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62-588: In the "Twitter revolution", the relationship between the new media and social movement has three distinct characteristics: 1) The Twitter streams represent the interaction mechanism of ecological network 2) The Twitter streams embedding or be embedded into different types of control process; 3) The Twitter streams reflect the change of social movement ecology. According to the study of the Egyptian revolution, American Scholar Linz put forward that there are four ways affect collective action: Twitter revolutions can also have

124-892: A dialogic transmission system (many sources to many receivers) while traditional media operate under a monologic transmission model (one source to many receivers). For instance, a newspaper is delivered to many subscribers, and a radio station broadcasts the same programs to a city. Social media has been criticized for a range of negative impacts on children and teenagers, including exposure to inappropriate content, exploitation by adults, sleep problems, attention problems, feelings of exclusion, and various mental health maladies. Social media has also received criticism as worsening political polarization and undermining democracy . Major news outlets often have strong controls in place to avoid and fix false claims, but social media's unique qualities bring viral content with little to no oversight. "Algorithms that track user engagement to prioritize what

186-426: A crowd of 80,000 to the street of Cairo on that day. Similar to its Iranian correspondent, Egypt government shut down access to Twitter in the afternoon on the day of gathering. The connection was not restored until February 2. Moreover, Twitter was applied to communicate with the audience outside Egypt to "globalized the movement and win international support to protect and sustain the uprising". The worldwide audience

248-420: A few hours, 8,000 users watched the video online and it went nationwide when it was shown on BBC Persian evening news. By that time, his social media posts acted as a source of information for the media outside Iran regarding the developments inside the country. After he was tracked down for his activities, he moved into hideout, and later escaped Iran to Turkey with the help of smugglers before settling in

310-467: A former national-security adviser wrote. The contribution of Twitter in disseminating news from Green Revolution is recognized by Obama administration. On June 15 afternoon, the State Department official Jared Cohen sent Twitter an email, requesting it to "delay scheduled maintenance of its global network, which would have cut off service while Iranians were using Twitter to swap information and inform

372-644: A fraction of the cost of traditional marketing campaigns. Nonprofit organizations and activists may also attempt to spread content virally. Social media sites provide specific functionality to help users re-share content, such as X 's and Facebook 's "like" option. Bots are automated programs that operate on the internet . They automate many communication tasks. This has led to the creation of an industry of bot providers. Chatbots and social bots are programmed to mimic human interactions such as liking, commenting, and following. Bots have also been developed to facilitate social media marketing . Bots have led

434-443: A launching pad for initiatives such as Tahrir Supplies and Tahrir Doctors, she immediately took to Twitter after getting the idea and created the account that launched the movement. "Unwilling to see more of these assaults taking place, she started a Twitter account asking for volunteers to join and help make Tahrir a safer place for women", a member of the movement explained in an interview. After president Viktor Yanukovich rejected

496-469: A logistics network to handle medical emergencies in Tahrir Square. Tahrir Bodyguard was launched by Soraya Bahgat on Twitter to combat the mob sexual assaults in Tahrir Square. Soraya Bahgat founded the movement after being horrified by the stories of ongoing mob sexual assaults in Tahrir Square as a movement of uniformed volunteers taking a stand against these assaults. Inspired by Twitter's effectiveness as

558-472: A media studio for business users, after YouTube's Creator Studio. The discussion platform Reddit added an integrated image hoster replacing the external image sharing platform Imgur , and then an internal video hosting service, followed by image galleries (multiple images in a single post), known from Imgur. Imgur implemented video sharing. YouTube rolled out a Community feature, for sharing text-only posts and polls . According to Statista , it

620-628: A negative influence on the social movement. Malcolm Gladwell defined the SNS activity as weak ties and low level organization structure, and put forward that the social relations constructed through the Internet is very difficult to translate into collective action. Additionally, It is a challenge of the social practice of using social media for political information construction and dissemination of democratic consultation; therefore, political culture, and social participation of ideological discourse problems created by

682-592: A popular hashtag #sidibouzid, which was important in highlighting the Tunisian Revolution through a hashtag. In a survey conducted about social media use in the Tunisian revolution, "many of the respondents named Twitter, Facebook, Skype, and cell phones as social media platforms they were using. Prior to the revolution most of the respondents stated that they were using social media to exchange information, stay in contact with family, and receive uncensored news. During

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744-544: A positive relationship with social media, while emotional stability has a negative sloping relationship with social media. A 2015 study reported that people with a higher social comparison orientation appear to use social media more heavily than people with low social comparison orientation. Common Sense Media reported that children under age 13 in the United States use social networking services although many social media sites require users to be 13 or older. In 2017,

