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92-571: The protest inspired sizable gatherings of Native Americans throughout the journey, with the caravan described as "over four miles long and included some 700 activists from more than 200 tribes and 25 states" when it departed St Paul, Minnesota , for Washington, D.C. The eight organizations that sponsored the caravan included the American Indian Movement (AIM), the Canadian National Indian Brotherhood (later renamed

184-489: A St. Paul mailing address. The western side has a Minneapolis ZIP code. Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz , who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960. Schulz's Peanuts inspired giant, decorated sculptures around the city, a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s. Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald and playwright August Wilson , who premiered many of

276-564: A Twenty-Point proposal of demands. The caravan reached the nation's capital of Washington, D.C. , in early November, the week before the presidential election (in which incumbent President Nixon was re-elected ). The protesters had chosen this time period as best to present the next administration with "an agenda for action on Indian problems." The large gathering of Native Americans in the US capital made national news as they advocated for their rights and sought to meet with government officials to negotiate

368-635: A bend in the Mississippi River , Saint Paul is a regional business hub and the center of Minnesota's government. The Minnesota State Capitol and the state government offices all sit on a hill close to the city's downtown district. One of the oldest cities in Minnesota, Saint Paul has several historic neighborhoods and landmarks, such as the Summit Avenue Neighborhood , the James J. Hill House , and

460-727: A congressional mission statement of "a program which mobilizes and utilizes resources... in an attack on poverty." An unofficial allegiance with the National Congress of American Indians gave the OEO political clout that helped pass the CAPs, despite their hostility with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribal CAPs then dedicated much funding to Head Start for preschoolers and home improvement. Other focus areas included educational development, legal services, health centers, and economic development. One of

552-589: A crucial point in their history. Despite the absence of legal slavery in Minnesota, Army officers were permitted to bring their enslaved individuals into the region. Today, African Americans are one of the largest groups among Saint Paul's population; African Americans make up approximately 14% of Saint Paul's population, the second-largest background group, before Hmongs and after German-Americans. The city's African American residents are concentrated in its central and eastern neighborhoods. Most St. Paul residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian , split between

644-468: A large number of Somalis and Ethiopians since the 1990s, largely as refugees fleeing conflict in their home regions. Somali and Ethiopian populations are largest in the neighborhoods of Summit-University and Frogtown , where there are many businesses and organizations for Somali and Ethiopian populations. African Americans in St. Paul initially entered through servitude to officers at Fort Snelling, marking

736-460: A lukewarm response to the Twenty-Point Paper. While a significant portion of the demands centered on reinstating the practice of making treaties on a tribal or regional basis to delineate the specific rights of Indian tribes, the administration asserted its inability to overturn the legislation from the 1924 Indian Citizenship Act . Citing this legal framework, the administration contended that

828-451: A multipurpose entertainment and sports venue, can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events. It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center . The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament, the Minnesota high school girls' volleyball tournament, and concerts throughout the year. In 2004, it was named the best overall sports venue in

920-439: A music scene landmark since the 1940s. Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble . As an Irish stronghold, the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music, such as Shamrocks, The Dubliner, and until its closure in 2019, O'Gara's. The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation's only full-time professional chamber orchestra. The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on

1012-500: A new relationship. As the eastward-bound caravan continued to swell in size, directives were issued to officials at the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), instructing them not to provide assistance to these groups. Attempts were made to characterize the movement as an urban militant faction, detached from the beliefs held by those residing on reservations. Ironically, the caravans found widespread support as they made stops at reservations across

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1104-648: A period of increasing activism by American Indians (and First Nations in Canada) as they worked to renew civil rights and improve relations with federal governments that had repeatedly failed to satisfy treaty obligations. By this time numerous American Indians were living in urban settings, encouraged to relocate from reservations by the federal government in an effort to find more work opportunities, but often isolated by discrimination, poor educations in public schools, police harassment, and limited work. The lengthy occupation of Alcatraz by student activists from San Francisco and

1196-434: A snow sculpting competition, a medallion treasure hunt , food, activities, and an ice palace when it can be arranged. The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year-round. The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations. The city's recreation sites include Indian Mounds Park , Battle Creek Regional Park, Harriet Island Regional Park , Highland Park ,

