81-569: Samuel Jarvis William Lyon Mackenzie The Types Riot was the destruction of William Lyon Mackenzie 's printing press and movable type by members of the Family Compact on June 8, 1826, in York, Upper Canada (now known as Toronto). The Family Compact was the ruling elite of Upper Canada who appointed themselves to positions of power within the Upper Canadian government. Mackenzie created
162-586: A YMCA were built here. The street continues east, although it is under development and closed to traffic. At Bayview, the street ends at the Corktown Common park, once the site of the William Davies Company meat packing factory complex. The original 1796 York town plan, as approved by Lieutenant Governor Simcoe was a ten-block town site west of Taddle Creek , just west of the Don River . This part of
243-407: A duel . They met on July 12 at daybreak at Elmsley's farm, located near Yonge Street north of York. The pair stood back to back, then took eight steps, turned to face each other, after which Jarvis's second Henry John Boulton began counting to three. Ridout misheard the count and prematurely fired on "two". Jarvis was livid at this violation of the agreement and after their seconds conferred Jarvis
324-599: A Tory government official, and John Ridout , the son of a prominent Reformer, which resulted in Ridout's death. Jarvis considered this a personal attack on his character and commentary on a private matter. The Colonial Advocate ' s printing press was located at the northwest corner of Palace Street and Frederick Street in York, Upper Canada (now known as Toronto). Mackenzie lived there with his mother Elizabeth, his wife Isabel, and his children James and Elizabeth. Isabel's siblings, Margaret and James Baxter, were also living on
405-457: A broad tree-lined boulevard, intended to be the pedestrian-friendly commercial spine of the new neighbourhood. Front Street runs from Bathurst Street in the west, east to Bayview Avenue to the east. From Bathurst Street, the street is four lanes wide. On the south side are the large downtown rail yards. From Bathurst to Spadina, the north side is a mix of residential apartments and commercial development. West of Spadina Avenue , 444 Front St. West
486-569: A central divider. The north side are recent low-rise condominiums, the south side a collection of 19th-century commercial buildings. At the intersection of Jarvis Street is the St. Lawrence Market complex. This area was first laid out around 1800 to hold the commercial heart of the Town of York. A public market was first originated in 1803 to serve the Town at this location, the original "Market Square". The large St. Lawrence Market south building incorporates part of
567-479: A criminal case showed that the ruling class would prevent opposition to their power. It convinced citizens that violence against the government was acceptable because the government would not stop attacks against dissenters. The civil trial's verdict scared the Tory elite, as the judicial system could hold them accountable for their actions. They started using legal maneuvers to protect their property and assets. The Types Riot
648-449: A defendant possibly because he was considered too young to be responsible for his actions, as he was 17 or 18. Henry Heward was named as a rioter but not as a defendant. Marshall Spring Bidwell represented Mackenzie at the trial, with Small's assistance. Christopher Alexander Hagerman represented the defendants. The trial took place in York's new courthouse; William Campbell presided. Allan
729-454: A further enlargement of the plan extended Front Street to the west to Peter Street, interrupted by the mouth of Russell Creek . Russell Creek was filled in by 1842 and the area of the mouth became the site of the third Upper Canada Parliament Buildings. By 1816, Front Street was extended to the east to connect to Palace Street. A stub of Front Street to the east of the bay is shown on an 1834 plan of York. This would align today with Mill Street in
810-502: A grocer. The remaining jurors were farmers from the surrounding towns of Whitby , Markham , Scarborough , and Vaughan , and included Jacob Boyer, a German immigrant; and Joseph Tomlinson, who became an agent for the Colonial Advocate after the trial. Bidwell argued Mackenzie should be awarded a larger settlement because of the damaged property's value and Mackenzie's inability to fulfill printing contracts after his printing press
891-545: A group of volunteers to fight on the government's side; the group was named the Queen's Rangers in honour of his father's old unit, also called the Queen's Rangers , which had disbanded in 1802. In 1845 he was removed from his position as Chief Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Upper Canada. A three-man commission appointed to investigate complaints about the Department of Indian Affairs found substantial problems there. Witnesses to
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#1732852161095972-569: A pamphlet called A Statement of Facts Relating to the Trespass on the Printing Press in the Possession of William Lyon Mackenzie , in which he claimed to have organized the event. Jarvis said the riot's purpose was to preserve the power structure of Upper Canada and stop social change. Jarvis's publication included a sworn statement from all the defendants that government officials had no involvement in