806-475: A small percentage of curious and demanding commentators tried to use translators to get to the root of the problem. David Rothkopf proposes that the idea of "Twitter revolution" is an overstatement. Even though it raised political awareness and increase participation through retweeting and reposting, there is no involvement of sacrifice, courage, physical confrontation and risk that real revolutions and real changes require. Iranian activist Vahid Online questions

868-440: A specific time. A human writes a post content and the bot posts it a specific time. In other cases, cyborgs spread fake news . Cyborgs may work as sock puppets , where one human pretends to be someone else, or operates multiple accounts, each pretending to be a person. A multitude of United States patents are related to social media, growing rapidly. As of 2020 , over 5000 social media patent applications had been published in

930-562: Is a news geek and is considered by many of his followers as the source for daily news and information. Days before the 2009 presidential election , Vahid Online was present in Mir-Hossein Mousavi campaign headquarters in Gheytarieh , when the place was rushed by government militias. Witnessing the event, he immediately posted it on his blog and social media accounts, and used his mobile phone to broadcast live footage on Qik . Within

992-433: Is an example of how social media facilitates communication among people globally in political revolutions. It challenges the traditional relationship between political authorities and popular, allowing the powerless to "collaborate, coordinate, and give voice to their concerns". During the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests , Twitter and other similar websites succeeded in spreading the information and let people know around

1054-409: Is estimated that, in 2022, around 3.96 billion people were using social media globally. This number is up from 3.6 billion in 2020. The following is a list of the most popular social networking services based on the number of active users as of January 2024 per Statista . A 2009 study suggested that individual differences may help explain who uses social media: extraversion and openness have

1116-604: Is shown tend to favor content that spurs negative emotions like anger and outrage. Overall, most online misinformation originates from a small minority of “superspreaders,” but social media amplifies their reach and influence." The PLATO system was launched in 1960 at the University of Illinois and subsequently commercially marketed by Control Data Corporation . It offered early forms of social media features with innovations such as Notes, PLATO's message-forum application; TERM-talk, its instant-messaging feature; Talkomatic , perhaps

1178-956: Is used to document memories, learn, and form friendships. They may be used to promote people, companies, products, and ideas. Social media can be used to consume, publish, or share news . Popular social media platforms with over 100 million registered users include Twitter , Facebook , WeChat , ShareChat , Instagram , Pinterest , QZone , Weibo , VK , Tumblr , Baidu Tieba , Threads and LinkedIn . Depending on interpretation, other popular platforms that are sometimes referred to as social media services include YouTube , Letterboxd , QQ , Quora , Telegram , WhatsApp , Signal , LINE , Snapchat , Viber , Reddit , Discord , and TikTok . Wikis are examples of collaborative content creation. Social media outlets differ from old media (e.g. newspapers , TV , and radio broadcasting ) in many ways, including quality, reach , frequency , usability, relevancy, and permanence. Social media outlets operate in

1240-483: The United States Department of Homeland Security use social media data as influencing factors during the visa process, and monitor individuals after they have entered the country. CPB officers have also been documented performing searches of electronics and social media behavior at the border, searching both citizens and non-citizens without first obtaining a warrant. As social media gained momentum among

1302-559: The marketing industry into an analytical crisis, as bots make it difficult to differentiate between human interactions and bot interactions. Some bots violate platforms' terms of use , which can result in bans and campaigns to eliminate bots categorically. Bots may even pose as real people to avoid prohibitions. ' Cyborgs '—either bot-assisted humans or human-assisted bots —are used for both legitimate and illegitimate purposes, from spreading fake news to creating marketing buzz . A common use claimed to be legitimate includes posting at

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1364-449: The network etiquette (or " netiquette ") described in a 1982 handbook on computing at MIT 's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . ARPANET evolved into the Internet in the 1990s. Usenet , conceived by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis in 1979 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University , was the first open social media app, established in 1980. A precursor of

1426-587: The "Twitter revolution" idea, stating that access to Facebook and Twitter in Iran is not enough to make it happen. During the Egypt Revolution of 2011 , the oppositional movement against the ruling of Mubarak was active on various platforms of social media. For example, "the hashtag #Jan25th was used to mobilize protesters on Twitter" to join the demonstration on Jan 25th on Tahrir Square. Along with other methods such as text messages, flyers and word-of-mouth, it drew

1488-536: The United States as a refugee . Google Plus ' former policy of not allowing pseudonyms for users, forced Vahid Online to deactivate his account. However, after Google was convinced that this is an "established" pseudonym and he has a "meaningful following", gave his account back. Vahid Online runs a Telegram channel and a Twitter account through which he actively monitors what circulates in social media to cover newsworthy events regarding Iran. He posts content that he aggregates and verifies for other Iranians and

