129-670: Tyrol ( / t ɪ ˈ r oʊ l , t aɪ ˈ r oʊ l , ˈ t aɪ r oʊ l / tih- ROHL , ty- ROHL , TY -rohl ; historically the Tyrole ; Austrian German : Tirol [tiˈʁoːl] ; Italian : Tirolo ) is a historical region in the Alps of Northern Italy and western Austria . The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol , part of the Holy Roman Empire , Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary , from its formation in
258-539: A broad public. The aim of this festival is to put economic terminology across to everyone. The festival takes place every year at the end of May on the historic Palazzi of the old town in Trento. Well known economists explain and interpret current economic issues, both from an economic-scientific as well as from a social and entrepreneurial viewpoint. In the course of recent years, numerous economic scholars and managers such as Sir Anthony Atkinson , Fan Gang , Zygmunt Bauman and
387-692: A late-Roman fort and travellers' hostel in Zirl, Tyrol . There seems to be no scholarly consensus. Tyrol has an area of 26,673 km. The region consists of the State of Tyrol , the Province of South Tyrol and the Province of Trento . In addition to the region belong the municipalities Cortina d'Ampezzo , Livinallongo del Col di Lana , Colle Santa Lucia and Pedemonte from the Region of Veneto and Valvestino and Magasa from
516-520: A member of the European Union , 23 food-related terms were listed in its accession agreement as having the same legal status as the equivalent terms used in Germany, for example, the words for "potato", "tomato", and "Brussels sprouts". (Examples in " Vocabulary ") Austrian German is the only variety of a pluricentric language recognized under international law or EU primary law. In Austria , as in
645-649: A member of the Giunta, in order to fill a vacancy in one of the 35 seats of the legislative assembly of the Trentino province, upon the resignation of member Paolo Ghezzi. Shortly after, mayor Ianeselli announced Ezio Facchin as Zanella's successor. In 1996, a joint session between the states, further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino
774-761: A research and conference center thanks to a small but renowned university and internationally renowned research centers such as Fondazione Bruno Kessler , active in both fundamental and applied research, the Italian-German Historical Institute, the Centre for Computational and Systems Biology and ECT*, active in theoretical nuclear studies and part of FBK, and as logistics and transportation thoroughfare. Valued pink and white porphyry are still excavated from some surrounding areas (Pila). This stone can be seen in many of Trento's buildings, both new and old. The city has two long-running annual sporting events:
903-455: A university for the region. Feelings of loyalty were focused on the 'father-figure' emperor, not for Austria. The nationalist cause led Italy into World War I . Damiano Chiesa and the deputy in the Austrian parliament Cesare Battisti were two well-known local irredentists who had joined the Italian Army to fight against Austria-Hungary with the aim of bringing the territory of Trento into
1032-431: A very traditional form of the language, probably derived from medieval deeds and documents, and has a very complex structure and vocabulary generally reserved for such documents. For most speakers (even native speakers), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters. There are no regional variations because
1161-1106: A wide range of altitude levels, going from just under 200 m above sea level at the city centre, to 400 m in Povo and Cognola, to 2000 m above sea level at Monte Bondone, boroughs at higher elevation, for instance Viote , have a colder alpine climate ( Dw ). Urban Trento has a humid subtropical - continental climate ( Cfa - Dfa ) according to the Köppen climate classification . Monthly average temperatures range between 1.6 °C (January) and 23.4 °C (July). Average annual precipitation exceeds 900 mm spread out on an average of 87 days, with peaks in late spring (May–June, 90 mm monthly average in 9–10 rain days) and autumn (October–November: 100–110 mm monthly average in 7–8 days), and lows in winter (January–February, 30–40 mm monthly average in 3–4 rain days). Winters are cold to freezing, with infrequent snowfall but usual frost from mid-November to mid-March. In winter, daytime highs may not exceed 5 °C and lows may rarely dip down to -10 °C, but
1290-556: Is Venetian eastern ones, in central Trentino a transitional dialect between the lombard language and the venetian language is spoken. In the Austrian state of Tyrol , the German language is used by a large majority. As in many other regions in German-speaking countries, Tyrol also has its own German-language dialect. The Tyrolean dialect comes from the Bavarian language. In South Tyrol ,
1419-658: Is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy. It is the capital of the autonomous province of Trento . In the 16th century, the city was the location of the Council of Trent . Formerly part of Austria and Austria-Hungary , it was annexed by Italy in 1919. With 118,142 inhabitants, Trento is the third largest Italian city in the Alps and second largest in the historical region of Tyrol . Trento
SECTION 10
#17328512502341548-861: Is a strong cooperative system in Tyrol. South of Tyrol, in the Region of Trentino-South Tyrol , the cultivation of apples and wine plays an important role. So every tenth apple in Europe comes from South Tyrol . Known wines in Trentino-South Tyrol are the Vernatsch , the Lagrein , the Gewürztraminer and the Weißburgunder . Livestock, grazing and forestry are important at higher elevations and in more northerly areas. Mainly cattle, sheep, goats and pigs are kept. Accordingly,
1677-480: Is above the EU average, which amounted to 28,900 euros/capita in 2015. The Region of Trentino-South Tyrol is, in terms of GDP/capita, the wealthiest region in Italy with 37,813 euros/capita in 2015. Agriculture and forestry occupy a special position in Tyrol. The many small and medium-sized farms have shaped the landscape and culture in Tyrol for many centuries. In order to be competitive with larger farms outside Tyrol, there
1806-805: Is also evidence of the Urnfield culture (roughly 1300–750 BC). Evidence of the La Tène culture (roughly 450–100 BC, during the Iron Age ) has also been found; as has evidence of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture from about the same period. Toward the end of that time, Tyrol began to be noted in Roman written records. The inhabitants may have been Illyrians , in the process of being displaced by Celts (perhaps themselves displaced from Noricum by Proto-Slavs ). There are also indications that Adriatic Veneti may have been present in
1935-612: Is an educational, scientific, financial and political centre in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , in Tyrol and Northern Italy in general. The city contains a picturesque Medieval and Renaissance historic centre, with ancient buildings such as Trento Cathedral and the Castello del Buonconsiglio . Together with other Alpine towns Trento engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for