1053-497: A park along the north side. Along the south side to the east of the theatre are 19th Century commercial low-rise heritage buildings. At Church Street, the street intersects at an angle with Wellington Street (formerly Market Street). The intersection is notable for the Gooderham Building a wedge-shaped brick building between Wellington and Front. From Church Street, the road continues as a four-lane street of two-way traffic, with
1134-589: Is a carrier hotel that houses more than a hundred telecommunication companies, as well as the Toronto Internet Exchange . Between York and Bay Streets, the south side is the Union Station railway and subway station, the north side is the large Fairmont Royal York Hotel and the RBC Bank building. In this stretch, both sides of the street are reserved for parking for cabs and passenger drop-offs, and there
1215-638: Is a center divider. East of Bay, the north side is the TD Canada Trust tower, while whole south side from Bay to Yonge is the Dominion Public Building, housing offices of the Government of Canada . The road curves to the north-east here to meet at Yonge. On the north-east corner is the Brookfield Place office complex, which incorporates some heritage buildings along Yonge Street. One of the houses
1296-504: Is now named Jarvis Street . Jarvis and his wife had several children. A son, Samuel Peters Jarvis Jr. CMG (1820–1905), was a British Army officer (Major General) who served in South Africa and died in England . Front Street (Toronto) Front Street is an east–west road in downtown Toronto , Ontario , Canada. First laid out in 1796, the street is one of the original streets of
1377-544: The Colonial Advocate newspaper and published editorials in the paper that accused the Family Compact of incompetence and profiteering on corrupt practices, offending the rioters. It is not known who planned the riot, although Samuel Jarvis , a government official, later claimed he organized the event. On the evening of June 8, 9–15 rioters forced their way into the newspaper offices and destroyed property. During
1458-489: The Anglican church and the boards of financial institutions. They used their power to benefit themselves and their families economically. At the time, members of the Family Compact were also referred to as Tories , while modern-day historians sometimes refer to the group as Conservatives. Reformers were the political opponents of the Family Compact. Journalists such as William Lyon Mackenzie published newspapers that questioned
1539-781: The Battle of Stoney Creek and Battle of Lundy's Lane . In 1814 he received two positions in the government of Upper Canada, Assistant Secretary, and Registrar of Upper Canada. Jarvis was also appointed as a Clerk of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada. Having studied law before the war, he was called to the bar in 1815. In 1817 he was named Clerk of the Crown in Chancery. In the fall of 1815, Jarvis escorted his sister Eliza and Sarah Ridout to their boarding school in Quebec. Thomas Gibbs Ridout , who
1620-518: The Colonial Advocate was unsuccessful. Hagerman emphasized that the Swift editorials damaged the reputations of living and deceased people and the right to free press was not supposed to protect slanderous writers like Mackenzie. He stated the rioters wanted to protect decency in Upper Canada and did not physically harm anyone. Although Hagerman admitted the rioters damaged some property, he claimed Mackenzie
1701-589: The Colonial Advocate . Before the riot, the newspaper was struggling financially and might have ceased operations; the settlement helped the paper stay financially feasible. In 1827, he published his account of the incident as The History of the Destruction of the Colonial Advocate Press . Mackenzie also used the settlement to fund his first campaign for a seat in the Upper Canada Legislature for
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#17328521610951782-585: The Distillery District . On an 1894 map of Toronto, Palace Street has become part of Front Street, and the street has been extended to the east to the Don River. The Esplanade is shown connected to Mill Street. And in the west, Front Street is extended to Bathurst Street. A proposal to extend Front Street was made in 1999 as part of efforts to develop the waterfront by the City of Toronto. The plan would have extended
1863-666: The Hockey Hall of Fame . East of Yonge Street, the street is for a few blocks a two-lane one-way east street angling further to the north. The corner here is the site of the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts theater. The north side is the Altius Group office building, with ground-floor retail. One block east is the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts theatre building on the south side, with
