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29-574: Type X may refer to: Typex , or Type X, British cipher machines used from 1937 Taito Type X , an arcade system board Type X submarine , a special type of German U-boat Grahame-White Type X , a 1910s British passenger-carrying biplane Type X, a category of fire-resistant drywall Type-X (unmanned ground vehicle) , a robotic combat vehicle by Milrem Robotics See also [ edit ] X-Type All pages with titles containing Type X Type 10 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

58-606: A cost of £115 (GBP) each for Auckland and Wellington. From 1943 the Americans and the British agreed upon a Combined Cipher Machine (CCM). The British Typex and American ECM Mark II could be adapted to become interoperable. While the British showed Typex to the Americans, the Americans never permitted the British to see the ECM, which was a more complex design. Instead, attachments were built for both that allowed them to read messages created on

87-700: A machine authorised by the RAF . Lywood worked with J. C. Coulson, Albert P. Lemmon, and Ernest W. Smith at Kidbrooke in Greenwich , with the printing unit provided by Creed & Company . The first prototype was delivered to the Air Ministry on 30 April 1935. In early 1937, around 30 Typex Mark I machines were supplied to the RAF. The machine was initially termed the "RAF Enigma with Type X attachments". The design of its successor had begun by February 1937. In June 1938, Typex Mark II

116-470: A minute, significantly slower than the 300 achievable with the Mark II. Typex Mark VI was another handle-operated variant, measuring 20 in (510 mm) ×12 in (300 mm) ×9 in (230 mm), weighing 30 lb (14 kg) and consisting of over 700 components. Plugboards for the reflector were added to the machine from November 1941. For inter-Allied communications during World War II ,

145-483: A speed of 20 words a minute, and the output ciphertext or plaintext was printed on paper tape. For some portable versions, such as the Mark III, a message was typed with the left hand while the right hand turned a handle. Several Internet Typex articles say that only Vaseline was used to lubricate Typex machines and that no other lubricant was used. Vaseline was used to lubricate the rotor disc contacts. Without this there

174-417: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Typex In the history of cryptography , Typex (alternatively, Type X or TypeX ) machines were British cipher machines used from 1937. It was an adaptation of the commercial German Enigma with a number of enhancements that greatly increased its security. The cipher machine (and its many revisions)

203-480: Is intended for external use only, and is not recommended for deep skin cuts or punctures, animal bites, or serious burns. Topical petrolatum products like Vaseline are used to manage and relieve atopic dermatitis and eczema in adults. Vaseline contains mineral oils . Unrefined mineral oils often contain adulterants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can increase risk for certain forms of cancer when consumed orally. When used topically (as

232-450: Is not recommended for internal use. It can also be used as a moisture insulator for local skin conditions characterized by dry skin, such as atopic dermatitis and eczema . As a petrolatum product, Vaseline is used as a topical moisturizer which assists with skin water retention by acting as an occlusive agent that prevents evaporation of water from the stratum corneum (outermost skin layer) and seals out external water. Vaseline

261-546: Is said by the manufacturer to be derived from German Wasser "water" + Greek έλαιον ( elaion ) "oil". Vaseline was made by the Chesebrough Manufacturing Company until the company, which merged with Pond's in 1955, was purchased by Unilever in 1987. Vaseline can be used as a lubricant for metallic and plastic surfaces. Vaseline should never be used as a sexual lubricant , as it may introduce infection-causing bacteria, damage latex condoms, and

290-618: Is used as generic for petroleum jelly; in Portugal , the Unilever products are called Vasenol. In 1859, Robert Chesebrough , a chemist who formerly clarified kerosene from the oil of sperm whales , traveled to the oil fields in Titusville, Pennsylvania to research what new materials might be created from this new fuel. There he learned of a residue called rod wax that had to be periodically removed from oil rig pumps. The oil workers had been using

319-609: The Combined Cipher Machine (CCM) was developed, used in the Royal Navy from November 1943. The CCM was implemented by making modifications to Typex and the United States ECM Mark II machine so that they would be compatible. Typex Mark VIII was a Mark II fitted with a morse perforator. Typex 22 (BID/08/2) and Typex 23 (BID/08/3) were late models, that incorporated plugboards for improved security. Mark 23

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348-609: The Enigma, due to the increased complexity of the system and the low levels of traffic. A Typex machine without rotors was captured by German forces at Dunkirk during the Battle of France and more than one German cryptanalytic section proposed attempting to crack Typex; however, the B-Dienst codebreaking organisation gave up on it after six weeks, when further time and personnel for such attempts were refused. One German cryptanalyst stated that

377-447: The Typex had over the standard Enigma was that the rotors in the machine contained multiple notches that would turn the neighbouring rotor. This eliminated an entire class of attacks on the system, whereas Enigma's fixed notches resulted in certain patterns appearing in the cyphertext that could be seen under certain circumstances. Some Typex rotors came in two parts, where a slug containing

406-485: The Typex was more secure than the Enigma since it had seven rotors, therefore no major effort was made to crack Typex messages as they believed that even the Enigma's messages were unbreakable. Although the Typex has been attributed as having good security, the historic record is much less clear. There was an ongoing investigation into Typex security that arose out of German POWs in North Africa claiming that Typex traffic

