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56-486: USCGC Northwind (WAG/WAGB-282) was a Wind-class icebreaker , the second United States Coast Guard Cutter of her class to bear the name. She was built to replace USCGC  Staten Island which was in Soviet lend-lease service. During her career, Northwind conducted extensive oceanography , hydrography and cartography studies, as well as icebreaking, during Operation Nanook and Operation Highjump . Northwind

112-531: A Hedgehog as anti-submarine weapons . After the war her aft 5-inch mount was replaced by a helicopter deck , sometime after 1964 the forward mount was removed. Northwind ' s first major mission was Operation Nanook from 22 July–5 August 1946. The objective of Operation Nanook was to assist in a Danish -American project to establish a radio and weather station in Thule, Greenland . This area later became Thule Air Force Base . During July through September 1946

168-637: A ditched helicopter near the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in Norton Sound . With the discovery of oil on the North Slope of Alaska in 1971; Northwind surveyed the area, constructed aids to navigation for the North Slope and conducted ice research that year during Arctic West Summer. She also broke out an icebound convoy of twenty tugboats and forty barges en route to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska in 1971. From 1971 to 1972 Northwind sailed on Operation Deep Freeze to

224-422: A double bottom above the waterline with the two "skins" being approximately 15 inches apart, insulated with cork. Framing was closely spaced and the entire hull was designed for great strength. With a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed, their bow had the characteristic sloping forefoot that enabled her to ride up on heavy ice and break it with the weight of the vessel. Their stern

280-748: A list of 10 degrees. Ballast could also be shifted rapidly between fore and aft tanks to change the trim of the ship. Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage, and they were fitted with a removable front propeller used to create a wash to clear ice. (as originally fitted during World War II) Initially, the ships of the Wind-class carried the designation of either WAG for Coast Guard, Auxiliary, General, or, (the U.S. Navy) AGB for Auxiliary, General, Breaker. In 1949 all U.S. Coast Guard WAG s were redesignated WAGB s for Coast Guard, Auxiliary, General, Breaker. During 1965 and 1966, all U.S. Navy icebreakers were transferred to

336-659: A main engine bearing and the Engineer Division made repairs while underway, and went on to complete the Northwest Passage transit. Then, Northwind tested ice and returned to Seattle , Washington having transited 14,000 miles (23,000 km) and became the first surface vessel to conduct both a West to East and East to West transit of the Northwest Passage in a single season. From 20 January through 9 April 1970 Northwind conducted an Eastern Arctic patrol and oceanographic cruise. The cutter's northernmost penetration into

392-716: The America's Cup race at Newport, Rhode Island. On 2 November 1977 Northwind was still stationed in Baltimore, Maryland. From late December 1977 until April 1978 Northwind participated in icebreaking operations on the Great Lakes to enable ore ships to continue their runs from Minnesota to lower Lake Ports. From 10 July to 10 December 1978 Northwind undertook an Arctic West Summer (AWS) cruise. From 3 November 1979 until 24 March 1980 Northwind joined in Operation Deep Freeze to

448-562: The Antarctic Snow Cruiser , was brought to Little America III. Unfortunately, the vehicle was found to have a number of design and technical weaknesses and was little used. Abandoned, it became buried in the snow. It was last rediscovered in 1958, but has subsequently been lost once again, either under the snow, or under the waters of the Southern Ocean. The site of Little America III was carried to sea in 1963. Little America IV

504-567: The Lend-Lease program. Returned to [REDACTED]   United States Navy in 1951, transferred to [REDACTED]   United States Coast Guard in 1952. USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) This was the second icebreaker commissioned Northwind . The first Northwind was transferred to the USSR under Lend-Lease and became Staten Island upon her return to the United States. The name change

560-910: The National Science Foundation research vessel RV Alpha Helix , then operated by the Scripps Institute of Oceanography at La Jolla, California . This operation was conducted in the Bering Sea . From 9 June to 15 July 1969 Northwind conducted an oceanographic survey in the Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea, with Staten Island , and scientists from the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the University of Washington . On 26 June 1969 Northwind resupplied Fairway Rock. From 8 through 22 September 1969, Northwind , Captain Donald J. McCann, USCG, Commanding, and

616-688: The U.S. Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay , Maryland and was stationed in Baltimore , Maryland . During the summer of 1975, Northwind conducted an Arctic East Summer cruise. From mid-February 1976 until mid-April 1976 Northwind conducted an Arctic Winter East (AWE) cruise in Baffin Bay between Greenland and Canada. From 6 October 1976 to 13 April 1977 Northwind broke ice during Operation Deep Freeze with Task Force 99 in Antarctica. From 13 to 18 September 1977 Northwind assisted USCGC  Dallas in patrolling