2064-589: Is considered a landmark building of Italian railways architecture and combines many varieties of local stone with the most advanced building materials of the time: glass, reinforced concrete, metal. The post office was once decorated with colored windows by Fortunato Depero , but these were destroyed during bombings in World War II. Other buildings of that time include the Grand Hotel by Giovanni Lorenzi with some guest rooms furnished with futurist furniture by Depero, and
2193-535: Is generated by hydropower . The most important sector in Tyrol is the tertiary sector. Especially tourism has a special position in this region. Due to the connection of the areas by the railway in the 19th century, many villages in Tyrol developed into popular tourism locations. The construction of the Brenner motorway in the 1960s gave the region in the 20th century a renewed upswing in the tourism branch. Today, Merano , Kitzbühel , Cortina or Riva del Garda are among
2322-503: Is offered in Markhardt, Heidemarie: Wörterbuch der österreichischen Rechts-, Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsterminologie (Peter Lang, 2006). Because of German's pluricentric nature, German dialects in Austria should not be confused with the variety of Standard Austrian German spoken by most Austrians, which is distinct from that of Germany or Switzerland . In the field of German dialectology,
2451-404: Is the great independence of the two Provinces of Bolzano and Trento . By the second statute of autonomy in 1972, the province of Bolzano acquired much of the region's competences and since then has been mostly independent of the province of Trento. The second autonomy statute enabled the linguistic minorities to be better protected. The regional council of Trentino-South Tyrol , which consists of
2580-717: Is the part of the European route E45 . The dual carriageway from Merano to Bolzano (MeBo) ends in Bolzano South in the Brenner motorway. Important road section in Trentino , next to the Brenner motorway, is the SS 47 (Strada Statale 47), which connects via Sugana Valley Trento with Padova . A large part of this route is dual-lane and flows into the Brenner state road (SS 12). Due to the Alps , there are many mountain passes that connect valleys. The most important pass roads for transit trade are
2709-452: Is the variety of Standard German written and spoken in Austria and South Tyrol . It has the highest sociolinguistic prestige locally, as it is the variation used in the media and for other formal situations. In less formal situations, Austrians use Bavarian and Alemannic dialects , which are traditionally spoken but rarely written in Austria. It has been standardized with the publishing of
SECTION 20
#17328512502342838-521: Is used in Austria, as in Germany but not in Switzerland. Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, for which communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language because of Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions. A comprehensive collection of Austrian-German legal, administrative and economic terms
2967-689: Is usually offered with intercity buses or city buses. The city of Innsbruck has its own tram network. Another tram is located in Ritten . The cities of Bolzano , Merano and Trento formerly had their own tram network, but these were displaced and replaced by the city buses and private transport in the 50s and 60s. Austrian German language Austrian German ( German : Österreichisches Deutsch ), Austrian Standard German ( ASG ), Standard Austrian German ( Österreichisches Standarddeutsch ), Austrian High German ( Österreichisches Hochdeutsch ), or simply just Austrian ( Österreichisch ),
3096-670: Is very rarely used in Austria, especially in the spoken language , with the exception of some modal verbs ( ich sollte , ich wollte ). There are many official terms that differ in Austrian German from their usage in most parts of Germany . Words used in Austria are Jänner (January) rather than Januar , Feber (seldom, February) along with Februar , heuer (this year) along with dieses Jahr , Stiege (stairs) along with Treppen , Rauchfang (chimney) instead of Schornstein , many administrative, legal and political terms, and many food terms, including
3225-416: The Österreichisches Wörterbuch in 1951. Austrian German has its beginning in the mid-18th century, when Empress Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II introduced compulsory schooling in 1774, and several reforms of administration in their multilingual Habsburg Empire . At the time, the written standard was Oberdeutsche Schreibsprache ( Upper German written language), which was highly influenced by
3354-498: The Adige , Inn and Drau . The region is characterized by many valleys. Some of these valleys are still difficult to reach today. The most important valleys are the Inn Valley and Adige Valley . A large part of the population lives in these two valleys and also the five largest cities of Tyrol ( Innsbruck , Bolzano , Trento , Merano , and Rovereto ) lie in these valleys. For centuries,
3483-909: The Adige valley , just south of the Dolomite Mountains , where the Fersina River and Avisio rivers join the Adige River (the second longest river in Italy). River Adige is one of the three primary south-flowing Alpine rivers; its broadly curving course alongside Trento was straightened in 1850. The valley is surrounded by mountains, including Vigolana (2,150 m (7,050 ft)), Monte Bondone (2,181 m (7,156 ft)), Paganella (2,124 m (6,969 ft)), Marzola (1,747 m (5,732 ft)) and Monte Calisio (1,096 m (3,596 ft)). Nearby lakes include Lake Caldonazzo , Lake Levico, Lake Garda and Lake Toblino. Frazioni , or subdivisions of Trento: The municipality of Trento stretches across
3612-559: The Americas : 0.85%. The city owes much of its unique economy to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river which, prior to its diversion in the mid-19th century, ran through the center of the city. The Adige river was formerly a navigable river and one of the main commercial routes in the Alps. The original course of the river is now covered by
3741-471: The Bavarian and Alemannic dialects of Austria. Another option was to create a new standard based on the Southern German dialects, as proposed by the linguist Johann Siegmund Popowitsch . Instead they decided for pragmatic reasons to adopt the already-standardized chancellery language of Saxony ( Sächsische Kanzleisprache or Meißner Kanzleideutsch ), which was based on the administrative language of
3870-802: The Bolzano Airport currently offers charter flights. There are other small airfields in Toblach , Kufstein , St. Johann in Tirol , Reutte and Cortina . The airfield in Cortina was closed in 1976 due to a crash. Highways in Tyrol are the Brenner motorway and the Inntal motorway. The Brenner motorway runs from Innsbruck (in Austria A13 ) to Modena (in Italy A22 ). Together with the Inntal motorway from Innsbruck to Kufstein
3999-575: The Brenner Pass . This means that two times more trucks travel on the Brenner Route than in all four Alpine crossing roads in Switzerland together. Tyrol is known as a transit route. The most important route between northern and southern Europe, the Brenner route, traverses the entire region. At 1370 m above the Adriatic, the Brenner Pass is the lowest pass crossing of the main chain of the Alps . Due to