435-560: The early 1970s, disposing of its last machine in about 1973. All the versions of the Typex had advantages over the German military versions of the Enigma machine. The German equivalent teleprinter machines in World War II (used by higher-level but not field units) were the Lorenz SZ 40/42 and Siemens and Halske T52 using Fish cyphers . Vaseline In many languages, the word "vaseline"

464-563: The end of World War II. Less than a year into the war, the Germans could read all British military encryption other than Typex, which was used by the British armed forces and by Commonwealth countries including Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Royal Navy decided to adopt the RAF Type X Mark II in 1940 after trials; eight stations already had Type X machines. Eventually over 600 machines would be required. New Zealand initially got two machines at

493-702: The end of the war, and (c) an attempt to sum up the evidence for and against the possibility of German successes. Apart from an unconfirmed report from an agent in France on 19 July 1942 to the effect that the GAF were using two British machines captured at DUNKIRK for passing their own traffic between BERLIN and GOLDAP, our evidence during the war was based on reports that OKH was exploiting Typex material left behind in TOBRUK in 1942. Typex machines continued in use long after World War II. The New Zealand military used TypeX machines until

522-652: The other. In 1944 the Admiralty decided to supply 2 CCM Mark III machines (the Typex Mark II with adaptors for the American CCM) for each "major" war vessel down to and including corvettes but not submarines; RNZN vessels were the Achilles , Arabis (then out of action), Arbutus , Gambia and Matua . Although a British test cryptanalytic attack made considerable progress, the results were not as significant as against

551-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Type X . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_X&oldid=1191452463 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

580-453: The substance to heal cuts and burns. Chesebrough took samples of the rod wax back to Brooklyn , extracted the usable petroleum jelly, and began manufacturing a medicinal product he called Vaseline. The first known reference to the name Vaseline was by Chesebrough in his U.S. patent (U.S. Patent 127,568) in 1872. "I, Robert Chesebrough, have invented a new and useful product from petroleum which I have named Vaseline..." The name "vaseline"

609-410: The wiring was inserted into a metal casing. Different casings contained different numbers of notches around the rim, such as 5, 7 or 9 notches. Each slug could be inserted into a casing in two different ways by turning it over. In use, all the rotors of the machine would use casings with the same number of notches. Normally five slugs were chosen from a set of ten. On some models, operators could achieve

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638-541: Was a Mark 22 modified for use with the CCM. In New Zealand , Typex Mark II and Mark III were superseded by Mark 22 and Mark 23 on 1 January 1950. The Royal Air Force used a combination of the Creed Teleprinter and Typex until 1960. This amalgamation allowed a single operator to use punch tape and printouts for both sending and receiving encrypted material. Erskine (2002) estimates that around 12,000 Typex machines were built by

667-576: Was a risk of arcing which would burn the insulation between the contacts. For the rest of the machine two grades of oil (Spindle Oils 1 and 2) were used. Regular cleaning and maintenance was essential. In particular, the letters/figures cam-cluster balata discs had to be kept lubricated. By the 1920s, the British Government was seeking a replacement for its book cipher systems, which had been shown to be insecure and which proved to be slow and awkward to use. In 1926, an inter-departmental committee

696-410: Was adopted by the RAF, Army and other government departments. During World War II , a large number of Typex machines were manufactured by the tabulating machine manufacturer Powers-Samas . Typex Mark III was a more portable variant, using the same drums as the Mark II machines powered by turning a handle (it was also possible to attach a motor drive). The maximum operating speed is around 60 letters

725-544: Was decipherable. A brief excerpt from the report TOP SECRET U [ZIP/SAC/G.34] THE POSSIBLE EXPLOITATION OF TYPEX BY THE GERMAN SIGINT SERVICES The following is a summary of information so far received on German attempts to break into the British Typex machine, based on P/W interrogations carried out during and subsequent to the war. It is divided into (a) the North African interrogations, (b) information gathered after

754-408: Was demonstrated to the cipher-machine committee, who approved an order of 350 machines. The Mark II model was bulky, incorporating two printers: one for plaintext and one for ciphertext. As a result, it was significantly larger than the Enigma, weighing around 120 lb (54 kg) , and measuring 30 in (760 mm) × 22 in (560 mm) × 14 in (360 mm). After trials, the machine

783-549: Was doubled to improve reliability. Of the five rotors, typically the first two were stationary. These provided additional enciphering without adding complexity to the rotor turning mechanisms. Their purpose was similar to the plugboard in the Enigmas, offering additional randomization that could be easily changed. Unlike Enigma's plugboard, however, the wiring of those two rotors could not be easily changed day-to-day. Plugboards were added to later versions of Typex. The major improvement

812-440: Was formed to consider whether they could be replaced with cipher machines. Over a period of several years and at large expense, the committee investigated a number of options but no proposal was decided upon. One suggestion was put forward by Wing Commander Oswyn G. W. G. Lywood to adapt the commercial Enigma by adding a printing unit but the committee decided against pursuing Lywood's proposal. In August 1934, Lywood began work on

841-408: Was used until the mid-1950s when other more modern military encryption systems came into use. Like Enigma, Typex was a rotor machine . Typex came in a number of variations, but all contained five rotors, as opposed to three or four in the Enigma. Like the Enigma, the signal was sent through the rotors twice, using a " reflector " at the end of the rotor stack. On a Typex rotor, each electrical contact

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