1550-475: The United States. Only slightly over 100 patents had been issued. As an instance of technological convergence , various social media platforms adapted functionality beyond their original scope, increasingly overlapping with each other. Examples are the social hub site Facebook launching an integrated video platform in May 2007, and Instagram , whose original scope was low-resolution photo sharing, introducing

1612-555: The Western point of view, the voices of native Iranians writing tweets in Persian about the situation in their country were nearly absent. Evgeny Morozov stresses the importance of event coverage by bilingual Iranian bloggers. In his opinion only the people who were deeply involved in the process could comprehensibly describe the current situation—Western commentators didn't clearly understand the real situation because of language barriers, and only

1674-435: The ability to share quarter-minute 640×640 pixel videos (later extended to a minute with increased resolution). Instagram later implemented stories (short videos self-destructing after 24 hours), a concept popularized by Snapchat , as well as IGTV , for seekable videos. Stories were then adopted by YouTube . X , whose original scope was text-based microblogging, later adopted photo sharing, then video sharing, then

1736-503: The advent of Web 2.0 . Social media started in the mid-1990s with the invention of platforms like GeoCities , Classmates.com , and SixDegrees.com . While instant messaging and chat clients existed at the time, SixDegrees was unique as it was the first online service designed for people to connect using their actual names instead of anonymously. It boasted features like profiles, friends lists, and school affiliations, making it "the very first social networking site". The platform's name

1798-431: The authorities, or to criticize the city, politics or religion. The content of these foreign influencers is controlled to make sure that nothing portrays Dubai in a negative light. Vahid Online Vahid Online ( Persian : وحيد آنلاين ) is the pseudonym of an Iranian blogger , netizen , Internet activist and Internet celebrity who is one of the most followed Iranians on almost any social network . He

1860-632: The availability of smartphones. As of 2023 as many as 4.76 billion people used social media some 59% of the global population. A 2015 review identified four features unique to social media services: In 2019, Merriam-Webster defined social media as "forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos)." Social media encompasses an expanding suite of services: Some services offer more than one type of service. Mobile social media refers to

1922-647: The broader world, as relied on and covered by respected outlets. Some recent significant instances include firsthand videos from 2017 and 2019 nationwide protests, or images and films revealing about coronavirus casualties in the country that the government tended to withhold from the public since the beginning of the outbreak. Vahid Online has challenged validity of the ' Twitter Revolution ' thesis and Douglas Rushkoff 's view on role of social media in 2009 poll presidential election protests , believing them to be "exaggerated". He believes that blocking access to online products in Iran by companies like Google, mirrors

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1984-602: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pediatric critical care." However others in the medical community were concerned about social media addiction, as it became an increasingly important context and therefore "source of social validation and reinforcement" and were unsure whether increased social media use was harmful. Governments may use social media to (for example): Social media has been used extensively in civil and criminal investigations . It has also been used to search for missing persons. Police departments often make use of official social media accounts to engage with

2046-542: The electronic bulletin board system (BBS), known as Community Memory , appeared by 1973. Mainstream BBSs arrived with the Computer Bulletin Board System in Chicago, which launched on February 16, 1978. Before long, most major US cities had more than one BBS, running on TRS-80 , Apple II , Atari 8-bit computers , IBM PC , Commodore 64 , Sinclair , and others. CompuServe , Prodigy , and AOL were three of

2108-526: The events in the Iran right. Simply put: there was no Twitter Revolution inside Iran." She claims that bloggers like Andrew Sullivan, who was famous for his tweets about the Tehran revolution, misunderstood the situation. This journalist argues that activists who were opposed to the main political power tended to use Internet sources like text messages, email, and blog posts for communication in organizing of protest actions. Meanwhile, "good old-fashioned word of mouth"

2170-425: The firm conducted a survey of parents of children from birth to age 8 and reported that 4% of children at this age used social media sites such as Instagram , Snapchat , or (now-defunct) Musical.ly "often" or "sometimes". Their 2019 survey surveyed Americans ages 8–16 and reported that about 31% of children ages 8–12 use social media. In that survey, teens aged 16–18 were asked when they started using social media.