Tyrol - Misplaced Pages Continue
4128-558: The Chalcolithic or Copper Age, after man had learned how to exploit copper but before man had learned how to make bronze. His body and belongings were very well-preserved, and have been subjected to detailed scientific study. They are preserved in the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology , Bolzano , South Tyrol, Italy. There is evidence that Tyrol was a center for copper mining in the 4th millennium BC; for example, at Brixlegg . There
4257-679: The County of Gorizia . On the other hand, the Montafon and the Unterengadin were Tyrolean. Tyrol was of great strategic importance to the Habsburgs. It controlled several important Alpine passes. It connected their landholdings in Further Austria . In 1406, as the Habsburg lands were split up by inheritance, Tyrol once again became a separate entity (a Landstand ), in which the greater landowners had
4386-557: The European route E45 ) highway connects Trento to Verona and to Bolzano , Innsbruck and Munich . Trento railway station , opened in 1859, forms part of the Brenner railway (Verona–Innsbruck) , which is the main rail connection between Italy and Germany. The station is also a junction with the Valsugana railway , which connects Trento to Venice . Trento has several other railway stations, including Trento FTM railway station, terminus of
4515-553: The German-speaking parts of Switzerland and in southern Germany , verbs that express a state tend to use sein as the auxiliary verb in the perfect , as well as verbs of movement. Verbs which fall into this category include sitzen (to sit), liegen (to lie) and, in parts of Styria and Carinthia , schlafen (to sleep). Therefore, the perfect of these verbs would be ich bin gesessen , ich bin gelegen and ich bin geschlafen , respectively. In Germany,
4644-476: The Giro al Sas (a 10 km (6 mi) professional road running competition) was first held in the city in 1907 and continues to the present, while the Giro del Trentino is an annual road cycling race which the city has hosted every year since 1963. The Festival dell’Economia di Trento (Economy Festival of Trento) was brought into being in 2006 in order to enable and facilitate discussions between economists and
4773-626: The Reschen Pass and Brenner Pass . Popular pass roads include the Stelvio Pass , Arlberg Pass , Karer Pass , Mendel Pass and the Gardena Pass . The Provinces of Trento and Bolzano have been responsible for the preservation and management of the state roads in their provinces since 1998. The most important railway line in Tyrol is the Brenner Line via the Brenner Pass . The Brenner Railway
4902-681: The Roman Empire . Raetia included Vinschgau, Burggrafenamt, Eisacktal, Wipptal, Oberinntal and parts of the Unterinntal. Noricum included Pustertal, Defereggen and parts of the Unterinntal to the right of the Ziller and the Inn. Bolzano and the extreme south of Tyrol belonged to the province of Venetia et Histria . The inhabitants adopted the Latin Language called vulgar Latin or the everyday spoken version vs.
5031-580: The Roman road that led from Verona to Innsbruck . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the independent bishopric of Trento was conquered by Ostrogoths , Byzantines , Lombards and Franks , finally becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire . In 1027, Emperor Conrad II created the Prince-Bishops of Trento , who wielded both temporal and religious powers. In the following centuries, however,
5160-446: The Tischofer Cave . They date from the Palaeolithic , about 28,000–27,000 BP . The same cave has also yielded evidence of human occupation during the Bronze Age (very roughly, 4000–3000 BP (2000–1000 BC)). In 1991, the mummified remains of a man who had died around 3300–3100 BC were discovered in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps , in Tyrol. Researchers have called him Ötzi (and also other names, including "The Iceman"). He lived during
5289-446: The Treaty of Schärding [ de ] , under which (for suitable compensation) the Wittelsbachs agreed to relinquish their claims to Tyrol in favour of the Habsburgs. When the Habsburgs took control of Tyrol, it had roughly its modern size. However, the Unterinntal downstream from Schwaz still belonged to Bavaria; the Zillertal and Brixental to Salzburg ; Brixen and the Pustertal were episcopal territories, or part of
Tyrol - Misplaced Pages Continue
5418-405: The Trento-Malè-Marilleva railway (FTM). Bus or train services operate to the main surrounding valleys: Fassa, Fiemme, Gudicarie, Non, Primiero, Rendena, Sole, Tesino, Valsugana . The public transport network within the city consists of 20 bus lines operated by Trentino Trasporti and a cable car service to Sardagna . The various railway stations within Trento's city limits are integrated into
5547-410: The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion . It lacks individual communities that are outside the Euroregion. As there are no 10,000 inhabitants living in these communities, the statistics hardly distort the territory of Tyrol and the remaining 1.8 million inhabitants. Tyrol had a total GDP of 67.6 billion euros in 2014. Divided into individual countries, the State of Tyrol generated 28.8 billion euros,
5676-424: The state of Tyrol in the new rump Austrian republic . In 1945 following World War II , Austrian attempts and South Tyrolean petitions to reunite South Tyrol with Austria were not successful, but from 1972 onward, the Italian Republic has granted further autonomy to the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region. The Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion was founded in 1998. The aim is to strengthen cooperation between
5805-456: The "R. Sanzio" Primary School built in 1931–34 and designed by Adalberto Libera . The University of Trento was founded in 1962 and has its headquarters in the city of Trento. The other university location is in Rovereto . In total, over 16,000 students study in Trento. Through the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino , the university also works closely together with the universities of Innsbruck and Bolzano . The Autostrada A22 (part of
5934-441: The 12th century until 1919. In 1919, following World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , it was divided into two modern administrative parts through the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye : With the founding of the European region Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino the area has its own legal entity since 2011 in the form of a European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation . According to Egon Kühebacher [ de ] ,
6063-417: The Allies over targets from Verona to the Brenner Pass , with 10,267 tons of bombs dropped. Parts of the city were hit by the Allied bombings, including the church of S. Maria Maggiore, the Church of the Annunciation and several bridges over the Adige river. In spite of the bombings, most of the medieval and renaissance city center was spared. It was finally liberated on 3 May 1945. In 1947, Trento became