1944-581: The Town of York . The street was laid out along the shoreline of Lake Ontario as it existed during that time. It remains an important street, with many important uses located along it, including the St. Lawrence Market , Meridian Hall , Union Station and the Metro Toronto Convention Centre . The eastern section of Front Street, in the West Don Lands , east of Cherry Street, is being rebuilt as
2025-500: The Upper Canada Gazette decried the settlement Mackenzie received, believing the damage to his printing press was exaggerated. Most independent newspapers supported Mackenzie, and the amount awarded to him. Mackenzie did not seek criminal charges because he thought Robinson, who would have led the prosecution in a criminal case, would not pursue the charges rigorously. Robinson stated he did not pursue criminal charges because it
2106-466: The 1820s and 1830s, including the Types Riot, showed the weakening conservative dominance in the province's politics. It demonstrated that the Family Compact's claim to authority, based on their education and upbringing, was supported by threats of uncivilized violence. Reformers used the riot to support their theory of persecution by the Tory elite. Government prosecutors' refusal to charge the defendants in
2187-554: The 1845 Toronto City Hall building in its Front Street facade. The north side of the street is the St. Lawrence Market north building, the original market location, which was originally the Market Square. East of Jarvis Street, the street continues as a four-lane two-way street. This stretch, parallel to King Street, from George to Parliament, is the southern border of the original York town site, although no buildings along this street date from
2268-498: The County of York in July 1828, for which he was elected. Jarvis was listed first as a defendant in the lawsuit and used this to promote his social status among the governing elite. He declared he was the leader of the mob and refused to talk about or publish material that damaged the reputation of the persons involved, including government administrators. Two years after the riot, Jarvis printed
2349-457: The Family Compact, and Mackenzie remained popular for several years. After the Types Riot, the youth of York divided themselves into an upper class of people related to the government administrators and a lower class composed of mechanics and labourers. These groups avoided interacting and distrusted each other's actions. Samuel Jarvis claimed the riot exposed the differing political philosophies of those born and raised in Upper Canada who supported
2430-548: The attorney general's office, but several members of the mob denied this eighteen months after the trial concluded. The riot began just after 6:00 pm on June 8, 1826. The exact number of rioters is uncertain; Jarvis reported there were nine or ten people, while a newspaper at the time reported fifteen participants. The rioters included Jarvis, Lyons, Richardson, Sherwood, Charles Baby, Raymond Baby, Charles Heward, Henry Heward, James King, and Peter McDougall. Several rioters brought clubs and sticks with them to aid in damaging
2511-405: The authority of the Tory ruling elite. The Family Compact tried to maintain their political power by attacking and disrupting Reformer political meetings. In 1824, Mackenzie began publishing the Colonial Advocate , a newspaper critical of the government and the Family Compact. The newspaper was a popular publication amongst people who were displeased with the administration of Upper Canada. Under
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2592-523: The commission testified about occurrences of bribery , fraud , religious discrimination and lack of interest in the welfare of the Indians under its supervision. To repay the government the money he had stolen from the Indian Department, Jarvis was forced to sell Hazel Burn to pay the £4000 that he owed the government. The estate was divided into town lots with a street through the tract. The street
2673-404: The criminal trial was orchestrated to force Mackenzie to testify in the proceedings. The defendants' witnesses testified Mackenzie told them he exaggerated the damage. Mackenzie testified the physical damage was £12 but the amount he claimed in the civil trial included money he lost in printing contracts because his press was damaged. The jury quickly decided the men were guilty. The judge determined
2754-427: The defendants had already paid a large settlement after the civil trial and fined each of them five shillings . The Types Riot inspired Mackenzie to continue his fight to dismantle the Upper Canada power structure dominated by the Family Compact. A year after the incident, he used the riot to highlight abuses of power by government authorities and criticized Allan and Heward's appointment as barristers-at-law. The event
2835-537: The east as a two-lane street. The area here is a district in transition. This area was primarily industrial, and was connected to the railways east of Cherry Street. The area is now vacant and partly filled with the new buildings of the West Don Lands development. The area east of Cherry Street to the south was the site of the 2015 Pan American Games Athletes' Village , which will become the Canary District housing development. A new George Brown College residence and
