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70-559: Filiz Karaca, the author of the article about Turhan in the Islamic Encyclopedia , noted that although it was stated that Kösem Sultan gave her the name Hatice Turhan, the Ottoman historian and contemporary of Turhan Uşşakızade Ibrahim Efendi wrote that she was first given the name Turhan/Tarhan ( Turkish : Turhan/Tarhan ) and only then Hatice. Karaca also noted that in older sources she was called Turhan Hatice, while in newer studies she

140-527: A ceremony on 5 June 1672 for the Polish expedition. The army decided to stay here until he returned from the expedition, and one of the dome viziers, İbrâhim Pasha, was commissioned with the guard. Meanwhile, her grandson Şehzade Mustafa (later Mustafa II ), who was eight years old, was with her. However, her residence in Babadağı did not last until the return of the army. When the army arrived at Edirne, Turhan Sultan

210-461: A day. Ibrahim gifted the incomes of Bolu , Hamid , Nicopolis Sanjaks, and Syria Eyalet to Saliha Dilaşub, Mahienver, Saçbağlı, and Şivekar Sultans respectively. He also lavished the treasury of Egypt upon Saçbağlı Sultan and Hümaşah Sultan, and presented the Ibrahim Pasha Palace to Hümaşah. His known consorts were: Ibrahim I had at least ten sons: At one point, Ibrahim took

280-764: A fountain in 1653 in Beşiktaş district. Her first building project began in 1658. Perhaps in answer to the Venetian threat, the Valide built two fortresses at the entrance to the Dardanelles. The fortresses, one on the European side and the other on the Asian side, can still be seen today. Mehmed the Conqueror and other sultans also built fortresses in the same area. Each of the fortresses contained of

350-467: A great liking to the infant son of a slave woman, to the extent of preferring the unrelated child to his son Mehmed. Turhan, Mehmed's mother, grew extremely jealous and vented her anger to Ibrahim, who flew into a rage and grabbed Mehmed from Turhan's arms and threw him into a pool. Mehmed would have drowned if a servant had not rescued him. He was left with a permanent scar on his forehead. Ibrahim I had at least ten daughters: The tragic play Ibrahim,

420-533: A long vaulted corridor underneath, is located on the upper floor, which is reserved for the sultan and the sultan, together with two hearth rooms. After the L-shaped hall and an intermediate space, the balcony in front of the building passes to the building. The walls in the Hünkâr pavilion are covered with herbal decorated tile panels in under-glaze technique. Turhan was the last woman to wield such great power as to act as

490-488: A marble pool. Kösem Sultan intervened in the situation and threw the wet nurse out of the palace.” At the same time, Uluçay noted that before the birth of his son, Ibrahim was in love with his haseki and did not notice other concubines, but being a great lover of women, he very quickly switched to other concubines. Mentioning the case with the wet nurse, Uluçay wrote that Ibrahim loved the wet nurse's child more than Şehzade Mehmed, and wanted to kill his son by throwing him into

560-579: A mosque, elementary schools, hamams and bazaars. Turhan had built wells in Hejaz , she also constructed a library in Çanakkale and Istanbul. Turhan also built the Yeni Mosque in Istanbul. The initial construction was started by one of Turhan's predecessors, Safiye Sultan . She had chosen the commercial quarter of the city, Eminonü , as the location of the mosque. This area was inhabited by non-Muslims. By building

630-455: A new mosque in Eminönü, Safiye wanted to Islamize the area. To build on this site meant that land had to be appropriated from the local non-Muslim residents, an act that had not gone smoothly. In the year 1597, the first stones were laid. At the death of Safiye's son, Mehmed III , the construction of the mosque stopped as she was no longer the Valide. The construction was abandoned for 57 years, but

700-555: A regent to a young son. As women were not seen in public in the Ottoman Empire, it was through her patronage of building that Turhan showed herself to her subjects Turhan Sultan, Mehmed IV, Mustafa II , Ahmed III , Mahmud I and total of forty-four people are buried, especially some people from Osman III and his family, were buried in the Mosque or in Turhan's türbesi . In the direction of

770-464: A room entirely lined with lynx and sable. Because of his infatuation with furs, the French dubbed him " Le Fou de Fourrures. " Kösem Sultan kept her son in check by supplying him with virgins she personally purchased from the slave market, as well as overweight women, whom he craved. An account of his reign is given by Demetrius Cantemir . He wrote of Ibrahim: "As Murat was wholly addicted to wine, so