1288-556: A town until 1854. The Dakota name for where Saint Paul is situated is "Imnizaska" for the "white rock" bluffs along the river. The city has three sports venues: Xcel Energy Center , home to the Minnesota Wild and the Minnesota Frost , CHS Field , home to the St. Paul Saints , and Allianz Field , home to Minnesota United . Saint Paul has a mayor–council government . The current mayor

1380-502: A week later when the protesters consented to engaging in serious negotiations regarding their Twenty-Point thesis, signifying the end of the occupation. Subsequently, the caravan received $ 65,500, intended for travel and food expenses, to be divided among all participants. Notably, this funding was allocated from the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), with money that was originally designated for other Native American initiatives. While amnesty

1472-636: Is Melvin Carter III , who was first elected in 2018. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about 2,000 years ago. From the early 17th century to 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota , a band of the Dakota people , lived near the mounds at the village of Kaposia and consider the area encompassing present-day Saint Paul Bdóte ,

1564-528: Is being redeveloped into a mixed-used area called Highland Bridge which, when complete, will include 3,800 housing units, most opening in 2023. Saint Paul has financed city development with tax increment financing (TIF) . In 2018, it had 55 TIF districts. Projects that have benefited from TIF funding include the St. Paul Saints stadium , and the affordable housing along the Twin Cities Metro Green Line . In November 2021, Saint Paul became

1656-592: Is now the Highland Park neighborhood was included in this. Pike planned a second military reservation at the confluence of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. In 1819, Fort Snelling was built at the Minnesota and Mississippi confluence. The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. government. Chief Little Crow III moved his village, Kaposia , from south of Mounds Park across

1748-513: Is part of the Mississippi, Lake Phalen , and Lake Como . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has an area of 56.18 square miles (145.51 km ), of which 51.98 square miles (134.63 km ) is land and 4.20 square miles (10.88 km ) is water. The Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers. The city ranked #2 in park access and quality, after only Minneapolis , in

1840-799: The Assembly of First Nations ), the Native American Rights Fund , the National Indian Youth Council , the National American Indian Council , the National Council on Indian Work, National Indian Leadership Training, and the American Indian Committee on Alcohol and Drug Abuse. In Minneapolis , AIM headquarters, activists developed a Twenty-Point Position paper to define their demands. The 1960s were

1932-658: The Cathedral of Saint Paul . Like the adjacent city of Minneapolis , Saint Paul is known for its cold, snowy winters and humid summers. According to census estimates, in 2022 the city's population was 303,176, making it the 67th-most populous city in the United States , the 12th-most populous in the Midwest , and the second-most populous in Minnesota. Most of the city lies east of the Mississippi River near its confluence with

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2024-732: The Greater East Side , which are considered ethnic enclaves for Hmong Minnesotans , with a large number of businesses, organizations, and events catering to the Hmong population, such as the Hmongtown Marketplace in Frogtown. Other large Southeast Asian populations live in Saint Paul, particularly Burmese Americans of the Karen and Karenni ethnic group, who immigrated to the U.S. as refugees in

2116-600: The Hopewell tradition , who buried their dead in mounds on the river bluffs (now Indian Mounds Park ). The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century, who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation. The Ojibwe later occupied the north (east) bank of the Mississippi River. By 1800, French-Canadian explorers came through

2208-654: The James J. Hill House , the Minnesota Transportation Museum , the Science Museum of Minnesota , and the Twin City Model Railroad Museum. The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1,500 organized sports teams. Saint Paul hosts a number of professional, semi-professional, and amateur sports teams. The Minnesota Wild play their home games at downtown Saint Paul's Xcel Energy Center , which opened in 2000. The Wild brought

2300-591: The Köppen climate classification , Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet , ice, rain, thunderstorms , tornadoes , and fog . Due to its northerly location and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses , especially during late December, January, and February. The average annual temperature of 46.5 °F (8.1 °C) gives

2392-822: The Minnesota River . Minneapolis is mostly across the Mississippi River to the west. Together, they are known as the "Twin Cities" and make up the core of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area , the third most populous metropolitan area in the Midwest. The Legislative Assembly of the Minnesota Territory established the Town of Saint Paul as its capital near existing Dakota Sioux settlements in November 1849. It remained

