132-528: Turramurra is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney , in the state of New South Wales , Australia. It is located 16 kilometres (10 mi) north-west of the Sydney central business district , in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council . It shares the postcode of 2074 with the adjacent suburbs of North Turramurra , South Turramurra and Warrawee . Turramurra is an Aboriginal word which
264-462: A Harris Farm market to be constructed at 105 Eastern Road (the site of GDR automotives) and part of the adjoining nursery. A proposal to rezone and develop an Aldi supermarket was rejected in 2016. Turramurra is a hilly suburb approximately 170 metres above sea level. On the south-eastern boundary, bordering with Pymble is Sheldon Forest , which has some of the best preserved examples of blue gums and turpentine high forest . North Turramurra
396-451: A ute swerved into the path of a B-double truck, which then veered off-road and crashed into two houses at Urunga . 11-year-old boy Max McGregor, who was sleeping in one of the houses, and the ute driver died from the incident. Another seven people were taken to Coffs Harbour Hospital. It was found that the ute driver had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.245, five times over the limit, equal to more than 25 standard drinks. The section of
528-529: A 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) realignment of Pacific Highway that will bypass the city of Coffs Harbour , including up to 12 sets of traffic lights. It is being built as a four-lane motorway with three tunnels. It is the last section of the Pacific Highway Upgrade, and is being funded by the state and federal governments. The project was granted planning approval by the state government in November 2020 and
660-514: A belief summed up in a housing poster of the period "you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes" – referring to military fitness classifications of the period. The committee's report of 1917 was taken up by the government, which passed the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 , also known as the Addison Act after Christopher Addison , the then Minister for Housing. The Act allowed for
792-573: A city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. Although a majority of Americans regard themselves as residents of suburban communities, the federal government of the United States has no formal definition for what constitutes a suburb in the United States, leaving its precise meaning disputed. In Canada, the term may also be used in the British sense, especially as cities annex formerly outlying areas. In
924-546: A city's expansion, such as Ealing , Bromley , and Guiseley . In Ireland, this can be seen in the Dublin suburban areas of Swords, Blanchardstown , and Tallaght . The history of suburbia is part of the study of urban history , which focuses on the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture, and politics of suburbs, as well as on the gendered and family-oriented nature of suburban space. Many people have assumed that early-20th-century suburbs were enclaves for middle-class whites,
1056-404: A component of these newly designed suburbs which were booming in population. The television helped contribute to the rise of shopping centers by allowing for additional advertisement through the medium in addition to creating a desire among consumers to buy products that are shown being used in suburban life on various television programs. Another factor that led to the rise of these shopping centers
1188-475: A concept that carries tremendous cultural influence yet is actually stereotypical. Some suburbs are based on a society of working-class and minority residents, many of whom want to own their own house. Meanwhile, other suburbs instituted "explicitly racist" policies to deter people deemed as "other", a practice most common in the United States in contrast to other countries around the world. Mary Corbin Sies argues that it
1320-559: A further distance from them. In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the urban sprawl effect. In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in Guadalajara , Mexico City, Monterrey , and most major cities. Lomas de Chapultepec
1452-1006: A high of nearly two-thirds of Calgary CMA residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of Montréal CMA residents (34%). Large cities in Canada acquired streetcar suburbs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern Canadian suburbs tend to be less automobile-centric than those in the United States, and public transit use is encouraged but can be notably unused. Throughout Canada, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl. Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas, this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased by 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth. The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas ( Greater Toronto , Greater Montréal, and Greater Vancouver ) has occurred in non-core municipalities. This trend
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#17328448356991584-596: A large city. Suburbs can have their own political or legal jurisdictions, especially in the United States, but this is not always the case, especially in the United Kingdom, where most suburbs are located within the administrative boundaries of cities. In most English-speaking countries , suburban areas are defined in contrast to central city or inner city areas, but in Australian English and South African English , suburb has become largely synonymous with what
1716-588: A large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. In general, they are less densely populated than inner city neighborhoods within the same metropolitan area, and most residents routinely commute to city centers or business districts via private vehicles or public transits ; however, there are many exceptions, including industrial suburbs , planned communities , and satellite cities . Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land. The English word
1848-471: A large stand–alone house. In the suburbs, where stand–alone houses are the rule, lots may be 85 feet (26 m) wide by 115 feet (35 m) deep, as in the Chicago suburb of Naperville . Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. Alongside suburbanization, many companies began locating their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities, which resulted in
1980-550: A meeting point for those who lived within suburban America at this time. These centers thrived offering goods and services to the growing populations in suburban America. In 1957, 940 shopping centers were built and this number more than doubled by 1960 to keep up with the demand of these densely populated areas. Very little housing had been built during the Great Depression and World War II , except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments
