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42-505: Type D or D-Type may refer to: Science [ edit ] D-type asteroid Type D personality , a concept used in the field of medical psychology Petrov type D , an algebraic classification Technology [ edit ] Type D plug, a type of electrical power plug Type-D destroyer , ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy Type D escort ship , ships of

84-415: A continuous dimension, with many people in the middle. Effective personality typologies reveal and increase knowledge and understanding of individuals, as opposed to diminishing knowledge and understanding as occurs in the case of stereotyping . Effective typologies also allow for increased ability to predict clinically relevant information about people and to develop effective treatment strategies. There

126-453: A valid and reliable 14-item questionnaire, the Type D Scale (DS14). Seven items refer to negative affectivity, and seven items refer to social inhibition. People who score 10 points or more on both dimensions are classified as Type D. Both negative affectivity and social inhibition have been shown to be relatively stable traits across four years. The DS14 can be applied in clinical practice for

168-518: A "type" instrument (the MBTI ) to a "trait" instrument (the NEO PI ) found that the trait measure was a better predictor of personality disorders. Because of these problems, personality type theories have fallen out of favor in psychology. Most researchers now believe that it is impossible to explain the diversity of human personality with a small number of discrete types. They recommend trait models instead, such as

210-775: A Type D personality have a worse prognosis following a myocardial infarction (MI) as compared to patients without a Type D personality. In some of these studies, Type D was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of mortality, recurrent MI, or sudden cardiac death , independently of traditional risk factors, such as disease severity. However, a number of subsequent, larger scale studies have failed to replicate these findings. Consequently, some researchers have argued that these earlier, small (and therefore potentially statistically underpowered) studies that appeared to link Type D personality to mortality in CAD and CVD patients may have inadvertently reached exaggerated or false conclusions. Indeed,

252-580: A car Auto Union Type D , a Grand Prix racing car See also [ edit ] Class D (disambiguation) Model D (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Type D . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Type_D&oldid=1223421590 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

294-416: A causal effect of type D personality from an effect of only one of the underlying personality traits negative affectivity or social inhibition. The continuous interaction method does not classify individuals in personality groups, but includes the negative affectivity and social inhibition scores as predictors in the statistical model. The interaction effect between negative affectivity and social inhibition

336-495: A high-powered individual patient data meta-analysis including data from 19 previously published prospective cohort studies, involving more than 11.000 CVD patients, found evidence that Type D is not a risk factor for mortality in CVD patients, while strong evidence was found for Type D personality as a risk factor for the occurrence of adverse events during a median follow-up time of 48 months. Type D personality can be assessed by means of

378-430: A more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what is logical, causal, consistent, and functional. Those who prefer the feeling function tend to form judgments by evaluating the situation; deciding the worth of the situation. They measure the situation by what is pleasant or unpleasant, liked or disliked, harmonious or inharmonious, etc. As noted already, people who prefer the thinking function do not necessarily, in

420-435: A resulting eight possible psychological types. People tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, even if they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development. The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes (extraversion and introversion). Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function

462-471: A type D group when they score 10 or higher on both the NA and SI total scores and those with all other score patterns in a non-type D group. A variables classifying individuals in one of these two groups is then used in further statistical analysis. Various researchers have criticised this two-group method, not only for resulting in less statistical power but also for risking spurious type D effects. A four-group method

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504-431: Is always the opposite of the dominant function. Jung called this the "inferior function" and Myers sometimes also called it the "shadow function". Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left- or right-handedness: individuals are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of thinking and acting. These psychological differences are sorted into four opposite pairs, or dichotomies , with

546-423: Is an extensive literature on the topic of classifying the various types of human temperament and an equally extensive literature on personality traits or domains. These classification systems attempt to describe normal temperament and personality and emphasize the predominant features of different temperament and personality types; they are largely the province of the discipline of psychology. Personality disorders, on

588-466: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Type D personality Individuals with a Type D personality have the tendency to experience increased negative emotions across time and situations and tend not to share these emotions with others, because of fear of rejection or disapproval. Johan Denollet, professor of Medical Psychology at Tilburg University , Tilburg , The Netherlands , developed

630-445: Is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition. The eight psychological types are as follows: Jung theorized that the dominant function characterizes consciousness, while its opposite is repressed and characterizes unconscious activity. Generally, we tend to favor our most developed dominant function, while we can broaden our personality by developing