2484-702: The Northern Pacific Railway were both headquartered in Saint Paul until they merged with the Burlington Northern . Today they are part of the BNSF Railway. On August 20, 1904, severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings, causing $ 1.78 million ($ 60.36 million today) in damages and ripping spans from the High Bridge . During the 1960s, in conjunction with urban renewal , Saint Paul razed neighborhoods west of downtown for

2576-545: The Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish, German, Scottish, and French Canadian settlers, later bolstered by Hispanic immigrants. There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and significant populations of Hindus , Muslims , and Buddhists . The city has been dubbed "paganistan" due to its large Wiccan population. The Minneapolis–Saint Paul–Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in

2668-763: The Wabasha Street Caves , Lake Como , Lake Phalen , and Rice Park , as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River . The Irish Fair of Minnesota is held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area. The country's largest Hmong American sports festival, the Freedom Festival, is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park. The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in neighboring Falcon Heights just west of Como Park. The fair dates to before statehood. With

2760-660: The Wounded Knee Occupation protest beginning in February 1973. The Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan, a seminal moment in Native American activism during the early 1970s, left an enduring impact that rippled through subsequent decades. This cross-country journey and the subsequent occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) building elevated the visibility of Native American challenges, spotlighting broken treaties and socio-economic struggles. The unity displayed during

2852-630: The census of 2020 , the population was 311,527. The population density was 5,994.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,314.3/km ). There were 127,392 housing units at an average density of 2,451.1 per square mile (946.4/km ). In terms of race, the city's population was 50.5% White (21.1% German ), 19.2% Asian (10.9% Hmong , 2.53% Burmese , 0.85% Vietnamese , 0.69% Chinese , 0.51% Indian ), 16.8% Black or African American (1.7% Somali , 1.5% Ethiopian ), 1.0% Native American , 4.8% from other races , and 7.6% from two or more races. Residents of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race, made up 9.7% of

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2944-474: The 1930s; although Mexican populations exist throughout Saint Paul, by far the largest concentration of Mexican Americans is on St. Paul's West Side , where Mexicans form a plurality of the population; Mexico opened a foreign consulate there in 2005. Saint Paul also has a large population of Central Americans, particularly Salvadorans , throughout eastern St. Paul and the West Side. St. Paul has become home to

3036-611: The 1950s. Of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005–07 American Community Survey of St. Paul, 26.4% were German , 13.8% Irish , 8.4% Norwegian , 7.0% Swedish , and 6.2% English . There is also a visible community of people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, representing 4.2% of the population. By the 1980s, the Thomas-Dale area, once an Austro-Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown (German: Froschburg ), became home to Vietnamese and other Southeast Asian people who had left their war-torn countries. A settlement program for

3128-405: The 1970s. Because the city center is directly beneath the flight path into the airport across the river there is a height restriction for all construction. The tallest buildings, such as Galtier Plaza (Jackson and Sibley Towers), The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums, and the city's tallest building, Wells Fargo Place (formerly Minnesota World Trade Center), were constructed in the late 1980s. In

3220-458: The 1990s and 2000s, the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued. As of 2004, nearly 10% of the city's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Myanmar . Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives . Saint Paul's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water. The city's defining physical characteristic,

3312-569: The 2000s and 2010s due to internal conflict and discrimination in Myanmar . Minnesota is believed to have the largest population of Karen Americans , with a population of 12,000 in 2017, who are mostly concentrated in Saint Paul. Burmese and Karen residents of Saint Paul make up 5.2% of the population in 2021, and are most concentrated in the neighborhoods of the North End , Payne-Phalen , and Frogtown . Mexican immigrants have settled in St. Paul since

3404-461: The 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . Saint Paul's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into 17 Planning Districts, created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and use Community Development Block Grants . With a funding agreement directly from the city,

3496-576: The Economic Opportunity Act, the legislative keystone for this campaign that provided funding for the OEO as a new agency within the Office of the President. R. Sargent Shriver served as its first director. The Office administered antipoverty programs such as VISTA , Job Corps , Community Action Program , and Head Start , and it quickly became a target of both left-wing and right-wing critics of