2112-435: A modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway-service to central London. By 1915 people from across London had flocked to live the new suburban dream in large newly built areas across north-west London. Suburbanization in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the garden city movement of Ebenezer Howard and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century. The first garden suburb
2244-552: A musical instrument store, petrol station, Turramurra Arcade. There are two supermarkets in this vicinity. There is Turramurra Plaza with shops, such as shoe-repairs, a pool store, a patisserie and a tobacconist. A Coles supermarket is located behind Turramurra Station, on Ray Street, near the public library. Turramurra Masonic Centre is located along the Pacific Highway. Princes Street shops are located in East Turramurra , on
2376-436: A mutually acceptable upgrade package just after the 1996/97 financial year . As part of a joint New South Wales and federal funding arrangement and upgrade masterplan, single carriageway sections from Tweed Heads to Hexham were progressively converted to freeway or dual carriageway standards commencing in 1996. At the time, the plan targeted to have Pacific Highway upgraded to dual carriageway by 2016. The strategy divided
2508-507: A phenomenon known as white flight . After World War II, the availability of FHA loans stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs. In the older cities of the northeast U.S., streetcar suburbs originally developed along train or trolley lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term " bedroom community ", meaning that most daytime business activity took place in
2640-435: A problem of public order (keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called exurbs ) were created at
2772-555: A range of outdoor, social and community service activities. 1st Turramurra Scout Group has active programs for boys and girls aged from 8-11 (Cub Scouts), 11-15 (Scouts) through to young men and women 15-17 (Venturer Scouts) and 18-25 (Rovers). Kissing Point Rover Scout Crew is also based in Turramurra. Three teams which compete in the Northern Suburbs Football Association (NSFA) association football League have
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#17328448356992904-473: A settled life moved in masses to the suburbs. Levittown developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. Due to the influx of people in these suburban areas, the amount of shopping centers began to increase as suburban America took shape. These malls helped supply goods and services to the growing urban population. Shopping for different goods and services in one central location without having to travel to multiple locations, helped to keep shopping centers
3036-573: A total price of $ 10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment. At the same time, African Americans were rapidly moving north and west for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South. Their arrival in Northern and Western cities en masse, in addition to being followed by race riots in several large cities such as Philadelphia , Los Angeles , Detroit , Chicago , and Washington, D.C. , further stimulated white suburban migration. The growth of
3168-678: A venue in Turramurra as their home ground: Kissing Point Football Club (KPFC), Turramurra Football Club (TFC). The local Kissing Point Cricket Club fields a number of senior and junior sides in the Hornsby, Ku-ring-gai & Hills District Cricket Association. The club was established in 1961. In Rugby league , Turramurra is represented by the North Sydney Bears , officially the North Sydney District Rugby League Football Club. The NSDRLFC (Who haven’t competed in
3300-469: Is Memorial Park in Turramurra At the 2021 census , the suburb of Turramurra recorded a population of 12,850 people. Of these: 33°44′02″S 151°07′48″E / 33.7338°S 151.1301°E / -33.7338; 151.1301 Suburb A suburb (more broadly suburban area ) is an area within a metropolitan area which is predominantly residential and within commuting distance of
3432-563: Is a 790-kilometre-long (491 mi) national highway and major transport route along the central east coast of Australia, with the majority of the highway being part of Australia's Highway 1 . The highway and its adjoining Pacific Motorway between Brisbane and Brunswick Heads and Pacific Motorway between Sydney and Newcastle links the state capitals of Sydney in New South Wales with Brisbane in Queensland . It approximately parallels
3564-601: Is a distinct European style originating from European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch settled the Cape. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of Constantia and Bishopscourt . Large cities like Sydney and Melbourne had streetcar suburbs in the tram era. With the automobile, the Australian usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained
3696-571: Is a large oval located next to Karuah Road. Turramurra Memorial Park is a large park with an oval, four tennis courts (two grass and two hard), two table tennis tables, a running track, children's play area, outdoor exercise area and public toilets. Comenarra Park on the Comenarra Parkway has cricket and a soccer field. It also has bushwalking tracks leading into the Lane Cove National Park . Scouting groups in Turramurra take part in
3828-583: Is a separate suburb, north of Burns Road. Bobbin Head Road runs in a north–south direction through North Turramurra and then into the Ku-ring-gai National Park. The North Turramurra shops are located next to North Turramurra Public School. Further north are Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park and Ku-ring-gai Creative Arts High School . South Turramurra is a separate suburb, south of the Comenarra Parkway and centred on Kissing Point Road. South Turramurra
3960-471: Is also a shopping village in North Turramurra on Bobbin Head Road which has an IGA supermarket , bakery, post office, newsagent and other facilities. There are also shops along Eastern Road (between 95 and 105 Eastern Road) which has an IGA supermarket , dry cleaners, BWS liquor , bakery, butchers, greengrocer, pharmacy, florist and independent petrol station. There is a proposal currently underway for
4092-545: Is also beginning to take effect in Vancouver , and to a lesser extent, Montréal . In certain cities, particularly Edmonton and Calgary , suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and a large geographic footprint within the city borders. Calgary is unusual among Canadian cities because it has developed as a unicity – it has annexed most of its surrounding towns and large amounts of undeveloped land around
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4224-947: Is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In other countries, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in Peru and Chile, which have experienced a boom in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably "lost cities" in Mexico, campamentos in Chile, barriadas in Peru, villa miserias in Argentina, asentamientos in Guatemala and favelas of Brazil. Pacific Highway, Australia Pacific Highway
