41-547: The Lane Cove National Park is a protected national park that is located within metropolitan Sydney , in New South Wales , Australia . The 670-hectare (1,700-acre) national park is situated about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-west of the Sydney central business district and features various vegetation types, such as, wet and dry sclerophyll forest, heathland , mangroves and tidal flats . The park consists of land near
82-516: A land lease from the U.S. government , while Mackinac National Park was handed down to become the first of the Michigan state parks . As with national parks, facilities at state parks are often leased to concessionaires to operate. Breaks Interstate Park is operated under an interstate compact by Virginia state parks , although it is also one of the Kentucky state parks , straddling both sides of
123-461: A bushfire resembles a child-like black figure. The name is now seen as racist, and Xanthorrhoea are more commonly known as grass tree. However a 2015 report written by Aboriginal Tasmanian authors, who refer to the plant as yamina , says "yamina forest on lungtalanana is important to the community. yamina are also commonly known as black boys. They are called this because the plant has a thick black trunk". In South Australia , Xanthorrhoea
164-458: A distinct period, which varies for each species, and often stimulated by bushfire . Fires will burn the leaves and blacken the trunk, but the plant survives as the dead leaves around the stem serve as insulation against the heat of a wildfire . The rate of growth of Xanthorrhoea is slow. Some species grow slowly (0.8–6 centimetres or 0.31–2.36 inches in height per year), but increase their rate of growth in response to season and rainfall. After
205-572: A few exceptions such as Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in California, and Wood-Tikchik State Park in Alaska, the largest state park in the United States . In addition to preserving natural landscapes and providing recreational opportunities, many state parks also serve as important educational resources . They often offer guided tours, interpretive programs, and exhibits that help visitors learn about
246-543: A few), but is placed within its own monotypic subfamily , the Xanthorrhoeoideae . The Xanthorrhoeoideae are monocots , part of the greater order of Asparagales . A reference to its yellow resin , Xanthorrhoea literally means "yellow-flow" in Ancient Greek . Smith named it, in 1798 , from xanthos ('yellow, golden') and rhœa ('flowing, flow'). The invalid Acoroides (' Acorus -like' )
287-445: A mutually beneficial relationship with the grass tree roots. The fungus increases the tree root's access to water and nutrients and therefore increases tree growth especially in poor conditions. The grass tree also suffers from a condition known as phytophthora dieback. Phytophthora cinnamomi is a discrete soil borne pathogen that attacks and destroys vascular root systems, causing hosts to perish through lack of nutrients and water. It
328-683: A restaurant) for lodging at some parks. These typically use "Resort" in the name, such as "_____ Resort State Park" in West Virginia state parks and "_____ State Resort Park" in neighboring Kentucky state parks , which has 17 such resort parks, the most of any state. Other states use the Resort name inconsistently (like DeGray Lake Resort State Park , the only one out of three resorts in Arkansas state parks ), or have only one such park ( South Carolina state parks ' Hickory Knob State Resort Park ), or do not use
369-495: A substantial amount of soil, greater than one cubic metre (35 cu ft), has been taken with the plants. The genus Xanthorrhoea , more commonly known as the grass tree, is an iconic plant that epitomizes the Australian bush in its ability to live in poor nutrient soils and respond to wildfire. Commonly-grown species for the garden include Xanthorrhoea australis , X. malacophylla , and X. preissii . Xanthorrhoea
410-446: Is Xanthorrhoea australis , and some of these names are applied specifically to this species. All species in the genus are perennials and have a secondary thickening meristem in the stem. Many, but not all, species develop an above ground stem. The stem may take up to twenty years to emerge. Plants begin as a crown of rigid grass-like leaves, the caudex slowly growing beneath. The main stem or branches continue to develop beneath
451-449: Is applied to many other plants. They are also known as balga grass plants, which derives from the word balga in the Noongar language of south-west of Western Australia , particularly for X. preissii . Its meaning is "black boy" or "blackboy", a name which was applied to the plant for many years. Some thought that Aboriginal peoples used the name balga because the trunk blackened after
SECTION 10
#1732844783829492-507: Is commonly known as yakka , also spelled yacca and yacka , a name probably from the Kaurna language ( Yakko , or alternatively Kurru ). The Ngarrindjeri name is Bukkup . Some of the above names are applied specifically to Xanthorrhoea australis , the most common species. The genus is endemic to Australia, occurring in all national states and territories. Some species have a restricted range, others are widely distributed. According to
533-480: Is important to the Aboriginal peoples. It is a highly-valued resource with many uses. The flowering spike may be utilised as the lightweight handle of a composite spear with a hardwood sharp shaft inserted into the end. It is also soaked in water and the nectar from the flowers gives a sweet-tasting drink . In the bush the flowers could reveal directions, since flowers on the warmer, sunnier side – usually north – of
574-425: Is spread through infected plants and the movement of contaminated soil and gravel. The leaves of the grass tree are hosts to another fungi, Pseudodactylaria xanthorrhoeae . Xanthorrhoea may be cultivated, as seed is easily collected and germinated. While they do grow slowly, quite attractive plants with short trunks (10 centimetres or 3.9 inches) and leaf crowns up to 1.5 metres or 4 feet 11 inches (to