3588-522: The Hmong diaspora came soon after, and by 2000, St. Paul had the largest urban Hmong contingent in the nation. Hmong Americans make up 11% of St. Paul's population as of 2021, and Saint Paul, as well as the Twin Cities area in general, is considered the center of Hmong culture in America. Hmongs are most concentrated in the neighborhoods of Frogtown , Payne-Phalen , Dayton's Bluff , the North End , and

3680-642: The Maplewood campus in 1964. 3M manufacturing continued for a couple more decades until all St. Paul operations ceased. The city was home to the Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant , which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011. The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River, adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1, Mississippi River , which generates hydroelectric power. The site

3772-590: The Minneapolis−Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S. Saint Paul is expected to be affected by climate change. More extreme heat waves are expected, as is increased precipitation in the spring and summer, which could cause river and flash flooding. Vector-borne transmission of such diseases as West Nile Virus , Lyme disease , and human anaplasmosis may increase because of changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. As of

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3864-894: The Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota's first centennial celebration. Saint Paul has a number of museums, including the University of Minnesota's Goldstein Museum of Design, the Minnesota Children's Museum , the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments, the Minnesota Museum of American Art , the Traces Center for History and Culture, the Minnesota History Center , the Alexander Ramsey House,

3956-670: The Mississippi, named for their home, Connemara , Ireland. The Irish became prolific in politics, city governance, and public safety, much to the chagrin of the Germans and French, who had grown into the majority. In 1850, the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through St. Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory . A large group settled in Swede Hollow , which later became home to Poles, Italians, and Mexicans. The last Swedish presence moved up St. Paul's East Side along Payne Avenue in

4048-568: The NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993, when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas, Texas . The World Hockey Association 's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977. Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels, Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007. The Xcel Energy Center,

4140-446: The National Council of OEO Locals. With the passage of the Community Service Act (CSA) in 1975, Congressional reauthorization replaced the OEO with the Community Services Administration (CSA). The new agency retained its independent status as a smaller operating agency. President Ronald Reagan took office in 1981 with campaign promises to shrink social programs and return power to the states. Reagan acted on these promises by signing

4232-406: The National Tribal Chairmen's Association (NTCA) and the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) persisted, reflecting a broader struggle for representation and influence within the Native American community. While the government appointed a negotiator and agreed to appoint a Native American to a post within the BIA as part of the resolution, the broader systemic issues and demands outlined by

4324-431: The Office of Community Services became one of ACF's programs. Native Americans in the United States were among the main beneficiaries of the Office of Economic Opportunity when it was first established. R. Sargent Shriver , then director of the OEO, contacted Dr. James Wilson in 1964 and asked if he would lead a department that solely concentrated on poverty within Indian Country. Dr. Wilson accepted, and after taking

4416-455: The Omnibus Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1981, legislation that significantly reduced the federal deficit and funding to antipoverty agencies. On September 30, 1981, OBRA transferred functions via the Community Services Block Grant to the states and a small staff in the Office of Community Services in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in Washington, D.C., abolishing the regional offices and approximately 1000 jobs. Although CSA

4508-422: The U.S. capital garnered national attention as they fervently advocated for their rights, aiming to initiate discussions with government officials to establish a new relationship. The caravan arrived in Washington, D.C., on November 3, 1972. Housing arrangements fell under, forcing the protestors to spend their first night in a rat-infested church basement. Despite negotiations, attempts to secure auditorium space and

4600-554: The U.S. government cannot engage in treaty-making with its own citizens. While the demonstration was widely covered by national media, including increasingly important television reporting, the media largely focused on issues related to the federal government, rather than what the protesters identified as failures of the government and their stressing tribal sovereignty as the basis for seeking new relations and negotiations. Having captured media attention, AIM organized additional demonstrations to advocate for Native American justice, such as

4692-489: The US by ESPN . Office of Economic Opportunity The Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) was the agency responsible for administering most of the War on Poverty programs created as part of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society legislative agenda. It was established in 1964 as an independent agency and renamed the Community Services Administration (CSA) in 1975. The Richard Nixon administration made an unsuccessful effort to dismantle

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4784-425: The activists received limited attention. The federal response after the caravan dissolution showcased the complexities and challenges inherent in advocating for Native American rights and policy reform during this pivotal period of activism. The Trail of Broken Treaties, though impactful, highlighted the ongoing struggle for meaningful change and justice for Native American communities. The Nixon Administration offered