4356-760: Is an example of the Federation Carpenter Gothic style. In 1932, Lewy Pattinson , founder of Washington H. Soul Pattinson , gave the Presbyterian Church in NSW the land for Mission Hall, at what is now 106 Kissing Point Road. In 1936, ownership was transferred by Pattinson to St Margaret's Presbyterian Church, Turramurra. A Turramurra East Post Office opened on 1 May 1959 and closed in 1993. The Turramurra North Post Office opened on 1 September 1953. North Turramurra and South Turramurra became separate suburbs on 5 August 1994. The Hillview estate, situated on
4488-441: Is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population lives in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) with a population of over 100,000. However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood. The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from
4620-619: Is bordered by Lane Cove National Park start of the Great North Walk . Turramurra High School is in South Turramurra. East Turramurra is an unofficial urban locality of Turramurra. It is situated in the area of Turramurra east of Bobbin Head Road. It has a small shopping area called Princes Street shops. According to the Bureau of Meteorology , Turramurra was the wettest suburb in Sydney in
4752-455: Is called a " neighborhood " in the U.S. Due in part to historical trends such as white flight , some suburbs in the United States have a higher population and higher incomes than their nearby inner cities. In some countries, including India, China, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities due to urban sprawl . In others, such as Morocco , France, and much of
4884-801: Is derived from the Old French subburbe , which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium , formed from sub (meaning "under" or "below") and urbs ("city"). The first recorded use of the term in English according to the Oxford English Dictionary appears in Middle English c. 1350 in the manuscript of the Midlands Prose Psalter, in which the form suburbes is used. In Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, suburban areas (in
5016-526: Is expected to be completed by 2028. Construction formally commenced in January 2024. Warrell Creek bypass opened 29 June 2018 In 2007 mounting pressure was placed on the federal government to provide additional funding for the highway. On 10 October 2007 the Federal Minister for Transport and Regional Services pledged $ 2.4 billion in funding for the highway, subject to dollar for dollar funding by
5148-407: Is necessary to examine how "suburb" is defined as well as the distinction made between cities and suburbs, geography, economic circumstances, and the interaction of numerous factors that move research beyond acceptance of stereotyping and its influence on scholarly assumptions. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements. Large walled towns tended to be
5280-616: Is signed route A43 for most of its length, and is a four-six lane regional highway passing Lake Macquarie and on through the suburbs of the cities of Lake Macquarie and Newcastle before rejoining route A1 at Hexham . From Bennetts Green to Sandgate it is supplemented by the Newcastle Inner City Bypass , through New Lambton and Jesmond . Two sections of the bypass, Bennetts Green-Rankin Park and Jesmond-Sandgate, are of motorway standard. From Hexham, Pacific Highway passes up
5412-653: Is still a continuous route. Prominent bypassed sections of the highway between Hexham and the border include: In May 2009, the portion of the Tugun Bypass (newly opened in June 2008) within New South Wales boundaries was declared as the new alignment of Pacific Highway between Tweed Heads interchange and the Queensland border. The 1-kilometre-long (0.62 mi) older bypassed alignment along Tweed Heads Bypass (opened 1992) towards
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5544-478: Is thought to mean either high hill , big hill , high place , or small watercourse . The Aboriginal reference of high hill covered the range from Pymble to Turramurra. Early European settlers referred to the area as Eastern Road. The district was originally known as Big Island, Vanceville and Claraville (after names of estates or grants), and further north as Tulip Scrub from the large number of tulips or waratahs there. Turramurra means "high hill" or "big hill". It
5676-516: The Coffs Harbour Bypass commenced in 2023. A map of Pacific Highway between Nambucca Heads to its northern terminus, northwest of Byron Bay . Thereafter, Pacific Motorway continues north to Brisbane . KEY Pacific Highway can be broken into the following sections: Pacific Highway passes through some of Australia's fastest growing regions, the NSW's Central Coast and North Coast and also
5808-572: The FNB ("Soccer City") Stadium and south of the city in areas like Eikenhof, where the "Eye of Africa" planned community exists. This master-planned community is nearly indistinguishable from the most amenity-rich resort-style American suburbs in Florida, Arizona, and California, complete with a golf course, resort pool, equestrian facility , 24-hour staffed gates, gym, and BMX track, as well as several tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts. In Cape Town, there
5940-648: The Hampstead Garden Suburb . The suburb attracted the talents of architects including Raymond Unwin and Sir Edwin Lutyens , and it ultimately grew to encompass over 800 acres. During World War I, the Tudor Walters Committee was commissioned to make recommendations for the post war reconstruction and housebuilding. In part, this was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War One, attributed to poor living conditions;
6072-512: The Hawkesbury , Hunter , Myall (just to the east of Bulahdelah), Manning (south of Coopernook ), Hastings (west of Port Macquarie), Macleay (just to the east of Frederickton ), Nambucca (near Macksville ), Bellinger (near Raleigh ), Clarence (via the Harwood Bridge near Maclean ), Richmond (at Ballina), Brunswick , and Tweed rivers. From Sydney, Pacific Highway starts as
6204-771: The NRL since 1999, although there have been ongoing efforts restore the club to the top flight) is the only team without NRL representation to have a Junior Rugby League District, and teams in the District compete in the same competition with clubs in the Districts of represented by the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles . Turramurra is represented by the Ku-ring-gai Cubs, who are in North Sydney’s District, and their primary home
6336-520: The Northern Tablelands at Walcha before rejoining New England Highway at Uralla . This route reduces the distance of the Sydney to Brisbane trip by about 70 kilometres (43 mi). Major cities and towns along Pacific Highway include: Gosford , Wyong , Newcastle , Taree , Port Macquarie , Kempsey , Coffs Harbour , Grafton , Ballina and Byron Bay , all in New South Wales ; and Gold Coast in Queensland. Major river crossings include
6468-748: The Parliament of New South Wales provided for the declaration of Main Roads, roads partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads , and eventually Transport for NSW ). Great Northern Highway was declared (as Main Road No. 9), running from North Sydney via Hornsby, Peat's Ferry, Gosford, Swansea and Newcastle to Hexham (still under construction), and North Coast Highway