2232-403: The first online chat room ; News Report, a crowdsourced online newspaper, and blog and Access Lists, enabling the owner of a note file or other application to limit access to a certain set of users, for example, only friends, classmates, or co-workers. ARPANET , which came online in 1969, had by the late 1970s enabled exchange of non-government/business ideas and communication, as evidenced by

2294-474: The general public to collect information regarding corona virus pandemics in various perspectives. During these days, people are forced to stay at home and the social media have connected and supported awareness and pandemic updates." Healthcare workers and systems became more aware of social media as a place people were getting health information: "During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media use has accelerated to

2356-623: The largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in North America alone. Message forums were the signature BBS phenomenon throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1991, Tim Berners-Lee integrated HTML hypertext software with the Internet, creating the World Wide Web . This breakthrough led to an explosion of blogs , list servers , and email services. Message forums migrated to

2418-652: The median age was 14, although 28% said they started to use it before reaching 13. Social media played a role in communication during the COVID-19 pandemic . In June 2020, a survey by Cartoon Network and the Cyberbullying Research Center surveyed Americans tweens (ages 9–12) and reported that the most popular application was YouTube (67%). (as age increased, tweens were more likely to have used social media apps and games.) Similarly, Common Sense Media's 2020 survey of Americans ages 13–18 reported that YouTube

2480-559: The most potent impact in "what has shocked most observers of the current Egyptian scene: the sheer speed with which the regime fell – 18 days". In Egypt, Twitter was furthermore used to launch movements and volunteer groups hoping to have a positive effect on the community during a volatile time. The most notable initiatives launched on Twitter are Tahrir Supplies, Tahrir Doctors and Tahrir Bodyguard. Tahir Supplies and Tahrir Doctors aimed to save lives through collecting supplies, disseminating emergency alerts and were both effective in developing

2542-459: The movement. Instead, Twitter is mainly "used to publicize protests that are already going on—and bring the world's attention to the acts of violence committed by the regime". Here, Twitter had played a role beyond its intended function as social media where people get connected to their acquaintances and friends online. "Without Twitter the people of Iran would not have felt empowered and confident to stand up for freedom and democracy", Mark Pfeifle,

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2604-580: The outside world about the mushrooming protests around Tehran". The Iranian government also chose to block websites Facebook and Twitter roughly a month prior the June 12 presidential elections. However, some scholars also doubt the significance of Twitter's role in the political upheaval. Golnaz Esfandiari wrote in Foreign Policy magazine that the majority of Twitter posts concerning demonstrations were products of Western users: "It's time to get Twitter's role in

2666-765: The people of Tunisia see their former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali . Social media Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation , sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks . Common features include: The term social in regard to media suggests platforms enable communal activity. Social media can enhance and extend human networks. Users access social media through web-based apps or custom apps on mobile devices. These interactive platforms allow individuals, communities, and organizations to share, co-create, discuss, participate in, and modify user-generated or self-curated content. Social media

2728-556: The point of becoming a ubiquitous part of modern healthcare systems." This also led to the spread of disinformation . On December 11, 2020, the CDC put out a "Call to Action: Managing the Infodemic ". Some healthcare organizations used hashtags as interventions and published articles on their Twitter data: "Promotion of the joint usage of #PedsICU and #COVID19 throughout the international pediatric critical care community in tweets relevant to

2790-450: The policies of Internet censorship in Iran by the government. Commenting on Javad Zarif 's presence in social media, he was quoted, "Zarif is the first senior Iranian official to type with his own fingers and write that he is using Facebook, a site that has been branded as a tool of enemies and mentioned in trials of opposition members " and "People have gotten used to the government's stance on Facebook, and now they're hoping that with

2852-491: The potential to spread virally , an analogy for the way viral infections spread contagiously from individual to individual. One user spreads a post across their network, which leads those users to follow suit. A post from a relatively unknown user can reach vast numbers of people within hours. Virality is not guaranteed; few posts make the transition. Viral marketing campaigns are particularly attractive to businesses because they can achieve widespread advertising coverage at

2914-484: The protest itself and to initiate sanctions towards the then president Viktor Yanukovich. Ukrainian Twitterati addressed tweets with the hashtag #digitalmaidan to foreign media, politicians and international organizations. The hashtag then topped worldwide Twitter trends. Ukrainians might have been influenced to use Twitter under the Euromaidan because of the impact Twitter had for other protests. The Tunisian Revolution

2976-484: The protests. It reached a peak on 20 February 2014, when dozens of protesters were killed. The same day, 240,000 tweets were written. Although many of the tweets were written in English, according to geotags analysis, 69% of them were tweeted from Ukraine. This indicates that those tweets were posted mostly by Ukrainians themselves. On the 27th of January, 2014 a 'Twitterstorm' was launched in order to attract global attention to

3038-464: The public, publicize police activity, and burnish law enforcement's image; conversely, video footage of citizen-documented police brutality and other misconduct has sometimes been posted to social media. In the United States, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement identifies and track individuals via social media, and has apprehended some people via social media-based sting operations. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (also known as CPB) and