4876-473: The agency in the 1970s. It was then successfully dismantled in 1981 by the Ronald Reagan administration , as it was moved into the Department of Health and Human Services as the Office of Community Services , with most of its programs continuing to operate. The Office of Economic Opportunity was created through the efforts of President Lyndon Johnson in his War on Poverty campaign, which aimed to tackle economic and racial inequality. In 1964, Johnson signed

4968-567: The beginning of the "occupation" of the BIA. A banner proclaiming "Native American Embassy" adorned the building's facade, with a teepee erected on the front lawn, designating the property as "liberated territory,". During their occupation, protesters spent days scrutinizing and retrieving files that brought to light concerns about unjust dealings regarding land, water, fishing, and mineral rights. Simultaneously, some individuals seized artifacts, pottery, and artwork, contending that these items rightfully belonged to various tribes. The standoff concluded

5060-532: The caravan empowered indigenous communities, fostering a collective strength that fueled future collaborative efforts. The legacy of the Trail of Broken Treaties lives on in the continued advocacy efforts within Native American communities, inspiring subsequent generations to engage in social and political movements. This historic event remains a testament to the resilience and determination of indigenous communities in their ongoing pursuit of justice, sovereignty, and cultural preservation. The Twenty-Point Position Paper

5152-422: The city's west, southwest, and southeast sides. Minneapolis , the state's largest city, lies to the west. Falcon Heights , Lauderdale , Roseville , and Maplewood are north, with Maplewood lying to the east. The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south, as are Lilydale , Mendota , and Mendota Heights , across the river from the city. The city's largest lakes are Pig's Eye Lake, which

5244-422: The city. The population density was 5,484.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,117.5/km ). There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of 2,323.9 per square mile (897.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 60.1% white, 15.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 15.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander , 3.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 9.6% of

5336-461: The competing interests of Minneapolis and St. Paul, it was held on "neutral ground" between both. That area refused to become part of St. Paul or Roseville and became Falcon Heights in the 1950s. The University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus is actually in Falcon Heights. Fort Snelling is often identified as being in St. Paul but is actually its own unorganized territory . The eastern part of Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory ( MSP included ) has

5428-420: The confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, was carved into the region during the last ice age , as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built. Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that served the river valleys. The city is situated in east-central Minnesota. The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of

5520-481: The councils share a pool of funds. The councils have significant land-use control, a voice in guiding development, and they organize residents. The planning districts mostly represent traditional neighborhoods and combinations of smaller neighborhoods within the city. The city's 17 Planning Districts are: Saint Paul has a humid continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States . Winters are frigid and snowy, while summers are warm to hot and humid. On

5612-451: The country, with numerous well-educated members and respected elders from these communities actively joining the movement. Reports indicate escalating conflicts between the National Tribal Chairmen's Association (NTCA) and the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), with those possessing Native tribal leaders on their boards facing internal challenges and striving to salvage their standing. The extensive gathering of Native Americans in

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5704-421: The creation of the interstate freeway system. From 1959 to 1961, the Rondo neighborhood was demolished for the construction of Interstate 94 . The loss of that African American enclave brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities. The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community. Downtown Saint Paul had skyscraper-building booms beginning in

5796-545: The founding of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota , by mostly Ojibwe activists were examples of rising activism. To raise national awareness of issues related to Indian-federal relations, AIM and other organizations conceived a cross-country caravan to promote their cause. Protesters joined portions of the caravan in West Coast cities: Seattle, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, which they departed on October 6, by bus and auto. The three caravans merged in Minneapolis, Minnesota where leaders drafted

5888-609: The influential Artists' Quarter , first established in the 1970s in Whittier, Minneapolis , and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994. Artists' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam, home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions. At The Black Dog, in Lowertown, many French or European jazz musicians (Evan Parker, Tony Hymas, Benoît Delbecq, François Corneloup) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe. Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins, Dean Magraw/Davu Seru, Merciless Ghosts, and Willie Murphy are regulars. The Turf Club in Midway has been