6600-585: The Tasman Sea and the Coral Sea of the South Pacific Ocean coast. Additionally, between Brunswick Heads and Port Macquarie (excluding a short stretch around Coffs Harbour ), the road is also signed as Pacific Motorway, but has not been legally gazetted as such. Pacific Highway no longer includes former sections of the highway between Brunswick Heads and Brisbane that have been legally renamed. As such,
6732-403: The inner cities of the U.S. Examples include the banlieues of France, or the concrete suburbs of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of single-family houses . Following the growth of the middle class due to African industrialization, the development of middle class suburbs has boomed since the beginning of
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#17328448356996864-499: The 1840s. A direct coastal route between Sydney and Newcastle was not completed until 1930, and completion of the sealing of Pacific Highway did not occur until 1958 (at Koorainghat, south of Taree ). The last of the many ferries across the coastal rivers was not superseded by a bridge until 1966 (the Harwood Bridge across the south channel of the Clarence River , the north channel having been bridged in 1931). Between 1925 and 1930
6996-485: The 1850s and eventually became a component of the Australian Dream . Toward the end of the century, with the development of public transit systems such as the underground railways , trams and buses, it became possible for the majority of a city's population to reside outside the city and to commute into the center for work. By the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as
7128-603: The 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 constructed annually from 1946 through 1955. The G.I. Bill guaranteed low-cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates. With 16 million eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $ 7300. The construction industry kept prices low by standardization—for example, standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators and stoves allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings. Developers purchased empty land just outside
7260-434: The 1990s, particularly in cities such as Cairo , Nairobi , Johannesburg , and Lagos . In an illustrative case of South Africa, RDP housing has been built. In much of Soweto , many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of
7392-483: The Brisbane–Gold Coast corridor, with tourism and leisure being the primary economic activity. Hence the traffic is heavy, particularly during holiday seasons, resulting in major congestion. For direct Sydney–Brisbane travel, New England Highway is an alternative that passes through fewer major towns and carries less local traffic. Another alternative route is via the scenic Bucketts Way and Thunderbolts Way to
7524-457: The Central Coast between Hexham and Doyalson, and route B83 between Kariong and Wahroonga). The highway was heavily used by interstate traffic and its upgrade was beyond the resources of the New South Wales government alone. The NSW and federal governments argued for years about how the responsibility for funding the highway's upgrade should be divided between themselves, only coming up with
7656-575: The Grand Central Terminal commuter hub that enabled its development. Westchester's true importance in the history of American suburbanization derives from the upper-middle class development of villages including Scarsdale , New Rochelle and Rye serving thousands of businessmen and executives from Manhattan. The suburban population in North America exploded during the post-World War II economic expansion . Returning veterans wishing to start
7788-531: The Hillview Community Health Centre. The entire estate is heritage-listed. The world-famous guest house, "Cooinoo" was situated on Kissing Point Road, only 300m from the Turramurra train station. It was built for William James Adams, heir to the Tattersalls fortune, and was used as a private residence until it became a genteel boarding house - described in 1931 as "the most notable guest house on
7920-521: The Lane Cove River). As no railway station was made there, it was applied to the station in the vicinity. The name Turramurra was adopted when the railway station was built in 1890. One of the early local landmarks was Ingleholme , a two-storey Federation Queen Anne home in Boomerang Street. It was designed by John Sulman (1849–1934) as his own home and built c. 1896 . The house
8052-637: The NSW north coast to Brunswick Heads where it becomes Pacific Motorway through to Brisbane. Pacific Highway used to be an undivided road from Sydney to Brisbane when it was first proclaimed. Since the most recent declaration of the highway in the April 2010 gazette, the New South Wales section of the highway is officially made up of four separate sections: Warringah Freeway, North Sydney to Gosford Interchange near Kariong; Henry Parry Drive, Wyoming to Pacific Motorway at Ourimbah Interchange; Wyong Road, Tuggerah to Hunter Street, Wickham; and Maitland Road, Warrabrook to
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#17328448356998184-413: The NSW state government. However, the NSW state government refused to match funding. In the lead up to the 2007 federal election , then opposition leader Kevin Rudd pledged $ 1.5 billion in funding. As part of Auslink 2 (Nation Building Program) , the federal government announced in its 2009 federal budget that $ 3.1 billion would be spent on the highway up until 2014 at which time just 63% of
8316-408: The Northern Tablelands it traverses. Between 1950 and 1967, traffic on Pacific Highway quadrupled due to the attraction of coastal towns between Sydney and Brisbane for retirement living and tourism. Two major coach accidents on Pacific Highway in 1989 near Grafton (in which 21 people died) and at Clybucca near Kempsey (in which 35 people died) resulted in a public outcry over the poor quality of
8448-464: The Pacific Highway, started circa 1890 with a modest Federation cottage facing the highway. Later, the owner realised the commercial potential of the site, with its sweeping views, and built a grand, two-storey Federation home at the rear, to be used as a guesthouse, circa 1913. A large, six-car garage with a dwelling above it was added at the western end of the site in 1915. The estate was later leased out to Ku Ring Gai Hospital, Hornsby , to be used as
8580-416: The Roads and Traffic Authority considered the environmental impact statement of a proposal for a toll road between Coolongolook and Possum Brush. The proposal was from Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Ltd and Travers Morgan Pty Ltd. Until December 1997, a short 3.5-kilometre (2.2 mi) section of the highway between Ourimbah and Kangy Angy was used by Sydney–Newcastle Freeway traffic as there
8712-476: The U.S., the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses, thus pushing residents outside the city center. While suburbs are often associated with the middle classes, in many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems, reminiscent of