672-493: Is not based in reason. Jung notes that elementary facts are also nonrational, not because they are illogical but because, as thoughts, they are not judgments. Analytical psychology distinguishes several psychological types or temperaments. Extraversion means "outward-turning" and introversion means "inward-turning". These specific definitions vary somewhat from the popular usage of the words. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called attitudes . Each of

714-476: Is received and experienced. Individuals who prefer sensation are more likely to trust information that is real, concrete, and actual, meaning they seek the information itself. They prefer to look for discernable details. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is envisioned or hypothetical, that can be associated with other possible information. They are more interested in hidden possibilities via

756-433: Is then tested to investigate whether the two personality traits synergistically affect an outcome. If there is an interaction effect between negative affectivity and social inhibition on the outcome, then the effect of these traits is not constant, but the effect of one trait changes across scores on the other trait. If the interaction effect is positive, then the effect of one trait on the outcome increases for higher scores on

798-588: The five-factor model . One of the more influential ideas originated in the theoretical work of Carl Jung as published in the book Psychological Types . The original German language edition, Psychologische Typen , was first published by Rascher Verlag, Zurich, in 1921. Typologies such as Socionics , the MBTI assessment, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter have roots in Jungian theory. Jung's interest in typology grew from his desire to reconcile

840-602: The Adlerian and Freudian camps was due to this unrecognized existence of different fundamental psychological attitudes , which led Jung "to conceive the two controversial theories of neurosis as manifestations of a type-antagonism." (Jung, 1966: par. 64) In the book Jung categorized people into primary types of psychological function . Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions: Jung went on to suggest that these functions are expressed in either an introverted or extraverted form. According to Jung,

882-474: The Imperial Japanese Navy Type D submarine , submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy Avro Type D , a 1911 aircraft Caudron Type D , a 1911 aircraft Blackburn Type D , a 1912 aircraft Handley Page Type D , a 1910 aircraft D type Adelaide tram Motor vehicles [ edit ] Jaguar D-Type , a sports racing car Honda D-Type , a motorcycle Audi Type D ,

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924-459: The circumstances. However, one of the four functions is generally used more dominantly and proficiently than the other three, in a more conscious and confident way. According to Jung the dominant function is supported by two auxiliary functions. (In MBTI publications the first auxiliary is usually called the auxiliary or secondary function and the second auxiliary function is usually called the tertiary function.) The fourth and least conscious function

966-511: The cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things ( extraverted attitude ) or the internal world of ideas and reflection ( introverted attitude ). People who prefer extraversion draw their energy toward objective, external data. They seek to experience and base their judgments on data from the outer world. Conversely, those who prefer introversion draw their energy toward subjective, internal data. They seek to experience and base their judgments on data from

1008-420: The construct based on clinical observations in cardiac patients, empirical evidence , and existing theories of personality . The prevalence of Type D personality is 21% in the general population and ranges between 18% and 53% in cardiac patients. Type D has also been addressed with respect to common somatic complaints in childhood. Some early studies found that coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with

1050-455: The effects of tensions between the complexes associated with the dominant and inferior differentiating functions in highly one-sided individuals. The relationship between worry – the tendency of one's thoughts and mental images to revolve around and create negative emotions, and the experience of a frequent level of fear – and Jung's model of psychological types has been the subject of studies. In particular, correlational analysis has shown that

1092-482: The everyday sense, "think better" than their feeling counterparts; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the Jung's typology is a discernment of preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer the feeling function do not necessarily have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts. All four functions are used at different times depending on

1134-455: The external world by listening, reflecting, being reserved, and having focused interests. Extraverts on the other hand, are adaptable and in tune with the external world. They prefer interacting with the outer world by talking, actively participating, being sociable, expressive, and having a variety of interests. Jung (1921) also identified two other dimensions of personality: Intuition - Sensing and Thinking - Feeling. Sensing types tend to focus on

1176-505: The inner world. The attitude type could be thought of as the flow of libido (psychic energy). The functions are modified by two main attitude types : extraversion and introversion . In any person, the degree of introversion or extraversion of one function can be quite different from that of another function. Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions: Sensation and intuition are irrational (perception) functions, meaning they gather information. They describe how information

1218-696: The other hand, reflect the work of psychiatry, a medical specialty, and are disease-oriented. They are classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), a product of the American Psychiatric Association . The term type has not been used consistently in psychology and has become the source of some confusion. Furthermore, because personality test scores usually fall on a bell curve rather than in distinct categories, personality type theories have received considerable criticism among psychometric researchers. One study that directly compared