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672-544: The U.S. Mail for remote Arctic outposts, lightships and lighthouses. She performed law enforcement, search and rescue, ice-escort for other ships and weather observation and reporting. Other duties of the Bering Sea Patrol were fishery monitoring, wildlife study, oceanographic and hydrographic research, re-supplying remote units, ethnological studies of the Aleuts, laying cables, and environmentally related missions. Northwind

728-553: The United States Navy , United States Coast Guard , Royal Canadian Navy , Canadian Coast Guard and Soviet Navy from 1944 through the late 1970s. They were very effective ships: all except Eastwind served at least thirty years, and Northwind served in the USCG continuously for forty-four years. Considered the most technologically advanced icebreakers in the world when first built, the Wind-class icebreakers were also heavily armed;

784-779: The sponsor . Wind-class icebreakers had hulls of unprecedented strength and structural integrity, with a relatively short length in proportion to the great power developed, a cut away forefoot, rounded bottom, and fore, aft and side heeling tanks. Diesel electric machinery was chosen for its controllability and resistance to damage. Northwind , along with the other Wind-class icebreakers, was heavily armed for an icebreaker due to her design being crafted during World War II . Her main battery consisted of two twin-mounted 5 in (127 mm) /38 caliber deck guns . Her anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of three quad-mounted Bofors 40 mm autocannons and six Oerlikon 20 mm autocannons. She also carried six K-gun depth charge projectors and

840-864: The American base in the South Polar program in the International Geophysical Year , from July 1, 1957, to December 31, 1958. Little America V was constructed by United States Navy Seabees in the three-month window before the Antarctic winter makes construction nearly impossible. All of Little America V was constructed below the snow line in the ice, with individual living quarters, generator room, cafeteria, and with ramps leading out at one end for tracked vehicles. This type of construction meant that none of those staying in Little America V had to go outdoors in

896-500: The Antarctic. From 1978 to 1989 Northwind was stationed at Wilmington, North Carolina and did icebreaking in the Great Lakes . In August 1980 Northwind sailed on Arctic East Summer (AES). From 26 September 1981 to 13 December 1981 Northwind made a cruise to the Arctic . During April and May 1983 Northwind participated in the joint U.S. forces exercise Operation Solid Shield off

952-475: The Antarctic. She was once again in the Antarctic for Operation Deep Freeze from 1972 to 1973. During June and July 1973 Northwind conducted oceanographic research in Alaskan waters. On 1 January 1974 Venzke Glacier in Antarctica was named for Captain N.C. Venzke, USCG; who commanded Northwind from 1971 to 1973. From 1973 to 1975 Northwind underwent extensive machinery modernization and electronic modification at

1008-588: The Arctic pack ice was at 66°21′N 167°17′W  /  66.35°N 167.29°W  / 66.35; -167.29 on 13 March 1970. This broke her 1967 surface vessel record by 9 miles (14 km), and set a new record. From 23 June through 28 September 1970 Northwind served on Arctic Operations. Her duties included laying cables, oceanographic studies, and re-supplying the Distant Early Warning Line. On 13 July 1970 Northwind rescued two crewmen from

1064-583: The Atlantic coast where she performed simulated mine countermeasure operations. On 16 February 1984 Northwind accomplished the MEDEVAC of a woman from a 33-foot (10 m) sailing vessel 200 miles (320 km) west of Bermuda . On 5 August 1984 Northwind assisted a personal craft off Kulusuk , Greenland. On 4 November 1984 Northwind seized P/C Alexi I , 240 miles (390 km) southwest of Jamaica carrying 20 short tons (18 metric tons) of marijuana . Northwind

1120-843: The Bering Strait. She also escorted ships re-supplying the Distant Early Warning Line and laid cables. In July 1965, Northwind , under the command of Captain Kingdrel N. Ayers, conducted an oceanographic survey between Greenland , Iceland , and Scotland and was the first western vessel to operate in the Kara Sea of the Soviet Union , for which she received the Coast Guard Unit Commendation with Operational Distinguishing Device . The (then) classified mission of Northwind

1176-503: The Canadian icebreaker John A. Macdonald escorted the supertanker SS  Manhattan , of the Humble Oil and Refining Company, from Resolute Bay, Canada to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska where she was relieved by Staten Island on transit of the Northwest Passage. CCGS  Louis S. St-Laurent provided support during the eastward leg of the expedition. During the expedition Northwind lost