8844-440: The United Kingdom and Ireland, the term suburb simply refers to a residential area outside the city center, regardless of administrative boundaries. Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city center. In large cities such as London and Leeds, many suburbs are formerly separate towns and villages that have been absorbed during
8976-468: The United States, many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are governed locally as part of a larger metropolitan area such as a county, district or borough . In the United States, regions beyond the suburbs are known as "exurban areas" or exurbs ; exurbs have less population density than suburbs, but still more than rural areas. Suburbs and exurbs are sometimes linked to the nearby city economically, particularly by commuters. Suburbs first emerged on
9108-576: The appellation suburb ; the term was eventually applied to neighborhoods in the original core as well. In Australia, Sydney's urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the Western Suburbs . The locality of Olympic Park was designated an official suburb in 2009. Bangladesh has multiple suburbs, Uttara & Ashulia to name a few. However, most suburbs in Dhaka are different from the ones in Europe & Americas . Most suburbs in Bangladesh are filled with high-rise buildings, paddy fields, and farms, and are designed more like rural villages. Canada
9240-435: The border at Coolangatta was gazetted as Gold Coast Highway instead, extending the already existing Gold Coast Highway in Queensland, into New South Wales. The Tugun Bypass was handed over to the NSW government in June 2018. The section of the bypassed highway within Queensland borders between Stewart Road and Gold Coast Highway was officially renamed Tugun-Currumbin Road, but is signposted as Stewart Road. Initially,
9372-437: The building of large new housing estates in the suburbs after the First World War , and marked the start of a long 20th century tradition of state-owned housing, which would later evolve into council estates . The Report also legislated on the required, minimum standards necessary for further suburban construction; this included regulation on the maximum housing density and their arrangement, and it even made recommendations on
9504-534: The city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst for suburban growth was the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s. The line later joined the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex . The line reached Harrow in 1880. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, London's Met
9636-466: The city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, while local public officials raced to build schools. The most famous development was Levittown, in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $ 1000 down and $ 70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, a fireplace, a gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for
9768-717: The city, with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes. Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time, as purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families. Suburban houses also brought about needs for products that were not needed in urban neighborhoods, such as lawnmowers and automobiles. During this time commercial shopping malls were being developed near suburbs to satisfy consumers' needs and their car–dependent lifestyle. Zoning laws also contributed to
9900-571: The city. As a result, most of the communities that Calgarians refer to as "suburbs" are actually inside the city limits. In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits. The perceived low population density of Calgary largely results from its many internal suburbs and
10032-596: The continuation of Bradfield Highway at the northern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge , immediately north of the Sydney central business district , and is the main route as far as the suburb of Wahroonga . From the Harbour Bridge to Gore Hill Freeway at Artarmon , no route number has been assigned. From Gore Hill Freeway to Wahroonga, the Pacific Highway is designated route A1. When the Warringah Freeway
10164-529: The corner of Princes Street and Bannockburn Road, near to Pymble Public School. Princes Street shops include a fine wine store, veterinary hospital, gift shop, delicatessen, butcher and grocer. Street renovations were completed in late 2013 and opened by Ku Ring Gai Mayor Jennifer Anderson during the annual community fair. There are shops at South Turramurra on Kissing Point Road including a hairdresser, IGA supermarket, cafe, pizza restaurant, chemist, bakery, post office, BP petrol station and other services. There
10296-455: The era, was heavily influenced by the Art Deco movement, taking influence from Tudor Revival , chalet style , and even ship design. Within just a decade suburbs dramatically increased in size. Harrow Weald went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3,000 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built, the 'suburban revolution' had made England
10428-568: The existing declaration of the highway, but redeclared the section between Calga and Kariong. As of January 2019 , this is the most recent gazette to redefine the declaration of Pacific Highway. Even though these three removed sections are not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway any more, street signage continues to show "Pacific Highway" and maps often show both the current road name and "Pacific Highway" together. In Queensland, Pacific Highway used to go into Brisbane, however, most sections have been renamed to other roads or highways. For example,
10560-474: The federal government in December 2020. Tenders for its construction were let in June 2022, with major construction commencing in early 2023. It is expected to be open to traffic in late 2026. The highway was upgraded to dual carriageway that is either an arterial standard (Class A) or a motorway standard (Class M). The Class M sections between Woolgoolga and Ballina are: Following the dual carriageway upgrade,
10692-554: The first suburban districts sprung up around downtowns to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial towns. Initially, such growth came along rail lines in the form of ribbon developments , as suburban residents could commute via train to downtown for work. In Australia, where Melbourne would soon become the second-largest city in the British Empire, the distinctively Australasian suburb, with its loosely aggregated quarter-acre sections, developed in
10824-507: The focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town . The word suburbani was first employed by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of Rome on the city's outskirts. Towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty , until 190 AD, when Dong Zhuo razed the city, the capital Luoyang