1260-434: The other trait. Recent simulation studies have shown that the continuous interaction method is able to distinguish effects of type D personality from an effect of only one of the personality traits negative affectivity or social inhibition. When testing interaction effects between correlated continuous variables, it is recommended to investigate the potential non-linear effects of negative affectivity and social inhibition on

1302-409: The other trait. Such a positive interaction effect would be an example of synergy between negative affectivity and social inhibition because higher scores on both traits result in increasingly higher predicted values on the outcome measure. A negative interaction effects would not represent a synergistic effect because then the effect of one personality trait on the outcome decreases with higher scores on

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1344-404: The others. Related to this, Jung noted that the unconscious often tends to reveal itself most easily through a person's least developed inferior function. The encounter with the unconscious and development of the underdeveloped functions thus tend to progress together. When the unconscious inferior functions fail to develop, imbalance results. In Psychological Types , Jung describes in detail

1386-459: The outcome measure, because not including true non-linear effects in the model can cause spurious interaction effects. Ideally the continuous interaction method is modeled within a structural equation model to filter out individual differences due to measurement error when estimating the interaction between the latent variables negative affectivity and social inhibition. Personality type In psychology , personality type refers to

1428-432: The psyche is an apparatus for adaptation and orientation, and consists of a number of different psychic functions. Among these he distinguishes four basic functions: Thinking and feeling functions are rational, while sensation and intuition are nonrational. According to Jung, rationality consists of figurative thoughts, feelings or actions with reason — a point of view based on a set of criteria and standards. Nonrationality

1470-491: The psychological classification of individuals. In contrast to personality traits , the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial. Types are sometimes said to involve qualitative differences between people, whereas traits might be construed as quantitative differences. According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of

1512-603: The reality of present situations, pay close attention to detail, and are concerned with practicalities. Intuitive types focus on envisioning a wide range of possibilities to a situation and favor ideas, concepts, and theories over data. Thinking types use objective and logical reasoning in making their decisions, are more likely to analyze stimuli in a logical and detached manner, be more emotionally stable, and score higher on intelligence. Feeling types make judgments based on subjective and personal values. In interpersonal decision-making, feeling types tend to emphasize compromise to ensure

1554-601: The risk stratification of cardiac patients. Various scholars have argued that the relation between Type D personality (high scores on negative affectivity and social inhibition) and an outcome can be conceptualised as a synergy between negative affectivity and social inhibition on the outcome of interest. Several methods have been used to statistically model the relation between Type D personality and an outcome measure. A crude distinction can be made between dimensional and typological approaches. Most earlier studies aimed to capture this synergistic effect by classifying people in

1596-423: The tendency to worry is significantly related to Jung's Introversion and Feeling dimensions. Similarly, worry has shown robust correlations with shyness and fear of social situations. The worrier's tendency to be fearful of social situations might make them appear more withdrawn. Jung's model suggests that the superordinate dimension of personality is introversion and extraversion. Introverts are likely to relate to

1638-471: The theories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler , and to define how his own perspective differed from theirs. Jung wrote, "In attempting to answer this question, I came across the problem of types; for it is one's psychological type which from the outset determines and limits a person's judgment." (Jung, [1961] 1989:207) He concluded that Freud's theory was extraverted and Adler's introverted. (Jung, [1921] 1971: par. 91) Jung became convinced that acrimony between

1680-407: The unconscious. The meaning is in how or what the information could be . Thinking and feeling are rational (judgment) functions, meaning they form judgments or make decisions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to judge things from

1722-596: Was causally driving the effect. For instance, in some of these simulated data, only one personality trait (e.g., only negative affectivity) was causally related to an outcome. Analysing such data with the two-group and four-group methods often produced statistically significant effects of the type D group compared with the other groups, while no differences on the outcome are expected between those with Type D personality and those with only high negative affectivity. These simulation findings imply that estimated type D effects based on two or four personality groups cannot distinguish

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1764-406: Was commonly applied to solve this issue by distinguishing individuals without Type D personality from those with high scores on either negative affectivity or social inhibition alone. Two recent computer simulation studies showed that both the two-group and four-group methods can indicate that Type D personality is related to an outcome, when in reality only one of the underlying personality traits

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