6192-438: The Bajuvarians, settled in east Tyrol. Most of Tyrol came under the control of the Duchy of Bavaria (created c. 555 ). The southern parts, including Bolzano, Salorno , and the right bank of the Adige (including Eppan and Kaltern ) remained under the Lombards. Tyrol was Christianized through the bishoprics of Brixen and Triento . The frontier remained the same though Carolingian and Ottonian times. The area
6321-418: The Bavarian troops were killed or driven out. The Tyroleans, led by Andreas Hofer , fought mainly as mobile sharpshooters, but despite their success, Austria's defeat in the wider War of the Fifth Coalition confirmed Bavarian rule in Tyrol, but with southern Tyrol (roughly contemporary Trentino with Bozen and its hinterland) transferred to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy . Tyrol was reunified and returned to
6450-485: The Drautal railway, the railway line Bolzano-Merano and the continuation of the Vinschgau railway, the Trento–Malè–Mezzana railway and the Valsugana railway , which leads from Trento to Venice over the Sugana Valley . Cross-border connections are offered only a few. The ÖBB travels over the Brenner Pass on the Eurocity trains and several regional trains connect South Tyrol with North Tyrol an East Tyrol . The Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino has set itself
6579-465: The Duchy of Bavaria; though not without dispute. In 1228, they conceded the Saalforste [ de ] to the House of Wittelsbach , rulers of Bavaria; as a result, that area remains part of Bavaria to this day. In 1253, rulership of the County passed by inheritance to the Meinhardiner family . In 1335, the last male heir to the Meinhardiner lands, Henry of Bohemia , died. His daughter, Margaret , thereupon became Countess of Tyrol; but her title
SECTION 50
#17328512502346708-422: The Euroregion has a joint office in Brussels since 1995. The headquarters of the office is in Bolzano . Joint decisions are taken by organized three diet (in German: Dreier-Landtag ), which have been held since 1991 mostly every two to three years with the state Diets of Trento (provincial council of Trentino), Bolzano (provincial council of South Tyrol) and Innsbruck (state council of Tyrol (State)). In 2011,
6837-411: The Habsburgs following the downfall of Napoleon and decisions at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. Integrated into the Austrian Empire , from 1867 onwards, it was a Kronland ( crown land ) of Cisleithania , the western half of Austria-Hungary . After World War I , the victors ruled in 1919 that the southern part of the Austrian crown land of Tyrol was to be ceded to the Kingdom of Italy , including
6966-435: The Napoleonic era, when it changed hands among various states. Under the reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire in 1802, the Bishopric was secularized and annexed to the Habsburg territories. The Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 ceded Trento to Bavaria , and the Treaty of Schönbrunn four years later gave it to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy . The population staged armed resistance to French domination. The resistance leader
7095-441: The Nobel Prize winner Gary Becker took an active part. Trento is governed by the City Council of Trento. Voters elect directly 40 councilors and the mayor of Trento every five years. The current mayor of Trento is Franco Ianeselli , elected for the first time on 21 September 2020. Ianeselli, a former trade unionist, was elected as a left-leaning independent with the support of a wide coalition of parties. These parties ranged from
7224-456: The Province of South Tyrol 20.6 billion euros and the Province of Trentino 18.2 billion euros. In GDP per capita (2015), that means 39,300 euros/capita in the State of Tyrol, 42,400 euros/capita in South Tyrol and 35,500 euros/capita in Trentino. The unemployment rate in the State of Tyrol is 3.2% (2014), in South Tyrol 3.4% (2017) and in Trentino 4.6% (2017). The Tyrol region is one of the wealthiest regions in Europe and, in terms of GDP/capita,
7353-494: The Province of South Tyrol has its own coat of arms. It is very similar to the coat of arms of the State of Tyrol . The Province wanted to emphasize the historical commonality of the countries. The Province of Trento received its coat of arms in 1340 and refers to the prince-bishopric of Trento . The former County of Tyrol had a uniform coat of arms, which was slightly changed over the centuries. The earliest archaeological records of human settlement in Tyrol have been found in
7482-467: The Region of Lombardy . The largest cities in Tyrol are Innsbruck , Trento and Bolzano . The whole region of Tyrol is located in the Alps . Tyrol is bordered to the north by the state of Bavaria and to the east by the states of Carinthia and Salzburg . West of Tyrol lies the state of Vorarlberg and the canton of Grisons . On the southern side of Tyrol, the land is bordered by the regions of Veneto and Lombardy . Important rivers in Tyrol are
7611-415: The Smart City Index. The township of Trento encompasses the city centre as well as many suburbs of extremely varied geographical and population conditions (from the industrial suburb of Gardolo, just north of the city, to tiny mountain hamlets on Monte Bondone). Various distinctive suburbs still retain their traditional identity of rural or mountain villages. Trento lies in a wide glacial valley known as
7740-526: The Trentino-Alto Adige region and are thus promoted and protected by the region. The Ladin language is also spoken outside the region in Souramont ( Province of Belluno ). Ladin is considered a Rhaeto-Romance language . The Cimbrian language is also used in various linguistic islands ( Sette Comuni ) outside the region of Trentino-South Tyrol. The Cimbrian and the Mòcheno languages are considered as upper-Bavarian dialects. The majority in Trentino two romance languages are spoken: Lombard in western valleys, and
7869-399: The Tyrol being very characteristic. Speakers from those regions, even those speaking Standard German, can usually be easily identified by their accent, even by an untrained listener. Several of the dialects have been influenced by contact with non-Germanic linguistic groups, such as the dialect of Carinthia, where, in the past, many speakers were bilingual (and, in the southeastern portions of
SECTION 60
#17328512502347998-551: The Tyrolean dialect was mixed with a few individual Italian words. Due to the difficult accessibility of the valleys in earlier years, many other valleys developed a slightly differentiated dialect compared to the Tyrolean. The Ladin language also has no uniform language, so every valley also has a slight difference in Ladinia . Although the details of the arms of Tyrol have changed over the centuries, one feature has remained more-or-less constant: argent , an eagle displayed gules , armed (and sometimes crowned) or . Since 1983,
8127-403: The University of Trento is a member of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs ( Apsia ), a selected group of institutions for higher education in the field of international relations. It is the first, and currently unique, Italian institute and one of the few Europeans present in the club of the best international study schools in the world that form policy makers. In