10956-454: The freeway and the highway at Kangy Angy was also removed. The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits, typically 60 or 70 km/h (37 or 43 mph). This section was damaged quite severely during severe weather in June 2007 . Five people died when a bridge over Piles Creek collapsed and the entire section was closed due to subsidence 2 km (1.2 mi) further south. The road
11088-415: The freeway, located 150 m west of the highway, opened to traffic. The new freeway section was one of the last sections of the freeway to be completed and was referred to as the "missing link" of the freeway. Pacific Highway was bypassed and reduced to one lane per direction, and the northbound carriageway and bridge over Ourimbah Creek north of Palmdale Road were removed. The at-grade interchange between
11220-547: The gazette. Confusingly, former sections of the highway removed from the gazette, such as between Gosford and Tuggerah, are still signposted as Pacific Highway. Former sections of Pacific Highway were created when the sections were removed from the gazette definition, or were bypassed by new sections of Pacific Highway. However, as mentioned, some former sections of Pacific Highway that were removed from gazette definition continue to be referred and signposted as Pacific Highway. Between Sydney and Hexham or Newcastle, some sections of
11352-512: The highway stops short of the Queensland border near the Gold Coast . It is one of the busiest highways in Australia and was reconstructed as a controlled-access highway (motorway) and limited-access road ( dual carriageway ) standards between Hexham and the Queensland border between 1996 and December 2020, excepting a portion of remnant surface road around Coffs Harbour. Major construction of
11484-419: The highway through Urunga was bypassed in 2016. Much of the danger of Pacific Highway lay in the fact that it contained long stretches of undivided road along which all types of vehicles, including private automobiles, buses, vans and trucks, simultaneously travelled at speeds approaching and in excess of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The undivided sections carried a high risk of head-on collisions. This
11616-453: The highway was completed in December 2020. Continuous dual carriageway, much of it freeway standard, now extends from Mayfield West in Newcastle to the Queensland border. As of completion, about A$ 15 billion have been invested in the upgrade by the federal and state governments, and fatalities have dropped by more than 75% since the upgrade started in 1996. The Coffs Harbour Bypass is
11748-593: The highway were re-gazetted as other roads and/or not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway anymore. However, as of January 2019 many of these are still referred to and signposted as Pacific Highway. The first two sections of the highway to be removed from the gazette was the Calga to Kariong section and a section in Gosford between Racecourse Road/Etna Street and Brian McGowan Bridge in November 1996. The remaining section within Gosford, between Kariong and Brian McGowan Bridge,
11880-630: The highway would be duplicated. The NSW government will spend just $ 500 million over that same period, with $ 300 million cut as a result of the 2008 mini budget. From time to time, there are proposals in the media for the private sector to build a fully controlled-access high-speed tollway between Newcastle and the Queensland border, possibly using the BOT system of infrastructure provision. Nothing eventuated from these proposals. Other sections of Pacific Highway (between Hexham and Sydney) have been upgraded or proposed to be upgraded: Pacific Highway
12012-607: The highway. In 1989, two separate bus crashes, the Grafton bus crash (in which 21 people died) and the Kempsey bus crash (in which 35 died) on the highway were two of the worst road accidents in Australia's history. In 2010, 38 people died on Pacific Highway, and in 2011, 25 people. Over the past 15 years, the New South Wales Roads & Traffic Authority reports that about 1,200 people have been injured each year. In January 2012,
12144-495: The ideal number of bedrooms and other rooms per house. Although the semi-detached house was first designed by the Shaws (a father and son architectural partnership) in the 19th century, it was during the suburban housing boom of the interwar period that the design first proliferated as a suburban icon, being preferred by middle-class home owners to the smaller terraced houses . The design of many of these houses, highly characteristic of
12276-417: The increased density of older suburbs and the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers. An alternative strategy is the deliberate design of "new towns" and the protection of green belts around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the garden city movement. In the U.S., 1950 was the first year that more people lived in suburbs than elsewhere. In
12408-771: The large amount of undeveloped land within the city. The city actually has a policy of densifying its new developments. In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of apartment blocks and condos that end abruptly into the countryside. Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture. In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for
12540-424: The location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or "zones" where only residential buildings were permitted. These suburban residences are built on larger lots of land than in the central city. For example, the lot size for a residence in Chicago is usually 125 feet (38 m) deep, while the width can vary from 14 feet (4.3 m) wide for a row house to 45 feet (14 m) wide for
12672-664: The lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term 'middle suburbs' is also used. Inner suburbs , such as Te Aro in Wellington, Eden Terrace in Auckland, Prahran in Melbourne and Ultimo in Sydney, are usually characterized by higher density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas. In the United States and Canada , suburb can refer either to an outlying residential area of
12804-472: The main South Coast Road – originally built as a series of small roads linking the dairy and sugar farms south of Brisbane to the main railway line – was declared as Pacific Highway in December 1930. In New South Wales, a section of State Highway 9 (Great Northern Highway) from Hexham to Sydney, was re-declared as part of as State Highway 10; its entire length (including North Coast Highway from Hexham to
12936-512: The most heavily suburbanized country in the world, by a considerable margin. Boston and New York City spawned the first major suburbs. The streetcar lines in Boston and the rail lines in Manhattan made daily commutes possible. No metropolitan area in the world was as well served by railroad commuter lines at the turn of the twentieth century as New York, and it was the rail lines to Westchester from
13068-569: The only remaining project of the Pacific Highway Upgrade is the Coffs Harbour Bypass. Additionally, the M1 to Raymond Terrace project , which is classified as a separate project, will be a motorway extending and connecting the Pacific Motorway (Sydney to Newcastle section) to the upgraded Pacific Highway at Raymond Terrace. The M1 to Raymond Terrace project is currently in the planning stage and