2916-478: The employees about his character and the Colonial Advocate ' s negative reputation. These questions confirmed Mackenzie wrote the Patrick Swift editorials. The Upper Canada Herald printed Hagerman's 4,400-word address to the jury. He suggested the trial was about Mackenzie's conduct. He claimed Mackenzie was exaggerating the financial cost of the damage and was using the lawsuit to prevent bankruptcy because
2997-456: The event as a sign of weakening Tory influence in Upper Canada politics. The ruling elite of Upper Canada consisted of members of the Family Compact , who were descendants of Loyalist families. Shortly after the War of 1812 , they convinced the lieutenant-governor of the colony to appoint them to the unelected executive council and positions in the judicial system while occupying higher offices in
3078-518: The event, Mackenzie's employees tried to get passersby to help stop the rioters. Bystanders refused to help when they saw government officials like William Allan and Stephen Heward were watching the spectacle. When the rioters finished destroying the office, they took cases of type with them and threw them into the nearby bay . Mackenzie sued the rioters for the damage to his property and lost business opportunities. The civil trial attracted substantial media attention, with several newspapers denouncing
3159-411: The government administrators' failure to stop the riot or charge the perpetrators. Mackenzie stayed away from York immediately after the riot because friends advised him his life might be in danger. He struggled financially for six months as the printing press was his source of income and he was responsible for boarding his apprentices. He had previously suffered from malarial fever and it returned due to
3240-532: The government officials who failed to stop the riot. A jury awarded Mackenzie £ 625 to be paid by the defendants, a particularly harsh settlement. He used the event to highlight abuses of the Upper Canada government during his first campaign for election to the Parliament of Upper Canada , for which he was ultimately successful. Reformers viewed Mackenzie as a martyr because of the destruction of his property and he remained popular for several years. Historians identify
3321-517: The government speculated FitzGibbon was appointed as clerk of the Legislative Assembly and colonel of the militia as a reward for organizing this collection. FitzGibbon reacted to these accusations by sending a letter to the lieutenant-governor accusing Mackenzie of instigating the riot to increase his popularity and save his printing business. Mackenzie used the settlement to pay his creditors, buy new printing equipment and restart production of
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3402-510: The incident to his superiors at the Colonial Office . Attorney General John Robinson did not publicly condemn the attacks or admonish his employees who had participated in the riot. The dean of York attorneys, William Warren Baldwin created a list of actions he felt highlighted Robinson's failure of duty as attorney general; Robinson's decision not to prosecute the rioters was first on that list. Public opinion supported Mackenzie because of
3483-399: The incident, Jarvis claimed he had planned the riot. William Proudfoot testified at the civil trial that he heard Jarvis, Lyons, and Charles Richardson plan to ambush and attack Mackenzie. Raymond Baby stated that Charles Heward, the nephew of the attorney general , and Henry Sherwood , the son of a judge, recruited him for the mob on the afternoon of the riot. Baby claimed they brought him to
3564-486: The instructions favoured the defendants, but newspapers at the time did not think the instructions were noteworthy. The jury deliberated for thirty hours, debating the amount of money Mackenzie should be rewarded. Juror George Shaw did not want to award Mackenzie any damages and argued that previous case law indicated they should dismiss the case. Three jurors became sick during the deliberations. Jacob Boyer had bloodletting administered to him, but refused to be dismissed from
3645-628: The jury. After further discussion, the jury awarded Mackenzie £625 (equivalent to £66,329 in 2023) in damages, a particularly harsh verdict. The damages awarded to Mackenzie surprised Mary Jarvis, as she believed it was a modest amount of money. James Baby reprimanded Charles as he paid his son's share of the settlement. James FitzGibbon , a colonel in Upper Canada, solicited donations from riot supporters and government administrators. In 1827, Collins reported on this donation scheme and accused Maitland of donating funds. FitzGibbon confirmed he solicited funds but denied Maitland donated money. Opponents of
3726-456: The lawsuit showed an impartial court, other historians believe this event highlighted the maladministration of Upper Canada. The riot showed a willingness of the Upper Canadian elite to ignore the laws that placed them in positions of power. Wilton stated the event should be analyzed as part of a larger campaign of conservative political attacks that includes the violence of Reform meetings in the 1830s. The violence that occurred in Upper Canada in