8256-442: The Via Torre Vanga, Via Torre Verde and the Via Alessandro Manzoni. As late as World War II, Trento depended on wine-making and silk. Sparkling wine made in the Trentino province is part of the Trento DOC classification. The manufacturing industry installed in the post-war period has been mostly dismantled. Today, Trento thrives on commerce, services, tourism, high-quality agriculture and food industry (including wine and fruit), as
8385-581: The border between North and South Tyrol, runs the main chain of the Alps . The main chain of the Alps geographically divides the Alps into a southern and northern half. Municipalities of Tyrol with over 10,000 inhabitants: Austria: 1 January 2017 Italy: 31 December 2016 Tyrol can be subdivided into 5 different language groups. In addition to the majority languages such as German and Italian, languages such as Ladin , Cimbrian and Mócheno are also spoken. The last three languages are recognized as minority languages. These language groups are mostly located in
8514-545: The counts of Tyrol . A dark episode in the history of Trento was the Trento blood libel . When a 3-year-old Christian boy, Simonino, later known as Simon of Trent , disappeared in 1475 on the eve of Good Friday , the city's small Jewish community was accused of killing him and draining his blood for Jewish ritual purposes. Eight Jews were tortured and burned at the stake, and their families forced to convert to Christianity. The bishop of Trento, Johannes Hinderbach, sought (without success) to have Simonino canonized and published
8643-462: The county. In the 19th century, Tyrol became an early pawn in the Napoleonic Wars during War of the Third Coalition . Following defeat by Napoleon at Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, Austria was forced to cede Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria , and as a part of Bavaria, it became a member of the Confederation of the Rhine the following year. The Tyrolean Rebellion , a popular insurrection against Bavarian rule began in 1809, and throughout Tyrol,
8772-549: The different accents ( isoglosses ) coincide strongly with the borders of the states and also with the border with Bavaria, with Bavarians having a markedly different rhythm of speech in spite of the linguistic similarities. Trento Trento ( Italian: [ˈtrento] or [ˈtrɛnto] ; Ladin and Lombard : Trent ; German : Trient [tʁiˈɛnt] ; Cimbrian : Tria ; Mócheno : Trea't ; Venetian : Trénto/Trènt ; Latin : Tridentum ), also known in English as Trent ,
8901-548: The first book printed in Trento, "Story of a Christian Child Murdered at Trento" , embellished with 12 woodcuts. In a governmental ceremony in the 1990s, Trento apologized to the Jewish community for this dark episode and unveiled a plaque commemorating the formal apology. In the 16th century, Trento became notable for the Council of Trent (1545–1563) which gave rise to the Counter-Reformation . The adjective Tridentine (as in "Tridentine Mass") literally means pertaining to Trento, but can also refer to that specific event. Among
9030-441: The following: There are, however, some false friends between the two regional varieties: In addition to the standard variety, in everyday life most Austrians speak one of a number of Upper German dialects . While strong forms of the various dialects are not fully mutually intelligible to northern Germans , communication is much easier in Bavaria , especially rural areas, where the Bavarian dialect still predominates as
9159-417: The food industry, wood processing and mechanical engineering. The industry in Tyrol consists mostly of small and medium-sized companies. The craft still plays a special role throughout the region. A large part of these craft businesses are still partially small-structured and family businesses. From an economic point of view, the energy sector is important in the secondary sector. Much of the electricity produced
9288-445: The former usually stand around 8°C, while the latter usually hover between -3 °C to 0 °C. Spring brings unpredictable weather with wind blowing north to south or vice-versa through the valley. Many spring days are pleasant, but the transition may be very quick, for example going from frosty mornings to 30 °C in two months. In May, it is possible to have either rainy days with daytime highs below 18 °C, or sunny days with
9417-463: The goal of promoting and expanding cross-border connections. The aim is to shift traffic through the Alps to sustainable means of transport, thus protecting the Alpine environment. Many villages and communities are difficult to reach because of the large differences in altitude, so the region sets much on ropeway concepts. Although most of the cable cars are located in ski resorts, they are also used for
9546-473: The host of the Rally Stella Alpina . Since the 1950s, the region has enjoyed prosperous growth, thanks in part to its special autonomy from the central Italian government. On 4 August 2015, the cathedral tower caught fire by "spontaneous combustion". The clock stopped at 10:50 AM, a matter of minutes after the fire began. In 2020, Trento was listed as the most sustainable city in Italy, according to
9675-588: The implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Trento was awarded the title of Alpine Town of the Year 2004. The city often ranks highly among Italian cities for quality of life , standard of living , and business and job opportunities , being ranked 3rd in 2023. Trento is also one of the nation's wealthiest and most prosperous cities, with its province being one of
9804-455: The last twenty years, thanks to the gradual creation of various research centers (FBK, FEM) and laboratories in the IT, engineering and sciences fields, Trento and its university have been nicknamed the "Silicon Valley of the Alps". The origins of this city on the river-route to Bolzano and the low Alpine passes of Brenner and the Reschen Pass over the Alps are disputed. Some scholars maintain it
9933-457: The late 19th century, Trento and Trieste , cities with ethnic Italian majorities still belonging to the Austrians, became icons of the Italian irredentist movement. Benito Mussolini briefly joined the staff of a local newspaper in 1909, but left Trento because they could not create an anti-Austrian group. There was dissatisfaction with the lack of provincial autonomy and the failure to establish
10062-614: The left (as in the case of Europa Verde) to the Catholic centre (including Partito Autonomista Trentino Tirolese, and Insieme per Trento). When determining the composition of his Giunta (the equivalent of a City Cabinet), Ianeselli selected seven members of the City Council: Monica Baggia, Elisabetta Bozzarelli, Mariachiara Franzoia, Chiara Maule, Salvatore Panetta, Roberto Stanchina, and Paolo Zanella. However, in late November 2020 Paolo Zanella announced he would leave his position as
10191-507: The linguistic diversity and the climatic transition from temperate climate ( alpine climate ) to mediterranean climate , the area is regarded as a bridge between the Italian and German speaking countries. The most important airport in Tyrol is Innsbruck Airport . With over one million passengers, it is the third largest airport in Austria. Other airports in the region are in Bolzano and Trento . These do not offer regular scheduled flights and