615-650: The Australian states of Victoria and New South Wales . The equivalent term used in Canada, Argentina, South Africa, and Belgium, is provincial park . Similar systems of local government maintained parks exist in other countries, but the terminology varies. State parks are thus similar to national parks , but under state rather than federal administration. Similarly, local government entities below state level may maintain parks, e.g., regional parks or county parks . In general, state parks are smaller than national parks, with
656-677: The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration . Xanthorrhoea 28 species Acoroides Sol. ex Kite , not validly published Xanthorrhoea ( / z æ n θ oʊ ˈ r iː ə / ) is a genus of about 30 species of succulent flowering plants in the family Asphodelaceae . They are endemic to Australia. Common names for the plants include grasstree , grass gum-tree (for resin-yielding species), kangaroo tail , balga ( Western Australia ), yakka ( South Australia ), yamina ( Tasmania ), and black boy (or "blackboy"). The most common species
697-521: The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , as of September 2014 the following species are accepted: Grasstrees grow in coastal heaths, and wet and dry forests of Australia. They are drought and frost tolerant. The grass tree mainly occurs in soils that are very free draining and consequently low in nutrients. It survives in the poorest soils, with a shallow root system, enabling it easily access nutrients from decaying litter, while storing all
738-452: The Tunks Hill (previously known as Tunks Farm) area which is away from the river behind the garden nursery on Lane Cove Road . A weir was constructed in the 1930s near Fullers Bridge which converted the middle section of the river from tidal salt-water to a fresh-water area with constant water level suitable for recreational use in rowing boats and canoes. This area was managed by a trust and
779-514: The banks of the Lane Cove River , which flows generally south-east into Sydney Harbour . It also extends to the outskirts of Pennant Hills and Wahroonga at its northern boundaries. The park includes areas of land which are part of Ku-ring-gai , Ryde , and Hornsby local government areas with small areas of the park in Willoughby , Lane Cove and Hunter's Hill local government areas on
820-492: The banks of the lower reaches of the river. The park is surrounded on all sides by developed suburban areas and except for the upper northwestern region is never more than a kilometre wide. Much of the park is of fairly rugged terrain on the slopes of the river valley and covered by dense bush. The characteristics of the bush vary depending upon soils and topography. Parts of the park are affected by weed infestations, such as Fiddens Wharf and Fairyland . The central section of
861-731: The country's state parks. The NASPD further counts over 43,000 miles (69,000 km) of trail, 217,367 campsites, and 8,277 cabins and lodges across U.S. state parks. The largest state park system in the United States is Alaska State Parks , with over 100 sites encompassing 3.3 million acres. Many states include designations beyond "state park" in their state parks systems. Other designations might be state recreation areas , state beaches, and state nature reserves . Some state park systems include long-distance trails and historic sites . To encourage tourism in rural areas, several states have simple lodges, inns, hotels, or motels (usually with
SECTION 20
#1732844783829902-418: The crown. This is rough-surfaced, built from accumulated leaf-bases around the secondarily thickened trunk. The trunk is sometimes unbranched, some species will branch if the growing point is damaged, and others naturally grow numerous branches. Flowers are borne on a long spike above a bare section called a scape ; the total length can be over three to four metres long in some species. Flowering occurs in
943-474: The designation at all (such as the lodges of Georgia state parks ). The term "lodge" may also refer to a hiking lodge , essentially a large cabin for hikers rather than a large facility with private rooms and a restaurant. Other lodging may include yurts and tipis . Not all parks owned by a state are necessarily part of its state-park system, such as Stone Mountain Park near Atlanta. Some Texas state parks are
984-444: The fire. They need fire to clear away dead leaves and promote flowering, as these slow-growing trees were among the first flowering plants to evolve. Grass trees have developed a structural adaptation which helps the grass tree take advantage of soil fertilized with ash after fire, producing a flowering stalk in the aftermath. The grass tree forms a mycorrhizal relationship with fungi deep in its root system, wherein fungi live in
1025-403: The food reserves in its stem. The grass tree has developed adaptations that help it better suit the environment where it occurs. If a fire breaks out, the grass tree has a special physiological adaptation called thermal insulation that helps protect the plant. The grass tree holds its thick, dead leaves around its stem which serves as insulation, and helps to protect the plant against the heat of
1066-466: The initial establishment phase, the rate of growth varies widely from species to species. Thus, while a five-metre-tall (16 ft) member of the fastest-growing Xanthorrhoea may be 200 years old, a member of a more slowly growing species of equal height may have aged to 600 years. Xanthorrhoea is part of the family Asphodelaceae , containing related genera such as Aloe , Alstroemeria , Gasteria , Haworthia and Hemerocallis (to name
1107-484: The local flora , fauna , geology , and cultural history of the area. These programs are designed not only to enhance the visitor experience but also to promote conservation awareness and encourage responsible enjoyment of natural resources. There are 6,792 state park units in the United States, according to the National Association of State Park Directors (NASPD). There are some 813 million annual visits to