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1232-600: The Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, and Laptev Sea seas in cooperation with the University of Southern California , and was awarded the Coast Guard Unit Commendation with Operational Distinguishing Device . From July to October 1964, she conducted Bering Sea Patrol, resupplied Nome station and carried out oceanographic experiments in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. The cutter's crew installed an unmanned oceanographic station in Fairway Rock , Alaska to measure currents in

1288-637: The Danish and Greenland governments in reestablishing a musk-ox herd in northwest Greenland. In January 1988 Northwind was drydocked in Norfolk, Virginia. The last mission of Northwind was an Arctic East Summer (AES) 1988 cruise, the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Experiment (CEAREX). Her role was to serve as ice-escort for the Norwegian research vessel, RV Polarbjørn . Northwind broke ice in

1344-680: The Norwegian and Greenland Seas, northward to the Svalbard archipelago of Norway from September 1988 through October 1988. Northwind then returned to homeport in Wilmington, North Carolina , having steamed over 25,000 miles. Northwind was decommissioned in Wilmington, North Carolina on 20 January 1989 and transferred to the James River Reserve Fleet in Virginia. She was the last remaining of

1400-609: The U.S. Coast Guard) of foreign icebreakers, namely the Swedish Ymer , built in 1931, and the Soviet Krasin . Seven ships of the class were built in the United States, and one modified version, HMCS Labrador , was built in Canada. State of the art when designed, their hull was of unprecedented strength and structural integrity. The outer hull plating was constructed with 1-5/8 inch thick high tensile steel and they had

1456-624: The U.S. Coast Guard. NB: The two Northwinds referenced below are not to be confused with one another. For Canada's Wind-class icebreaker, the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) assigned Pennant Number AW 50 to the Canadian-built HMCS Labrador . Labrador served in RCN from 1954 to 1957. Labrador was then transferred to Department of Transport (DOT), recommissioned Canadian Government Ship (CGS) Labrador serving 1958 to 1962. She

1512-766: The U.S. National Committee and National Academy of Sciences during the International Geophysical Year 1957 to 1958. In 1961 Northwind sailed on Bering Sea Patrol for Arctic West Summer operations. From 5 through 25 July 1962 and 6 through 19 September 1962, Northwind conducted oceanographic experiments in the Chukchi Sea in cooperation with universities of the Pacific Northwest . From 2 through 26 October 1962, she conducted more oceanographic experiments in East Siberian Sea and Arctic Ocean . From 7 August to 18 September 1963, she conducted oceanographic experiments in

1568-504: The United States, more than 11,000 miles (18,000 kilometers) away around the Earth's curvature. In a later expedition to Antarctica, Byrd's expedition spotted Little America's towers still standing, including the Jacobs Wind plant installed in 1933. Little America III was established for the 1940–1941 season, some six miles (ten kilometers) to the north. In 1940 a huge exploration vehicle,

1624-612: The cargo ships including USNS Private John Towle . On 20 January 1957 a small gathering of ship personnel, including Sir Edmund Hillary and Capt John Wiis, master of USNS Towle commemorated the opening of Scott's Base, Pram Point Antarctica. The expedition vessels were all part of Task Force 43, in the Antarctic. Northwind Glacier in Victoria Land was named after her. Northwind sailed again with U.S. Navy Task Force 43 on Operation Deep Freeze IV from December 1958 through February 1959. Northwind sailed to Wilkes Station in support of

1680-488: The crew helped install a strontium-90 radioisotope thermoelectric generator and additional oceanographic sensors. Northwind then cruised the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea doing oceanographic surveys. From July through August 1967, Northwind conducted a current and hydrographic survey in the Bering Strait and resupplied Fairway Rock. During this Bering Sea Patrol, on 23 July 1967, Northwind diverted to respond to

1736-521: The distress call of Canadian Survey Ship (CSS) Richardson of the Canadian Hydrographic Service and was assisted by CCGS Camsell . Richardson was beset in ice 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Point Barrow, Alaska ; heavily damaged and in imminent danger of loss. As Northwind broke out Richardson , Camsell took the tow and she was taken to Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories for repair. From September to November 1967, Northwind

USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1792-629: The first baseball game, the first double header (all without lights), and the first golf tournament in Antarctica . During May to August 1948 Northwind conducted her first Bering Sea Patrol , the first in eight years, as the patrol had been suspended during World War II. She functioned as a "floating court" for a United States federal judge and staff, while U.S. Coast Guard medical personnel and United States Public Health Service officers on board provided medical and dental aid to hundreds of isolated Aleutian villagers. She also delivered and dispatched