10320-488: The local area. A second wave of industrialization took place at the beginning of the 20th century. Particularly affected at that time was the city of Bolzano with the Italianization policy under Fascism in the 1920s. In 2011, approximately 10% of the workplaces in all parts of the country were active in the manufacturing sector. Thus lies Tyrol in the EU average at 10.3% (2011). Important branches of industry in Tyrol are
10449-810: The local public transport. Known cable cars in Tyrol are the Ritten cable car in Bolzano , the Sardagna cable car in Trento and the Nordkette cable car in Innsbruck . Also funicular railways are being built to cope with the differences in altitude more quickly. Famous funiculars are among others the Hungerburgbahn in Innsbruck and the Mendel funicular in Kaltern . Local public transport
10578-526: The medieval city walls is still visible in Piazza Fiera, along with a circular tower. Once, these walls encircled the entire city and were connected to the Castello del Buonconsiglio. The main monuments of the city include: Trento also sports modernist architecture, including the train station and the central post office, both by rationalist architect Angiolo Mazzoni . In particular, the train station (1934–36)
10707-608: The mid-16th century, Tyrol was ruled by younger sons of the Habsburg Emperors, but in 1665, all Habsburg lands were again under the united rule of the Emperor Leopold I . From the time of Maria Theresa (1740−1780) onward, Tyrol was governed by the central government of the Habsburgs at Vienna in all matters of major importance. In 1803 the lands of the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen were secularised and incorporated into
10836-633: The modern comune of Tirol in South Tyrol, near modern Merano ; and around 1140, established the County of Tyrol as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The Counts of Tyrol were at first Vogt (underlords) subject to the Bishoprics of Brixen and Triento; but they had other ideas. They expanded their holdings at those bishoprics' expense. They displaced competing nobles like the House of Eppan [ de ] , and declared their independence from
10965-621: The most important tourism destinations in the Alpine region. In 2013, the Euroregion counted over 80 million overnight stays in the Tyrolean region (to compare, Province of Rome in 2011: 25.8 million overnight stays). Also important for Tyrol is the trade. Among other things, the Exhibition of Bolzano has been a meeting point for Italian and German economy already for centuries. As a transit route country, more than 2.25 million trucks (2017) drove over
11094-650: The mother tongue. The Central Austro-Bavarian dialects are more intelligible to speakers of Standard German than the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialects of Tyrol . Viennese , the Austro-Bavarian dialect of Vienna , is seen for many in Germany as quintessentially Austrian. The people of Graz , the capital of Styria , speak yet another dialect which is not very Styrian and more easily understood by people from other parts of Austria than other Styrian dialects, for example from western Styria. Simple words in
11223-499: The name Tyrol derives from a root word meaning terrain (i.e. area, ground or soil; compare Latin : terra and Old Irish : tir ); first from the village of Tirol , and its castle ; from which the County of Tyrol grew. Some sources suggest it derives from the Slavic language "ta rola" meaning "this land, farming terrain/farming ground." According to Karl Finsterwalder , the name Tyrol derives from Teriolis [ de ] ,
11352-410: The new Kingdom of Italy . The two men were taken prisoners at the nearby southern front. They were put on trial for high treason and executed in the courtyard of Castello del Buonconsiglio . The region was greatly affected during the war, and some of its fiercest battles were fought on the surrounding mountains in the southernmost regions and the southeast. Of a population of just less than 400,000 in
11481-400: The nobility of Austria-Hungary . The sociolect, a variety of Standard German, is influenced by Viennese German and other Austro-Bavarian dialects spoken in eastern Austria but is slightly nasalized . For many years, Austria had a special form of the language for official government documents that is known as Österreichische Kanzleisprache , or " Austrian chancellery language". It is
11610-602: The non-Austrian area of Meißen and Dresden . Austria High German ( Hochdeutsch in Österreich , not to be confused with the Bavarian Austria German dialects) has the same geographic origin as the Swiss High German ( Schweizer Hochdeutsch , not to be confused with the Alemannic Swiss German dialects). The process of introducing the new written standard was led by Joseph von Sonnenfels . Since 1951,
11739-401: The notable prince-bishops of this time were Bernardo Clesio (who governed the city from 1514 to 1539 and managed to steer the council to Trento) and Cristoforo Madruzzo (who governed from 1539 to 1567), both able European politicians and Renaissance humanists , who greatly expanded and embellished the city. During this period, and as an expression of this Humanism, Trento was also known as
11868-493: The notion of Standard Austrian German has been both debated and defended by German linguists since the 1970s. A One Standard German Axiom , effectively preventing the development of newer standards of German, has recently been offered as a characteristic of the field but has not been taken up. Until 1918, the spoken standard in Austria was the Schönbrunner Deutsch , a sociolect spoken by the imperial Habsburg family and
11997-643: The occupying German troops, who still considered Mussolini head of the Italian Social Republic and wanted to preserve good relations with the Italians. From November 1944 to April 1945, Trento was bombed as part of the so-called "Battle of the Brenner". War supplies from Germany to support the Gothic Line were for the most part routed via the rail line through the Brenner Pass. Over 6,849 sorties were flown by
12126-587: The official language. Austrian delegates participated in the international working group that drafted the German spelling reform of 1996 and several conferences leading up to the reform were hosted in Vienna at the invitation of the Austrian federal government. Austria adopted it as a signatory, along with Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, of an international memorandum of understanding ( Wiener Absichtserklärung ) signed in Vienna in 1996. The eszett or "sharp s" (ß)
12255-454: The ones experienced in the city centre ). Early fall is pleasant, with foliage starting around mid-October at higher elevations, late October in the uphill suburbs and in November downtown. Fall days can be humid, grey and dim, with temperatures rapidly declining through October and November. The first snowfall in the suburbs may occur as early as late November, with December and early January being
12384-403: The population of Trento grew by 0.72 percent, while Italy as a whole declined by 1.51 percent. The current birth rate of Trento is 9.61 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006 , 92.68% of the population was Italian . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mostly Albania , Romania ): 4.13%, North Africa : 1.08%, and