5980-432: The late 19th century. Rough Rock's success led to the creation of the Navajo Community College (now Diné College), the first modern tribal college, and a movement that later expanded to over thirty higher education institutions. Although the Office of Economic Opportunity was abolished in 1981, its legacy persists today. Its programs still exists, although in modified form, among other federal agencies, particularly

6072-416: The move. The year 1858 saw more than 1,000 steamboats service Saint Paul, making it a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory . Geography was a primary reason the city became a transportation hub. The location was the last good point to land riverboats coming upriver due to the river valley's topography. For a time, Saint Paul was called "The Last City of the East." Fort Snelling

6164-462: The notable outcomes of the OEO Indian initiative occurred in Navajo country. The Rough Rock Demonstration School was established to provide education that incorporated Navajo culture while also preparing students for interactions with the broader society. Run by Navajo, the school became the first wholly Native American–controlled school since the federal government took over the schools of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in

6256-513: The occupation, continued to distance themselves from the demands outlined in the Twenty-Point Position paper. Despite the momentum generated by the caravan and the subsequent negotiations, there was limited acknowledgment or tangible action taken by the government to address the issues raised by the activists. The aftermath of the Trail of Broken Treaties revealed ongoing tensions between federally affiliated indigenous organizations. The accusations of corruption and internal conflicts within groups like

6348-409: The only Midwestern city to regulate rent increases when voters passed a rent control ordinance as part of a larger effort to curb rising housing costs. The law limited annual rent increases to three percent and prohibited higher increases after a tenant vacated a unit. In September 2022, the Saint Paul City Council voted to amend the law, allowing higher vacancy increases and exempting units built in

6440-479: The population (6.58% Mexican , 0.68% Salvadoran ). The 2020 census of the city included 291 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 5,640 people in student housing. According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $ 59,717, and the median income for a family was $ 74,852. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 50,186 versus $ 45,541 for female workers. The per capita income

6532-443: The population. There were 111,001 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

6624-409: The position, began to act as a "small 'a' activist" and a "big 'M' Manipulator" to "manipulate the system" of federal government dealings with Native Americans to lead to an increase in their political power. Consequently, they excelled at flexibility and creativity to allow Native American tribes to receive direct funding. The key OEO institution was the community action program (CAP), bestowed with

6716-702: The preceding or following 20 years from the increase cap. Every January, Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , a tradition that began in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul "another Siberia ". The organizers had a model in the Montreal Winter Carnival the year before. Architect A. C. Hutchinson designed the Montreal ice castle and was hired to design St. Paul's first. The event has now been held 135 times with an attendance of 350,000. It includes an ice sculpting competition,

6808-668: The private sector as of July 2008, 82.43% of whom work in private service providing-related jobs. Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab , a chemical and cleaning product company that the Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal named in 2008 as the eighth-best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full-time Minnesota employees, and Securian Financial Group Inc. The 3M Company moved to St. Paul in 1910. It built an art deco headquarters at 900 Bush that still stands. Headquarters operations moved to

6900-495: The region after the introduction of European goods. After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , U.S. Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres (40,000 ha; 160 sq mi) of land from the indigenous Dakota in 1805 to establish a fort. A military reservation was intended for the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers on both sides of the Mississippi up to Saint Anthony Falls . All of what

6992-467: The region and attracted fur traders. Fort Snelling and Pig's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English , Irish , and Scottish immigrants , who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge. These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river. The first wave of immigration came with the Irish, who settled at Connemara Patch along

7084-456: The reservation, particularly irritated the commander. By the early 1840s, a community had developed nearby that locals called Pig's Eye (French: L'Œil du Cochon ) or Pig's Eye Landing after Parrant's popular tavern. In 1842, a raiding party of Ojibwe attacked the Kaposia encampment south of Saint Paul. A battle ensued where a creek drained into wetlands two miles south of Wakan Tipi. The creek

7176-399: The river a few miles onto Dakota land. Fur traders, explorers, and settlers came to the area for the fort's security. Many were French-Canadians who predated American pioneers by some time. A whiskey trade flourished among the squatters and the fort's commander evicted them all from the fort's reservation. Fur trader turned bootlegger "Pig's Eye" Parrant , who set up business just outside