3807-424: The men arrived at the printing press, they shouted, demanding to be let into the building. When no one responded, they forced their way in. Two apprentices, James Lumsden and James Baxter, immediately fled the house and shouted for help. When the rioters could not find Ferguson, they attacked the printing press. James and Elizabeth Mackenzie investigated the noise and discovered the rioters destroying property. Upset by
3888-609: The north side of the street are office buildings, including the headquarters for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). Along the south side is a low-rise office building to the north of the Rogers Centre stadium. From John Street east to nearly Simcoe is the Metro Convention Centre. From Simcoe East are a few remnant industrial buildings, repurposed for office and retail uses. 151 Front Street West
3969-454: The perpetrators of other crimes, including the rioters in the Types Riot. Judge John Walpole Willis agreed with Collins and threatened to report Robinson's conduct to the British government. A few days later Robinson initiated criminal proceedings against the perpetrators of the Types Riot, the same individuals named in the civil suit. The criminal trial began later that day. According to Jarvis,
4050-505: The planning or implementation of the riot. Newspapers that opposed Upper Canadian government officials believed the riot was another example of the government eliminating opposition to its power. Collins stated in the Canadian Freeman that he supported Mackenzie's settlement and denounced the riot. Those who supported the administration believed the rioters overreacted to Mackenzie's provocative Patrick Swift editorials. Robert Stanton of
4131-496: The property and the latter was an apprentice of Mackenzie. Two other apprentices lived there, along with a journeyman named Charles French. Mackenzie travelled to Queenston before the riot for unknown reasons and left his foreman, Ferguson, in charge of the press in his absence. It is not known who planned the riot. Members of the Family Compact approached John Lyons, the lieutenant-governor 's clerk, and encouraged him to plan an attack on Mackenzie's printing press. A few years after
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#17328521610954212-569: The property. Some historians have stated that the men were dressed as indigenous people , although newspaper accounts and published documents from the riot participants did not confirm this. Heather Davis-Fisch, a professor at the University of the Fraser Valley , stated that this information was included in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography without verification by the authors, possibly because it
4293-606: The pseudonym "Patrick Swift", Mackenzie published articles that questioned the Family Compact's ability to run the colony and how they used their legal power to enrich themselves. For the Colonial Advocate ' s second anniversary on May 18, 1826, Mackenzie published several negative stories on the history of Family Compact members. He accused female ancestors of the Family Compact of having many sexual partners and having been infected with syphilis , and he criticized their personal appearance. On June 8, 1826, Mackenzie published an account of an 1817 duel between Samuel Jarvis ,
4374-419: The riot and taking no action to stop it. Heward shouted encouragement to his sons to continue rioting while Allan watched from his property. Charles Ridout watched the riot from the bay and saw Heward and Allan were doing nothing to stop the mob. Other spectators gathered on a bank of a bay near the printing press. When Francis Collins, editor of the Canadian Freeman , arrived at the printing office, he discovered
4455-510: The riot, furthering speculation that the government supported the event. Members of the Upper Canada elite expressed their opinions in private letters. Anne Powell wrote the riot was the "most disgraceful scene" that had happened in York. She hoped her sons were not involved in the incident and forwarded the news to her husband in London. Robert Stanton said the rioters displayed their passion without restraint. When William Jarvis discovered his brother
4536-626: The riot. H. C. Thompson in the Upper Canada Herald criticized the rioters' connection to the Upper Canada Administration as an attack on the freedom of the press. James Macfarlane supported the rioters in the Kingston Chronicle , stating they had no other recourse to the Swift editorials in the Colonial Advocate . The Upper Canada Gazette , the journal published by the public administration of Upper Canada, did not comment on
4617-455: The rioters had left and Elizabeth was distraught over the damage. He reported that Elizabeth feared the men would return to demolish the house. Independent newspaper editors throughout Upper Canada believed Allan and Heward's inaction during the riot meant the Upper Canadian government supported it. Collins denounced the destruction in the Canadian Freeman newspaper and criticized Allan and Heward, as police magistrates , for not helping to stop