12513-413: The production of milk and Tyrolean Speck in the farms is very important. Horses also play an increasingly important role in livestock, for equestrian sports and farm holidays. The Haflinger horses are known in the Tyrolean region and originate from Hafling , near Merano . The first industrialization reached Tyrol late in the 19th century. Most of these were small businesses that were important only in
12642-584: The province, 55,000 men served in the Imperial and Royal Army of whom 11,000 died. Most served on the Galician front; 700 served with the Italian Army. After World War I , Trento and its Italian-speaking province, along with Bolzano (Bozen) and the part of Tyrol that stretched south of the Alpine watershed (which was primarily German -speaking, as still is to this day), were annexed by Italy. In July 1943 Mussolini
12771-545: The rail will be promoted and relocated. After completion, the Brenner Base Tunnel , together with the Innsbruck bypass , will be the longest railway tunnel in the world at 64 km and will reduce the travel time between Bolzano and Innsbruck from 2 hours to 45 minutes. Further important railway lines in Tyrol are the Arlberg railway , Zillertal railway , Salzburg-Tyrol railway , Pustertal railway with continuation of
12900-454: The region has been known for transit trade. The most important trade route across the Alps, namely the Brenner Route , traverses the whole of Tyrol and is regarded as a connecting link between the Italian and German -speaking areas. As the Tyrolean region is located in the Alps , the landscape is heavily influenced by the mountains. The highest mountains in Tyrol include: Across Tyrol, on
13029-423: The region was institutionalized and since then has its own legal entity. Political parties in the Italian part of Tyrol (provinces of Bolzano and Trento) include: The Austrian part of Tyrol shares the Austrian party system: The multiplicity of parties is due to the fact that Tyrol lies in two different nation states and thus are politically independent of each other. Another reason for the large number of parties
13158-585: The richest in Italy, with a GDP per capita of €46,100 and a nominal GDP of €25.5 billion in 2023. The University of Trento , founded in 1962 as a Higher University Institute of Social Sciences, is one of the most prestigious medium-small Italian universities, with a strong international vocation. It ranks 1st among 'medium-sized' Universities in the Censis ranking and 2nd in the Il Sole 24 Ore ranking of Italian universities. The School of International Studies of
13287-434: The right to be consulted ( Mitspracherecht ). During a confusing succession of events, in 1420 Frederick IV, Duke of Austria moved the capital of Tyrol from Meran to Innsbruck , and Meran lost its earlier importance. Tyrol's importance for the Habsburgs was underlined when the Tyrolean capital of Innsbruck became a centre of European politics and culture as Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I took up residence there. From
13416-406: The separated countries. In several areas, such as mobility, agriculture, education and culture will be tried to promote exchange and to raise the awareness of the cultural and historical heritage of the region of Tyrol in the minds of the population. Cross-border projects will be initiated to improve the relationship between the different language groups. To represent common ideas and values in Europe,
13545-451: The site of a Jewish printing press. In 1558 Cardinal Madruzzo granted the privilege of printing Hebrew books to Joseph Ottolengo, a German rabbi . The actual printer was Jacob Marcaria , a local physician; after his death in 1562, the activity of the press of Riva di Trento ceased. Altogether, 34 works were published in the period from 1558 to 1562, most of them bearing the coat of arms of Madruzzo. Prince-bishops governed Trento until
13674-413: The snowiest period of the year. As of December 2023, there were 119.180 people residing in Trento, of whom 48% were male and 52% were female. Children (ages 14 and younger) totalled 12.6 percent of the population compared to the elderly (ages 65 and above) who numbered 24.4 percent. The average age of Trento residents is 45.5 compared to the Italian average of 46.8. In the five years between 2018 and 2023,
13803-502: The south of the region. The Romans called them Rhaetians ; although it is not clear whether that then meant a specific tribe or confederation of tribes, or was a broader term for the inhabitants of the area. They made wine barrels (an idea which the Romans took from them), and had their own alphabet. In 15 BC, Tyrol was conquered by Roman forces commanded by Drusus and Tiberius . The Romans established Raetia and Noricum as provinces of
13932-587: The sovereignty was divided between the Bishopric of Trent and the County of Tyrol (from 1363 part of the Habsburg monarchy). Around 1200, Trento became a mining center of some significance: silver was mined from the Monte Calisio – Khalisperg, and Prince-Bishop Federico Wanga issued the first mining code of the alpine region. In the 14th century, the Habsburg Family that ruled as dukes of Austria were also
14061-403: The special written form has been used mainly by a government that has now for centuries been based in Vienna. Österreichische Kanzleisprache is now used less and less because of various administrative reforms that reduced the number of traditional civil servants ( Beamte ). As a result, Standard Austrian German is replacing it in government and administrative texts. When Austria became
14190-598: The standardized form of Austrian German for official governmental use and in schools has been defined by the Österreichisches Wörterbuch ("Austrian Dictionary"), published originally at the behest of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (in the 1950s the "Unterrichtsministerium", under minister Felix Hurdes) with Verlag Jugend & Volk, then by the Österreichischer Bundesverlag. The official Austrian dictionary, Österreichisches Wörterbuch , prescribes spelling rules that define
14319-647: The standardized written formal form, and combined it with their own languages. The result was Romansh , which is still spoken today and is one of the official languages of Switzerland. The Romans constructed metaled roads guarded by forts through Tyrol to connect the Italian peninsula and the lands beyond; notably the Via Claudia Augusta and the Via Raetia [ de ] . The Romans did not seem to find Tyrol an attractive area in which to build new towns, because there are few of them. One town they did build
14448-530: The state, many still are even today) with Slovene , and the dialect of Vienna, which has been influenced by immigration during the Austro-Hungarian period, particularly from what is today the Czech Republic . The German dialects of South Tyrol have been influenced by local Romance languages , particularly noticeable with the many loanwords from Italian and Ladin . The geographic borderlines between
14577-404: The temperature soaring up to 30 °C. Summers are hot, sometimes sweltering, with highs getting to 35 °C at least for a week a year and more rarely to 38 °C. Summer nights can be hot as well, with overnight lows hovering around 22-24 °C (in the hilly suburbs east, north and west of Trento summer nights can be much cooler, with overnight temperature differing by up to 6 °C from