7268-600: The site of creation for their people. The Dakota called the area Imniza-Ska ("white cliffs") for its exposed white sandstone cliffs on the river's eastern side. The Imniza-Ska were full of caves that were useful to the Dakota. The explorer Jonathan Carver documented the historic Wakan Tipi in the bluff below the burial mounds in 1767. In the Menominee language Saint Paul was called Sāēnepān-Menīkān , which means "ribbon, silk or satin village", suggesting its role in trade throughout

7360-400: The statutory circumstances enabling the appointment of an interim director without Senate confirmation as required by the U.S. Constitution. This judgment was upheld on appeal. President Nixon's attempt to impound appropriated funds for OEO was ruled unconstitutional by Judge William B. Jones on April 11, 1973, in a case brought by Local 2677, AFGE; West Central Missouri Rural Dev. Corp.; and

7452-546: The ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater. The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant. RiverCentre , attached to Xcel Energy Center , serves as the city's convention center. The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues. Great jazz musicians have passed through

7544-408: The use of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) kitchen were denied. Amidst ongoing discussions, General Services Administration guards prompted the protesters to leave, escalating tensions as police in riot gear arrived and forcibly breached windows. The building was surrounded, and snipers positioned on the nearby Interior Department building. Undeterred, protesters maintained their positions, marking

7636-605: The war on poverty legislation. President Richard Nixon 's appointment of Howard Phillips as Acting Director of OEO in January 1973 touched off a national controversy culminating in a court case in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ( Williams v. Phillips , 482 F.2d 669) challenging the legality of Phillips' appointment. The Court found Phillips's appointment illegal because it failed to meet

7728-400: Was $ 32,779. About 13.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 87.6% were high school graduates or higher and 41.3% had a bachelor's degree or higher. As of the 2010 census , there were 285,068 people, 111,001 households, and 59,689 families residing in

7820-421: Was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33. The median age in the city was 30.9 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. The earliest known inhabitants of the St. Paul area, from about 400 AD, were members of

7912-400: Was created in 1849 with Saint Paul as the capital. The U.S. Army made the territory's first improved road, Point Douglas Fort Ripley Military Road, in 1850. It passed through what became Saint Paul neighborhoods. In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter , but Joe Rolette , a territorial legislator, stole the text of the bill and went into hiding, preventing

8004-621: Was dismantled, most of the agency's programs continued to be operated either by HHS or by other federal agencies. In 1986, the Office of Community Service was housed within the HHS Family Support Administration. In 1991, the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) was created by merging two HHS agencies: the Office of Human Development Services and the Family Support Administration. With this union,

8096-513: Was drafted by rights activist Hank Adams a participant in the Trail of Broken Treaties. The paper was intended to assert the sovereignty of the Indian Nations and to re-open treaty negotiations: St Paul, Minnesota Saint Paul (often abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County . Situated on high bluffs overlooking

8188-452: Was granted to all protesters, it did not extend to cover damages incurred at the federal government building during the occupation. The federal government finally appointed a negotiator and agreed to appoint a Native American to a post within the BIA . As the caravan dispersed, government officials maintained a resistant posture. The Nixon Administration, having refused to meet the protesters during

8280-454: Was important to Saint Paul from the start. Direct access from Saint Paul did not happen until the 7th bridge was built in 1880. Before that, there was a cable ferry crossing dating to at latest the 1840s. Once streetcars appeared, a new bridge to Saint Paul was built in 1904. Until the town built its first jail the fort's brig served Saint Paul. Industrialist James J. Hill founded his railroad empire in Saint Paul. The Great Northern Railway and

8372-494: Was sent to minister to the French Canadians at Mendota. He had a chapel he named for St. Paul built on the bluff above the riverboat landing downriver from Fort Snelling. Galtier informed the settlers that they were to adopt the chapel 's name for the settlement and cease the use of "Pig's Eye". In 1847, New York educator Harriet Bishop moved to the settlement and opened the city's first school. The Minnesota Territory

8464-652: Was thereafter called Battle Creek and is today parkland. In the 1840s-70s the Métis brought their oxen and Red River Carts down Kellogg Street to Lambert's landing to send buffalo hides to market from the Red River of the North . Saint Paul was the southern terminus of the Red River Trails . In 1840, Pierre Bottineau became a prominent resident with a claim near the settlement's center. In 1841, Catholic missionary Lucien Galtier

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