1148-508: The park include grass-trees , smooth-barked apples , old man banksias , flannel flowers , scribbly gums , and Wonga Wonga vines . See Friends of Lane Cove National Park list of what's flowering in the park. The park is home to a variety of native bird species, including brushturkeys , kookaburras , superb fairywrens , crimson rosellas , sulphur-crested cockatoos , rainbow lorikeets , and eastern whipbirds . Non-native birds such as common mynas and red-whiskered bulbuls also occupy
1189-514: The park, between De Burghs Bridge on Ryde Road and Fullers Bridge , was set aside as a park in the 1920s and developed with picnic areas interspersed in the bush along the banks of the river. The majority of these picnic areas are located between the Fuller's Road bridge and the road that leads towards the Tourist Park. North of this point the area becomes more rugged and there are no picnic areas until
1230-595: The park. Common reptiles include the Eastern Water Dragon and lace monitors , whilst common mammals include swamp wallabies and echidnas . See Friends of Lane Cove National Park list of fauna observed in the park. The park's position in the middle of a major metropolis necessitates compromises between the social desire for maintaining a pristine environment, and the need for urban development. Two examples of this compromise are: State park State parks are parks or other protected areas managed at
1271-421: The same family as Xanthorrhoea . However, future anatomical and phylogenetic research supported the views of Dahlgren, whom regarded Xanthorrhoea as the sole taxon of the family Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu stricto , which is now treated as a subfamily, Xanthorrhoeoideae. Common names for Xanthorrhoea include grasstree, grass gum-tree (for its resin-yielding species), and kangaroo tail. The name grasstree
Lane Cove National Park - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-513: The spike often open before the flowers on the cooler side facing away from the sun. The resin from Xanthorrhoea plants is used in spear -making and is an invaluable adhesive for Aboriginal people, often used to patch up leaky coolamons (water containers) and even yidaki ( didgeridoos ). The dried flower stalk scape was also used to generate fire by the hand drill friction method. On the Tasmanian island of lungtalanana , Aboriginal people use
1353-469: The state line. Other multi-state parks are legally two separate parks with the same name and more informal cooperation between them. The title of oldest state park in the United States is claimed by Niagara Falls State Park in New York , established in 1885. Several public parks previously or currently maintained at the state level pre-date it. Indian Springs State Park has been operated continuously by
1394-454: The state of Georgia as a public park since 1825, although it did not gain the title "State Park" until 1931. In 1864 Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded by the federal government to California until Yosemite National Park was proclaimed in 1890. In 1878 Wisconsin set aside a vast swath of its northern forests as "The State Park" but, needing money, sold most of it to lumber companies within 20 years. Mackinac National Park
1435-497: The sub-national level within those nations which use "state" as a political subdivision. State parks are typically established by a state to preserve a location on account of its natural beauty, historic interest, or recreational potential. There are state parks under the administration of the government of each U.S. state , some of the Mexican states , and in Brazil . The term is also used in
1476-484: The top of the leaves) can be achieved in 10 years. The slow growth rate means that it can take 30 years to achieve a specimen with a significant trunk. Most Xanthorrhoea sold in nurseries are established plants taken from bushland. Nurseries charge high prices for the plants. However, there is a very low survival rate for nursery-purchased plants (mainly due to over watering), which may take several years to die. The most successful examples of transplanting have been where
1517-659: The weir to enable Australian bass to access the freshwater breeding grounds upstream of the weir. Fishing is allowed in parts of the Lane Cove River as per restrictions managed by Department of Primary Industries . The Lane Cove National Park is popular with walkers, joggers and cyclists. The Lane Cove River Tourist Park , operated by the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service , is located within Lane Cove National Park. Friends Of Lane Cove National Park V
1558-480: Was a temporary designation in Solander 's manuscript from his voyage with Cook , originally not meant for publication. Kingia and Dasypogon are unrelated Australian plants with a similar growth habit to Xanthorrhoea . Both genera have, at times, been confused with xanthorrhoeas and misnamed as "grasstrees". Some plant classification systems, such as Cronquist , have included a wide range of other genera in
1599-550: Was called Lane Cove River Park. In 1982, the Government of New South Wales took over direct control of the park which was then called Lane Cove Regional Park. Various nearby areas of undeveloped government land near the river upstream and downstream from the central area including an area around Pennant Hills Park has also been added to the national park. It was then renamed Lane Cove National Park in 1992. See history for further information. A fish ladder has been constructed next to
1640-468: Was established in 1875 as the second U.S. national park before being converted to a state park in 1895. The first state park with the designation of "state park" was Itasca State Park in Minnesota , established in 1891. Many state park systems date to the 1930s, when around 800 state parks (and several national ones) across the country were developed with assistance from federal job-creation programs like
1681-472: Was formed after the 1994 bushfires and runs volunteer bushcare groups through the park areas. The group also sources grants for bushland regeneration works. The main walking track along the Lane Cove River forms part of the Great North Walk from Sydney CBD to Newcastle . This track incorporates a number of old tracks that were, in many cases, old logging trails. Common native plant species throughout