14706-441: The territory of the former Bishopric of Trent, roughly corresponding to the modern-day Trentino, as well as the southern part of the medieval County of Tyrol county, the present-day province of South Tyrol . Italy thus took control of the strategically important Alpine water divide at the Brenner Pass and over the south of Tyrol proper with its large German-speaking majority. The remaining northern and eastern parts of Tyrol became
14835-439: The three hills that surround the city (known in Italian as Doss Trento , Doss di Sant'Agata and Doss di San Rocco ). The Latin name is the source of the adjective "tridentine". On the old city hall, a Latin inscription is still visible: " Montes argentum mihi dant nomenque Tridentum " ("Mountains give me silver and the name of Trento"), attributed to Fra' Bartolomeo da Trento (died in 1251). Tridentum became an important stop on
14964-479: The two provincial councils of Bolzano and Trento, has less influence and competences. Thus, many parties determine their focus within the provinces. Other parties in Trentino-South Tyrol , especially in South Tyrol, were founded on the example of Austrian parties and have many similarities with the parties in Austria . In the economic sector statistics are shown, which are based largely on numbers and data of
15093-541: The various dialects are very similar, but pronunciation is distinct for each and, after listening to a few spoken words, it may be possible for an Austrian to realise which dialect is being spoken. However, in regard to the dialects of the deeper valleys of the Tyrol, other Tyroleans are often unable to understand them. Speakers from the different provinces of Austria can easily be distinguished from each other by their particular accents (probably more so than Bavarians), those of Carinthia , Styria, Vienna, Upper Austria , and
15222-402: The words stehen (to stand) and gestehen (to confess) are identical in the present perfect: habe gestanden . The Austrian variant avoids that potential ambiguity ( bin gestanden from stehen , "to stand"; and habe gestanden from gestehen , "to confess": "der Verbrecher ist vor dem Richter gestanden und hat gestanden" ). In addition, the preterite ( simple past )
15351-811: Was Aguntum , near modern Lienz . In late antiquity (from AD 476), Tyrol belonged to the Ostrogoths , and it was included in the Ostrogothic Kingdom . In 534, the Ostrogoths lost Meran, Vinschgau and Passer to the Franks . The Ostrogothic Kingdom collapsed in 553, after being overrun by Bajuvarians from the north and Lombards from the south. The Lombards established the Duchy of Tridentum (or, Trent; roughly corresponding to modern Trentino ) and lower parts of south Tyrol. Slavic peoples , who had recently taken Carinthia from
15480-555: Was Andreas Hofer . During his youth, he lived in Italian Tyrol, where he learned the Italian language . When Hofer recovered Trento for the Austrians (1809), he was welcomed with enthusiasm by the population of Trento. Approximately 4,000 Trentinian volunteers ( Sìzzeri or Schützen ) died in battle against the French and Bavarian troops. In 1810, Hofer was captured and brought to Mantua , and
15609-613: Was a Rhaetian settlement: the Adige area was however influenced by neighbouring populations, including the (Adriatic) Veneti , the Etruscans and the Gauls (a Celtic population). According to other theories, the latter instead founded the city during the 4th century BC. Trento was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC, after several clashes with the Rhaetian tribes. Before the Romans, Trento
15738-487: Was a Celtic village. Julius Caesar re-founded it as a Roman municipality when Rome extended citizenship to the part of Cisalpine Gaul north of the River Po. The Latin name given to the settlement was Tridentum, meaning "Three-teeth place" or "Trident-town" ( tri- "three" + dēns, dent- "tooth"). The reason for the name is uncertain: the new town may have been consecrated to the god Neptune , or possibly named after
15867-636: Was at risk of malaria, a factor that affected the entire Italian peninsula and this Alpine region was not spared. Even Tuscany was particularly hard hit; malaria existed far inland into the Veneto area, reaching the Italian Alps. From 1918 to 1940, government figures show Italy's malaria deaths decreased by 96%, due to the efforts of the Rockefeller Foundation and Italy's own malaria experts, who themselves were international leaders in malariology . During
15996-460: Was in doubt because of different laws in different lands as to what a woman could or could not inherit. She navigated her way between the competing claims of the Houses of Wittelsbach, Luxembourg and Habsburg by, in 1342, marrying Louis of Wittelsbach . Louis died in 1361. Margaret died in 1369, and bequeathed Tyrol to Rudolf of Habsburg . The various dynastic squabbles were resolved that same year by
16125-571: Was mutually agreed on. This activity was steadily extended, eventually followed by the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino in 2011. Although off the beaten path of mass tourism, Trento offers rather interesting monuments. Its architecture has a unique feel, with both Italian Renaissance and Roman influences. The city center is small, and most Late-Medieval and Renaissance buildings have been restored to their original pastel colours and wooden balconies. Part of
16254-538: Was opened in 1867 and runs from Innsbruck to Verona via the cities of Bolzano and Trento . Together with the Lower Inn Valley Railway in North Tyrol , this section of the route is part of the important European railway axis Berlin-Palermo , which connects northern Europe with southern Europe across the Alps. With the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel and its completion in 2027, transit traffic on
16383-580: Was removed as Prime Minister when the allies invaded Sicily. Italy surrendered to the Allies, and declared war on Germany. German troops promptly invaded northern Italy and the provinces of Trento, Belluno and South Tyrol became part of the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills , annexed to Germany . Some German-speakers wanted revenge upon Italian-speakers living in the area, but were mostly prevented by
16512-503: Was shot by French soldiers on the express order of Napoleon. With Napoleon's defeat in 1814, Trento was annexed by the Habsburg Empire . Church government was finally extinguished, and Trento was henceforth governed by the secular administration of Tyrol . In the following decades, Trento experienced a modernization of administration and economy with the first railroad in the Adige valley opening in 1859. The entire Mediterranean basin
16641-488: Was subject to Stammesrechte ( Ancient Germanic laws ), such as Lex Romana Curiensis , Lex Alamannorum , Lex Baiuvariorum and Leges Langobardorum . In 1027, Emperor Conrad II , in order to secure the important route through the Brenner Pass , allotted the left bank of the Adige (from Lana to Mezzocorona ) to the Duchy of Bavaria. During the 12th century, the local nobility went further: they built Tyrol Castle in
#233766