4698-588: The road west to Dufferin Street , adding connections to the Gardiner Expressway . The entire cost of the extension, once estimated at $ 120 million, grew to $ 245 million and in May 2008, Toronto Mayor David Miller announced its cancellation and that funds budgeted for the road would go to other projects on the waterfront. While the plan was in development, two local entrepreneurs, Fred Dominelli who later became
4779-478: The ruling elite and immigrants who believed in changing the political system towards British radicalism or American egalitarianism . Historian Carol Wilton described the Types Riot and its subsequent civil trial as "the most important debate in Upper Canadian legal history". According to Wilton, the riot showed an upper class without an understanding of the rule of law who wanted to preserve their society. Although Tory-aligned historians believe Mackenzie's reward in
4860-500: The shooting of John Ridout. Around 1822 Jarvis moved onto land which he had inherited from his father, Hazel Burn , a 100-acre (0.40 km ) lot between Queen Street and Bloor Street . He cleared the southern part of the lot and erected an estate. On June 8, 1826, Jarvis and fourteen others, disguised as Indians , broke into the offices of William Lyon Mackenzie 's newspaper Colonial Advocate , where they smashed his printing press and threw it into Toronto Harbour . This act
4941-462: The situation, Elizabeth left the house. The rioters intimidated the occupants of the house, scattered type across the room and demolished the printing press. When a rioter announced the mob had done enough damage, they left carrying cases of type, which were thrown into the nearby bay . A passerby heard Baxter's call for help, but did nothing because he saw William Allan and Stephen Heward , two high-ranking administrators in Upper Canada, observing
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#17328521610955022-418: The street which would in future become part of today's Front Street, was first named King Street . In the 1797 plan extending the town to the west, Front Street appeared to the west of Yonge, and extended west to York Street. The streets in the original site were changed and the original King Street was changed to Palace Street , and the original Duke Street, one block to the north, became King Street. In 1798,
5103-406: The stress he suffered. Mackenzie was not confident that Robinson would pursue criminal charges against the perpetrators, so decided to sue the rioters in civil court for damaging his property. He hired James Edward Small as his attorney. Small issued writs addressed to "Jarvis et al." for a civil suit . Jarvis hired James Buchanan Macaulay to defend him. Small proposed a settlement of £2000 as
5184-583: The time of the Town of York. From here east to Parliament Street, the area is mixed retail and commercial, mostly low-rise. The buildings are mostly 20th Century buildings with a few heritage buildings dating back to the second half of the 19th Century. East of Parliament Street, the street intersects with the Eastern Avenue Extension which crosses over the Don River to connect to the Don Valley Parkway expressway. Front Street itself continues to
5265-535: The trial, Mackenzie declined Robinson's offer to pursue criminal charges. Mackenzie later claimed that his lawyers advised him not to pursue criminal charges because Robinson was biased in favour of the defendants. Francis Collins was charged with libel for his articles on the Jarvis-Ridout duel. At his criminal trial in April 1828, he accused Robinson of neglecting his duty by charging him for libel while refusing to charge
5346-410: The value of the destroyed printing press and type. Macaulay claimed the rioters were righteous in their actions and that the destroyed property was not worth £2000. He offered to settle for £200, then £300. Small rejected these offers, so the lawsuit went to trial . Jarvis, Lyons, Richardson, Charles Baby, Charles Heward, King, McDougall, and Sherwood were the defendants . Raymond Baby was not named as
5427-427: Was a "cultural memory" of the event. The rioters intended to attack Ferguson at the Colonial Advocate ' s printing office; they believed Ferguson wrote the Patrick Swift editorials and wanted to retaliate against him. When the group was gathered, Jarvis sent Heward to the printing office to ascertain if Ferguson was there. The others followed shortly after, walking in single file and brandishing their weapons. When
5508-459: Was allowed to take his shot, which killed Ridout. Jarvis was arrested that day charged with murder. Jarvis was acquitted, as all the formalities of a duel had been met, and the unspoken practice of the day was to acquit duellers. It was the last such quasi-legal duel in Toronto. In October 1818 Jarvis married Mary Boyles Powell, the daughter of William Dummer Powell who presided over his trial for
5589-406: Was an associate judge during the proceedings. The defendants admitted they participated in the riot, so the jury was tasked with determining the amount of money Mackenzie should receive. Hagerman insisted that the case be heard by a special jury . The jury's foreman was Robert Rutherford, who owned a general store in York. The other two jurors from York were Edward Wright, a tailor, and George Shaw,