3100-473: The revolution, the respondents expressed an increased use of social media." Furthermore, the Tunisian people spread videos and photos of violence taking place in the country at the time. This allowed for people outside of Tunisia to understand what was taking place in Tunisia during the revolution. This led to increased coverage of the events from outside the country, which helped spread awareness and ultimately help

3162-807: The signing of the EU–Ukraine agreement on November 21, 2013, a mass protest took place on the Independence square in Kyiv . The event was massively spread through Twitter with the hashtags #euromaidan, #євромайдан and #евромайдан. The political situation in Ukraine increased the Twitter subscribers from 6,000 new accounts in November 2013 to 55,000 in January 2014. The average amount of daily tweets grew from 90,000 in 2012 to 130,000 during

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3224-471: The social media becomes very important. Twitter analysis tools is played an important role in getting word about the events in Iran out to the wider world. Together with YouTube, it helped focus the world's attention on the Iranian people's fight for democracy and human rights. New media over the last year created and sustained unprecedented international moral solidarity with the Iranian struggle—a struggle that

3286-457: The use of social media on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . It is distinguished by its ubiquity, since users no longer have to be at a desk in order to participate on a computer . Mobile services can further make use of the user's immediate location to offer information, connections, or services relevant to that location. According to Andreas Kaplan , mobile social media activities fall among four types: Certain content has

3348-448: The web, and evolved into Internet forums , supported by cheaper access as well as the ability to handle far more people simultaneously. These early text-based systems expanded to include images and video in the 21st century, aided by digital cameras and camera phones . The evolution of online services progressed from serving as channels for networked communication to becoming interactive platforms for networked social interaction with

3410-428: The world what was going on in Iran, while the mainstream, western media such as CNN failed to cover the news. According to Evgeny Morozov , a scholar at Stanford and a blogger for Foreign Policy magazine, the widespread belief that Twitter was the major platform of Iranian youth to plan mass scale protests online lacks sufficient supporting evidence, because in this way the authorities would be able to monitor and suppress

3472-688: The younger generations, governments began using it to improve their image, especially among the youth. In January 2021, Egyptian authorities were reported to be using Instagram influencers as part of its media ambassadors program. The program was designed to revamp Egypt 's image and to counter the bad press Egypt had received because of the country's human rights record. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates participated in similar programs. Similarly, Dubai has extensively relied on social media and influencers to promote tourism. However, Dubai laws have kept these influencers within limits to not offend

3534-586: Was also able to have constant update with the situation in Egypt besides simply listening to the State's point of view. As a consequence, the revolution succeeded in the resignation of Mubarak on February 11, ending the dictatorship that lasted for over three decades. An article in the magazine Wired states that social media did not cause the Egypt revolution. Rather, Twitter and Facebook were more like "a spark and an accelerant", "catalyzing pro-democracy movements". They have had

3596-407: Was being waged many years before Twitter was ever conceived. Thirdly, as the restrictions of the technical and social capital, minority voices are easy to be ignored, and thus, the discourse right of ordinary audience was again put on the agenda. "Twitter revolution" is distinguished from other forms of activism because of the means by which the activists communicate and aggregate through Twitter. It

3658-446: Was inspired by the " six degrees of separation " concept, which suggests that every person on the planet is just six connections away from everyone else. In the early 2000s, social media platforms gained widespread popularity with the likes of Friendster and Myspace , followed by Facebook , YouTube , and Twitter . Research from 2015 reported that globally, users spent 22% of their online time on social networks, likely fueled by

3720-494: Was sparked in December 2010 due to a lack of political freedoms and poor living conditions. "The protest was driven by the suicide of Mohamed Bouazizi , an unemployed street vendor whose informal vegetable stall was shuttered by the police." Because of these conditions many of the Tunisian people took to social media sites, such as Twitter, to spread their messages about the revolution. One of the messages spread through Twitter included

3782-599: Was the most influential medium for coordinating opposition, she writes. Esfandiari also added that social media tools like Facebook and Twitter were not ideal for rapid communication among protestors. "Western journalists who couldn't reach—or didn't bother reaching?—people on the ground in Iran simply scrolled through the English-language tweets post with tag #iranelection", she wrote. "Through it all, no one seemed to wonder why people trying to coordinate protests in Iran would be writing in any language other than Farsi." So from

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3844-414: Was the most popular (used by 86% of 13- to 18-year-olds). As children aged, they increasingly utilized social media services and often used YouTube to consume content. While adults were using social media before the COVID-19 pandemic , more started using it to stay socially connected and to get pandemic updates. "Social media have become popularly use to seek for medical information and have fascinated

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