1848-563: The first helicopter deployment from a Coast Guard icebreaker occurred an HNS-1 Sikorsky R-4 from Northwind off the Greenland coast. This deployment; in support of the International Ice Patrol , included the first helicopter landings at Thule, Greenland; Crozier Island and Winter Harbor, Melville Island . On 27 July 1946, Northwind was grounded on an uncharted pinnacle while entering Dundas Harbour , Devon Island , Nunavut but

1904-471: The first operator of the class was the United States Coast Guard , which used the vessels for much-needed coastal patrol off Greenland during World War II . Three of the vessels of the class, Westwind , Southwind , and the first Northwind all went on to serve temporarily for the Soviet Union under the Lend-Lease program, while two others were built for the United States Navy and another

1960-451: The iceberg fused to the main glacier. During the 1934–1935 expedition, many souvenir letters were sent from Little America, using a commemorative postage stamp issued by the U.S. government. The souvenir cancellation operations were conducted under extremely difficult conditions. Little America established the first successful radio broadcasting from Antarctica, making regular broadcasts that could be picked up by household radio sets in

2016-597: The last of the Wind-class to be built. USCGC Staten Island (WAGB-278) Went to [REDACTED]   Soviet Navy in 1944 where she was known as Severni Veter (North wind) and since 1946 as Kapitan Belusov as part of the Lend-Lease program; returned to [REDACTED]   United States Navy in 1951 as Northwind , renamed Staten Island in 1952, then transferred to [REDACTED]   United States Coast Guard in 1966. USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279) USCGC Southwind (WAGB-280) Sent to [REDACTED]   Soviet Navy in 1945 where she

2072-643: The naval exercise and became the first U.S. Coast Guard cutter to cross the Antarctic Circle . She also completed the first major rescue missions of a submarine beset in ice when she twice broke out the damaged USS  Sennet . Northwind also rescued USS  Mount Olympus , USS  Yancey , and USS  Merrick which were beset and damaged in the ice floe at the Antarctic Circle. The first helicopter flight to base Little America IV from Northwind took place on 15 January 1947. Her crew played

2128-462: The original seven U.S. built Wind-class icebreakers. Northwind was scrapped at International Shipbreakers, Port of Brownsville, Texas in 1999. The scrapping operation took nearly six months to complete. Northwind earned two Coast Guard Unit Commendations , both with Operational Distinguishing Devices , during oceanographic experiments in 1963 and 1965. She was awarded three Meritorious Unit Commendation with Operational Distinguishing Device for

2184-444: The periods of 14 December 1977 to 10 April 1978, 1 May 1983 to 6 May 1984 and 16 October 1984 to 26 October 1984. During deployments to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba for the periods of 15 October 1976 to 5 November 1976 and 1 March 1982 to 31 March 1982, she also received two Coast Guard E Ribbons . Wind-class icebreaker The Wind-class icebreakers were a line of diesel electric-powered icebreakers in service with

2240-536: Was a research platform for geophysical studies performed by scientists and students from universities in the Pacific Northwest, and California. In 1949 Northwind returned to the Arctic and in subsequent years served on several U.S. Navy expeditions to the region, In 1952 Northwind broke the polar icebreaking record for miles sailed north of the Arctic Circle in one season: 10,029 miles (16,140 km). She

2296-477: Was again transferred to the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and recommissioned CCGS Labrador , serving from 1962 to 1987. Labrador was not fitted with any weapons systems. Labrador possessed all the general characteristics of her American-built sister ships, but was much improved with state-of-the-art gear at the time (1951). Labrador was the only Canadian Wind-class icebreaker to be constructed, and also

USCGC Northwind (WAGB-282) - Misplaced Pages Continue

2352-560: Was beset by ice 450 miles (720 km) north-northwest of Point Barrow, Alaska. She was freed by CCGS  John A. Macdonald , USCGC  Glacier , and USCGC  Staten Island . During this cruise Northwind made the northernmost penetration into Arctic pack ice by any surface vessel in history at the time. This mission was the last attempt to resupply T-3 , also known as Fletcher's Ice Island station by Northwind with Glacier , John A. Macdonald and Staten Island . Between March and September 1968, she provided ice escort for

2408-597: Was built for the Royal Canadian Navy ; all eight vessels were eventually transferred to the United States Coast Guard and the Canadian Coast Guard . The Wind-class ships were the first class of true icebreakers built by the United States. Gibbs & Cox of New York provided the designs with input from the Coast Guard's Naval Engineering Division. The final design was heavily influenced by studies conducted by then LCDR Edward Thiele , USCG (later RADM, and Engineer in Chief of