13200-482: The outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest. Due to the rapid migration of the rural poor to the industrializing cities of England in the late 18th century, a trend in the opposite direction began to develop, whereby newly rich members of the middle classes began to purchase estates and villas on the outskirts of London. This trend accelerated through the 19th century, especially in cities like London and Birmingham that were growing rapidly, and
13332-425: The picturesque north shore line" by The Home magazine. It was 6 acres with a two story Edwardian-style brick house and exterior cottages to accommodate about 60 guests and a large live-in staff. It was at one point run by Miss Jean Murray, who at the time was already running the nearby "Hillview" estate. She sold it in 1929 for £30,000 to George Thompson. It was later sold to Stan Delaney around 1947. Cooinoo Guest house
13464-592: The previous route via Parramatta , McGraths Hill , Maroota , Wisemans Ferry , Wollombi and Cessnock . At first, Peats Ferry was reinstituted to cross the Hawkesbury River , with construction of the bridge not beginning until 1938, due to the Great Depression . Due to the onset of World War II, the Peats Ferry Bridge was not completed until May 1945. The passing of the Main Roads Act of 1924 through
13596-430: The primary mode of transport of the coastal areas between Sydney and Brisbane was by boat. From the roads radiating out from the port towns, the intervening hills were eventually crossed to create a continuous route along the coast, but this did not occur until the first decade of the 20th century. By contrast, a continuous inland route from Newcastle to Brisbane via the Northern Tablelands had been in existence since
13728-523: The railway. However, World War I (1914–1918) delayed these plans until 1919, when, with the expectation of a postwar housing-boom, Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited (MRCE) formed. MRCE went on to develop estates at Kingsbury Garden Village near Neasden , Wembley Park , Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at Rickmansworth and to found places such as Harrow Garden Village . The Met's marketing department coined
13860-434: The remaining sections into three levels of priority: In the meantime, numerous sections of existing single carriageway road were upgraded by re-alignments and safety improvement work including the addition of overtaking lanes, pavement widening and median barriers. Overall the highway became safer and travelling times were substantially reduced, particularly during holiday periods. . The four lane dual carriageway upgrade of
13992-471: The road and its high fatality rate. Pacific Highway was never part of the federally funded system of National Highways . This appears to be because when the federal government funding of the 'national highway' system began in 1974, the longer New England Highway was chosen rather than Pacific Highway as the Sydney–Brisbane link, due to its easier topography and consequent lower upgrade costs. In 1994,
14124-488: The section of Pacific Highway between Coolangatta and Currumbin is now part of Gold Coast Highway . Sections of the highway between Hexham and the Queensland/NSW border that were bypassed and replaced by new sections of Pacific Highway, were renamed and downgraded to local roads, and are no longer part of Pacific Highway. As the new sections are just bypasses, this meant that the section between Hexham and Queensland border
14256-424: The state border with Queensland (via Pacific Motorway) to North Sydney. Pacific Highway was signed National Route 1 across its entire length in 1955. With the conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in 2013, this was replaced with route M1 for sections classified as a motorway, and route A1 for sections classified as a highway (except between Hexham and Wahroonga, where it is designated route A43 through most of
14388-407: The state border with Queensland, and the newly added section of Great Northern Highway) was renamed Pacific Highway on 26 May 1931; Great Northern Highway was truncated to meet Pacific Highway at Hexham (and was later renamed to New England Highway in 1933 ). Until the 1990s most road freight between Sydney and Brisbane passed along New England Highway instead, due to the easier topography of
14520-433: The state border with Queensland. Since February 2013, the freeway section of the highway north of Brunswick Heads is also concurrently gazetted and is named and signposted Pacific Motorway . South of here, the section between Brunswick Heads and Bruxner Highway near Ballina is also signposted Pacific Motorway, however it is not declared as so in the gazette as of February 2019, therefore it remains as only Pacific Highway in
14652-579: The suburbs was facilitated by the development of zoning laws, redlining and numerous innovations in transport. Redlining and other discriminatory measures built into federal housing policy furthered the racial segregation of postwar America–for example, by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods. The government's efforts were primarily designed to provide housing to White middle-class and lower-middle-class families. African Americans and other people of color largely remained concentrated within decaying cores of urban poverty creating
14784-971: The term Metro-land in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide, priced at 1 d . This promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. Published annually until 1932 (the last full year of independence for the Met), the guide extolled the benefits of "The good air of the Chilterns", using language such as "Each lover of Metroland may well have his own favorite wood beech and coppice — all tremulous green loveliness in Spring and russet and gold in October". The dream as promoted involved
14916-492: The then-Main Roads Board reconstructed a route between Hornsby and Calga that had been abandoned some forty years earlier, to provide a direct road link between Sydney and Newcastle. In addition, a replacement route from Calga into the gorge of Mooney Mooney Creek and up to the ridge at Kariong above Gosford was also required. This new Sydney–Newcastle route via Calga and Gosford was some 80 kilometres (50 mi) shorter than
15048-405: The upper classes. In the illustrative case of Rome, Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created ex novo to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to
15180-467: The wider sense noted in the lead paragraph) have become formalized as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities (see suburbs and localities ). The terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city center (which would not be referred to as 'suburbs' in most other countries), and