5670-539: Was born to William Jarvis and Hannah Owens Peters in Newark, Upper Canada . He moved with his family to York , ( Toronto ) Upper Canada , in 1798. In 1807 he attended the grammar school of John Strachan in Cornwall, Ontario . Jarvis was a member of the 3rd Regiment of York Militia during the War of 1812 , seeing action at the Battle of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights under Isaac Brock , and later action in
5751-411: Was customary for the victim to choose if a civil or criminal trial should be held, and Mackenzie chose a civil trial. The defendants' supporters wanted Robinson to pursue a criminal trial because they thought it would reduce the amount of money Mackenzie would be awarded in the civil trial. Robinson declined to pursue charges during the civil trial to avoid accusations of interfering with proceedings. After
5832-409: Was destroyed. He stated the rioters violated all Englishmen's rights to a free press and that the law should decide the morality and legality of a newspaper, not a mob. Bidwell also argued that the defendants should have used their social standing and education to find a peaceful solution instead of using violence. He also accused the defendants of violating Mackenzie's privacy by damaging his home, which
5913-503: Was highlighted during his successful campaign to become a legislator in the Upper Canada Parliament, claiming that government officials had betrayed the public's trust by instigating the riot. He also used the event to show electors he was part of a group of citizens who struggled to reform the political system of Upper Canada. The riot led to Mackenzie becoming a martyr among Reformers , the political group that campaigned against
5994-453: Was in retaliation for negative editorials which Mackenzie had run about members of the Family Compact. Mackenzie sued and won £625, which was paid by donations from the Family Compact, and Mackenzie was able to set up a larger operation. Jarvis was named Chief Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Upper Canada in 1837, replacing James Givins . During the Rebellion of 1837 , Jarvis organised
6075-400: Was involved in the riot, he wrote to him saying he wished Samuel had thrown Mackenzie into the bay, too. Lieutenant-governor Peregrine Maitland was not in York during the riot and government officials did not comment on the event on his behalf. When Maitland returned to York two weeks later, he fired Lyons as his private secretary. He did not comment on the event publicly and did not report
6156-403: Was living in Quebec at the time, paid for various supplies for Eliza and a year later accused Jarvis of owing him £100. Sam refuted this, asking the Ridout family to withdraw their accusation or accept a duel. John Strachan convinced Jarvis to withdraw his invitation to duel and the Ridout family to write a letter saying they misunderstood Thomas Ridout's version of events. In 1817 John Ridout
6237-433: Was not entitled to the sums of money he was suing for. The defendants did not testify during the trial because Hagerman did not want them to be cross-examined about who had planned, recruited, and executed the attack. He also wanted the jury to focus on Mackenzie's conduct, not on that of the defendants. Campbell gave instructions to the jury that summarized the evidence of the trial. Mary Jarvis, Samuel Jarvis's wife, thought
6318-432: Was on the same property as the printing press. Elizabeth Mackenzie was the first witness for the plaintiff and described the attack from inside the property, although she could not identify any perpetrators. William Lyon Mackenzie's five employees identified the rioters and explained the business's finances to showcase the lost income from the riot. Hagerman did not want the jury to sympathize with Mackenzie, so he questioned
6399-666: Was the first instance of violence against reformers that led to the Upper Canada Rebellion and continued until the 1840s. Samuel Jarvis Samuel Peters Jarvis (November 15, 1792 – September 6, 1857) was a Canadian government official in the nineteenth century. He was the Chief Superintendent for the Indian Department in Upper Canada (1837–1845), and he was a member of the Family Compact . Jarvis
6480-424: Was the site of The Globe and Mail 's offices for over 40 years until 2017. Front Street diverges from the rail line. Along this stretch, which at one time was industrial with many rail sidings, the street has many high-rise buildings. These are mostly residential with ground and lower floors given to retail and commercial uses. East of Blue Jays Way (the extension of Peter Street south), the area becomes commercial. On
6561-414: Was working as a clerk in his brother's law practice and visited Jarvis's office in relation to legal business. Their conversation became heated and Ridout left in an angered state. The following Tuesday the two men argued again on the streets of Toronto. The next day Ridout attacked Jarvis with a bludgeon and militia had to stop the fight between the two men. Over the next few days, the two men agreed to
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