguish them from

5244-466: Was en route to Erie from Black Rock , New York with 89 men. Elliott was promoted to Master Commandant in July, and was given command of Niagara after arriving in Erie on 10 August. On 17 August, Perry's fleet anchored off of Sandusky, Ohio , and dispatched a boat to inform General William Henry Harrison of their presence. Harrison and his staff met with Perry aboard the ships the next day and agreed to

5320-461: Was kept afloat and operated as a receiving ship . It was sunk in 1820 when the naval station at Presque Isle was closed. Benjamin H. Brown of Rochester, New York bought all four ships in 1825, but sold them in 1836 to George Miles of Erie. Miles raised the ships, planning on using them as merchant vessels . Lawrence and Niagara , not having a large enough hold and being in poor condition, were allowed to sink again. As part of celebrations for

5396-407: Was safely over the sandbar and was rearmed; Lawrence was floated over the sandbar a couple of days before Niagara . During the construction, the area was usually under daily surveillance by the British. On the day Lawrence crossed the sandbar, a pair of British warships, Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost , observed for an hour but failed to notice Perry's actions. On 6 August, Perry ordered

5472-539: Was tasked with "acquiring and restoring the ship and making it the centerpiece of a museum." The onset of the Great Depression forced the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to take ownership, through the Flagship Niagara Commission, two years later. $ 50,000 was made available for another restoration in 1931, but by 1938 the state stopped its funding, leaving the restoration unfinished. Niagara was transferred to

5548-576: Was termed the master; the company of embarked soldiers was commanded by their own captain. From the time of the reforms of Henry VIII , the master was a warrant officer , appointed by the Council of the Marine (later the Navy Board ) who also built and provisioned the Navy's ships. The master was tasked with sailing the ship as directed by the captain , who fought the ship when an enemy was engaged. The captain had

5624-448: Was towed to various ports on the Great Lakes —including Milwaukee , Chicago , Detroit, Buffalo and Cleveland —by USS Wolverine , the Navy's first iron-hulled warship. Ownership of Niagara was transferred to the City of Erie in 1917, where it remained docked and deteriorating. The City of Erie transferred ownership of Niagara to the newly formed "USS Niagara Foundation" in 1929, which

5700-493: Was transferred to the executive corps, and in 1846 the corps was abolished and its remaining members included among the sea officers with the rank of sub-lieutenant. Sailing master ( ansvarsstyrman , literally: "responsible navigator") was in the Royal Swedish Navy until 1868 a berth, held by the ship's senior warrant officer of the sailing branch, in charge of navigation , steering , anchors , and ballast . In 1868,

5776-524: Was used. The timbers used in the brigs were still green , as the builders did not have the luxury of time to allow the wood to dry properly. A total of 65 cannons were shipped to Erie to arm the fleet; Hamilton approved the production of 37 cannons by a foundry in Washington, D.C., and the rest were moved from Sackets Harbor. Tigress and Porcupine were launched in April 1813, Scorpion in May, and

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