15312-474: The years 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014. Ku-ring-gai Council has several sporting fields in the area, including a large tennis and netball facility at the end of Canoon Road and Kent Oval which has children's play equipment and tennis courts. Tennis courts and a basketball court are located at Hamilton Park. Irish Town Grove is a park located behind Princes Street shops in East Turramurra. Karuah Oval
15444-574: Was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee, and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near Pinner and at Wembley Park. In 1912 it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near
15576-457: Was also known as Irish Town. More than 100 years ago remnants of a tribe of aboriginal people periodically travelled from the Lane Cove River to Cowan Creek and always broke their journey at what came to be called Wright's Hill, near Pymble Reservoir, or just north of it. The traditional owners called this place Turramurra or Turraburra (not to be confused with Turramburra, the native name for
15708-557: Was built in the late 1960s, southbound traffic was diverted through North Sydney via Mount Street. In October 1985 it was again diverted via Berry Street. From Wahroonga, Pacific Highway is mostly parallel to the freeway until Kariong (at which point it diverts into the Central Coast through Gosford and Wyong ). The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits of either 60 or 70 km/h (37 or 43 mph). The section of what
15840-505: Was declared (as Main Road No. 10), running from Hexham, Stroud, Gloucester, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, South Grafton, Ballina, Byron Bay, Mullumbimby, and Murwillumbah to Tweed Heads, on the same day, 8 August 1928. With the passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 to provide for additional declarations of State Highways and Trunk Roads, these were amended to State Highways 9 and 10 on 8 April 1929. In Queensland,
15972-605: Was demolished in the 1970s to build units. Turramurra has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: The Pacific Highway is a major arterial road in Turramurra. Turramurra railway station is on the North Shore railway line . CDC NSW buses run services from the railway station to local residential areas and schools. The largest commercial area in Turramurra is located along the Pacific Highway and Rohini Street, beside Turramurra railway station . This shopping precinct includes real-estate agents, fruit-markets, banks, bakeries,
16104-428: Was developed through the efforts of social reformer Henrietta Barnett and her husband; inspired by Ebenezer Howard and the model housing development movement (then exemplified by Letchworth garden city), as well as the desire to protect part of Hampstead Heath from development, they established trusts in 1904 which bought 243 acres of land along the newly opened Northern line extension to Golders Green and created
16236-479: Was formerly Pacific Highway from Wiseman's Ferry Road junction at Kariong , through to Pacific Highway exit at Gosford (adjacent to Brian McGowan Bridge), has been redeclared as Central Coast Highway with route number A49. The highway then continues north without a route number through the Central Coast suburbs of Ourimbah and Wyong as a regional route, before meeting with a spur of Pacific Motorway near Doyalson numbered as route A43. At this point Pacific Highway
16368-515: Was mainly occupied by the emperor and important officials; the city's people mostly lived in small cities right outside Luoyang, which were suburbs in all but name. As populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside . In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the main city expanded. The peripheral areas on
16500-505: Was no freeway alternative. This section of Pacific Highway was designated as part of National Route 1 and subsequently National Highway 1. It was also upgraded to dual carriageway in the early 1970s. Due to the shared freeway and highway traffic, the at-grade interchanges between the freeway and the highway at Ourimbah and Kangy Angy became bottlenecks during peak times. In December 1997, the Ourimbah Creek Road to Kangy Angy stage of
16632-791: Was part of the Presbyterian Ladies' College (now the Pymble Ladies' College ) until 1977 and was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999; and is on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate as a notable example of Sulman's style. The Indian born diplomat Sir Henry Braddon 's home was "Rohini", previously situated at the end of Rohini Street. Turramurra Post Office opened on 16 August 1890. St Andrew's in Kissing Point Road
16764-502: Was re-gazetted and renamed Central Coast Highway in August 2006. These changes resulted in the previously undivided section between Ourimbah and Sydney to be split into two: Kariong to Sydney, and Ourimbah to Wyoming . The April 2010 gazette removed the sections between Racecourse Road/Etta Street and Henry Parry Drive/Pemmel Street in Gosford, between Ourimbah and Tuggerah, and between Hunter Street and Industrial Drive in Newcastle from
16896-629: Was relieved to an extent by the provision of regular passing lanes, but these did not fully cope with the high level of traffic during holiday periods. After the 1989 crashes, the investigating coroner, Kevin Waller, recommended that the highway be fully divided along its entire length. Motorists surveyed by the National Roads and Motorists' Association (NRMA) voted Pacific Highway the worst road in New South Wales in 2012. The major intersections of Pacific Highway , spread over 779 kilometres (484 mi) on
17028-733: Was reopened in 2009 when the Holt-Bragg Bridge was opened, named after the family that had perished. The New South Wales section of Pacific Highway from Brunswick Heads to the state border with Queensland was re-declared as part of Pacific Motorway in February 2013. The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through the Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this Act, Pacific Highway today retains its declaration as Highway 10, across all four of its gazetted sections, from
17160-425: Was signed National Route 1 along its entire length in 1955. Over time, as road projects reallocated the route, or bypassed it entirely, these remaining sections were replaced with others. Former road routes of Pacific Highway have included: The Pacific Highway was one of the most dangerous and deadly stretches of road in Australia, partly due to its high traffic levels. Between 1995 and 2009, over 400 people died on
17292-410: Was the building of many highways. The Highway Act of 1956 helped to fund the building of 64,000 kilometers across the nation by having 26 billion dollars on hand, which helped to link many more to these shopping centers with ease. These newly built shopping centers, which were often large buildings full of multiple stores, and services, were being used for more than shopping, but as a place of leisure and
17424-496: Was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown. However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing. The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom. Whereas an average of 316,000 new non-farm housing units were constructed from
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