2464-494: Was completed on 4 September 1954. From February through April 1955 Northwind sailed on a Bering Sea scientific expedition in support of the U.S. Naval Hydrographic Office . During July through September 1955 Northwind supported Distant Early Warning Line operations. From November 1956 through April 1957 Northwind participated in Operation Deep Freeze II, in expeditions to Antarctica, providing clear passage for

2520-460: Was established in 1946–1947 as the primary camp for Operation Highjump . On 2 and 5 December 1946, 166 Seabees sailed from Port Hueneme on the USS Yancey and USS Merrick assigned to Operation Highjump . Little America V was established on January 3, 1956, at Kainan Bay , some 30 miles (50 kilometers) east of Little America IV, as part of Operation Deep Freeze . Little America V served as

2576-507: Was established in January 1929 by Richard Byrd , and was abandoned in 1930. This was where the film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930), about Byrd's trip to the South Pole, was filmed. Little America II was established in 1934, some thirty feet (ten meters) above the site of the original base, with some of the original base accessed via tunnel. This base was briefly set adrift in 1934, but

2632-492: Was freed by ice-demolition. From 12 July to 29 September 1954 Northwind participated in the Canadian-U.S. Beaufort Sea Expedition. The mission was to perform an oceanographic and hydrographic surveys of the waters surrounding Banks Island . She was accompanied by HMCS  Labrador and USS  Burton Island . This cruise was the first where vessels transited McClure Strait and circumnavigated Banks Island . The transit

2688-540: Was known as Admiral Makarov as part of the Lend-Lease program. Returned to [REDACTED]   United States Navy in 1950 as the USS Atka , then transferred in 1966 to [REDACTED]   United States Coast Guard where she was known as the USCGC Southwind . USCGC Westwind (WAGB-281) Sent to [REDACTED]   Soviet Navy in 1945 where she was known as Severni Polius (North pole) as part of

2744-407: Was made to avoid confusion with the other icebreaker. USCGC Burton Island (WAGB-283) USCGC Edisto (WAGB-284) CCGS Labrador [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Coast Guard . Little America (exploration base) The coordinates are approximate. The first base in the series

2800-530: Was participating in Operation Wagonwheel Forces an inter-agency narcotics interdiction effort in the Caribbean from 31 October to 31 November 1984. She became the first icebreaker to make a narcotics seizure and broke the previous tonnage record set by USCGC  Sherman . This was a marijuana seizure record (for an icebreaker) that stands as of 2015. From 2 to 21 July 1986 Northwind assisted

2856-517: Was refloated ten hours later without serious damage. From December 1946 through January 1947 Northwind participated in Operation Highjump as part of Central Group (Task Group 68), under the command of Captain Charles W. Thomas , with one of the operation's primary missions being to establish the research base Little America IV. She was the only United States Coast Guard vessel to participate in

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2912-438: Was similarly shaped to facilitate breaking ice while backing down. The sides of the icebreaker were rounded, with marked tumblehome , that enabled the ship to break free from ice by heeling from side to side. Such heeling was accomplished by shifting water rapidly from wing tanks on one side of the ship to the other. A total of 220 tons of water could be shifted from one side to the other in as little as 90 seconds, which induced

2968-601: Was the fifth of seven completed ships of the Wind class of icebreakers operated by the United States Coast Guard. She was laid down on 20 July 1944 at Western Pipe and Steel Company shipyards in San Pedro , California , launched on 25 February 1945 and commissioned on 28 July 1945. Rear Admiral Ralph W. Dempwolf, Commander, 9th Coast Guard District presided over the ceremony with his wife, Mrs. Mabelle C. Dempwolf, serving as

3024-407: Was the first ship to break through into Thule, Greenland as early as 28 May 1952 although Thule is normally ice-locked until summer. During 1953 Northwind conducted a Bering Sea Patrol. During this patrol Northwind freed USS LST-1048 which was beset in the Beaufort Sea near Barter Island Alaska. USS LST-1048 was on a supply mission to support Distant Early Warning Line construction and

3080-408: Was the last Wind-class icebreaker when she was decommissioned in Wilmington, North Carolina on 20 January 1989 after 44 years of service. Northwind was one of the icebreakers designed by Lieutenant Commander Edward Thiele of the United States Coast Guard and Gibbs & Cox of New York, who modeled them after plans for European icebreakers he obtained before the start of World War II . She

3136-442: Was to attempt a transit of the Northeast Passage . This voyage involved transiting the Panama Canal . The effort was not successful and caused a diplomatic incident between the Soviet Union and the United States. In mid-October 1965 Northwind escorted the disabled Swedish MV Orion in the North Atlantic , while in 40-foot (12 m) seas, to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Canada . In 1966 Northwind returned to Fairway Rock and

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