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840-407: A rumor that one of them had had a forbidden relationship with a man, an anecdote however rejected by several historians as invented or exaggerated. Ibrahim I had eight Haseki Sultans , the last of whom was also his legal wife, plus a number of known and unknown minor concubines: All of Ibrahim's Hasekis received 1,000 aspers a day except for Saliha Dilaşub Sultan who received 1,300 aspers

910-545: A search was made in [Kösem's] suite without result. At last the wretched old woman was discovered hidden in a clothes-chest and dragged out to her death." On the night of 2 September 1651, Kösem Sultan was murdered three years after becoming regent for Mehmed. With the death of her rival, Turhan became the Valide Sultan. As a regent, Turhan wielded great power. She accompanied her son to important meetings and on several occasions spoke from behind her curtained sitting place. She

980-499: A ship carrying high-status pilgrims to Mecca . Since the pirates had docked in Crete , Kapudan Yusuf Pasha encouraged Ibrahim to invade the island. This began 24 years of war with Venice . Crete did not completely fall under Ottoman domination until 1669. In spite of the decline of La Serenissima , Venetian ships won victories throughout the Aegean , capturing Tenedos (1646) and blockading

1050-457: A son, Şehzade Süleyman . After giving birth to her first heir, Turhan received the title of BaşHaseki . However, Sakaoğlu noted that she did not receive the corresponding position in the harem: on the one hand, this was due to Ibrahim's excessive lust for women, and on the other hand, the unlimited power in the harem of Kösem Sultan. Leslie Peirce wrote that Ibrahim ignored Turhan for most of his reign. Sakaoğlu believed that Ibrahim did not love

1120-459: A specifically European interpretation of Islamic civilization. The point is not that this interpretation is "wrong", but that the questions addressed in these volumes often differ sharply from those which Muslims have traditionally asked about themselves. EI2 is a somewhat different matter. It began in much the same way as its predecessor, but a growing proportion of the articles now come from scholars of Muslim background. The persons do not represent

1190-559: Is given in this ( EI2 ) edition to economic and social topics, but it remains the standard encyclopedic reference on the Islamic religion in English. The most important and comprehensive reference tool for Islamic studies is the Encyclopaedia of Islam , an immense effort to deal with every aspect of Islamic civilization, conceived in the widest sense, from its origins down to the present day... EI

1260-410: Is indicated as Hatice Sultan. Ottomanist Anthony Alderson, Turkish historian Çağatay Uluçay and American history professor Leslie Peirce indicated only one name option - Hatice Turhan Sultan; Uluçay, like Karaca, noted that Kösem personally gave her the name. Filiz Karaca wrote that Turhan was rumored to be of Russian origin ( Turkish : Rus asıllı ), born in 1627, captured at the age of twelve by

1330-430: Is no anonymous digest of received wisdom. Most of the articles are signed, and while some are hardly more than dictionary entries, others are true research pieces – in many cases the best available treatment of their subject. This reference work is of fundamental importance on topics dealing with the geography, ethnography and biography of Muslim peoples. Historian Richard Eaton criticised the Encyclopaedia of Islam in

1400-448: Is referred to as Hatice Turhan. The Ottoman historian Süreyya Mehmed Bey called her Turhan Hatice Valide Sultan. Turkish historian Necdet Sakaoğlu  [ tr ] titled the section about her in his book Bu mülkün kadın sultanları «Valide Hatice Turhan Sultan», noting that in the sources she is mentioned as Turhan Haseki, Hatice Turhan Sultan and Turhan Valide Sultan, and on the cesme fountain built by her in Beşiktaş , her name

1470-526: The Crimean Tatars and given to Kösem Sultan by Kör Süleyman Pasha. This version was also supported by Çağatay Uluçay. Necdet Sacaoğlu wrote that Turhan was supposedly born in 1627 in the territory of Russia ( Turkish : Rusya ); Sakaoğlu based this assumption about the year of birth on the fact that when Turhan Sultan gave birth to a son in 1642, she could not have been younger than 15 years old. Anthony Alderson, without giving any details, wrote that she

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1540-599: The Dardanelles . Kapudan Yusuf enjoyed temporary success in conquering Canea , starting a jealous rivalry with Nevesinli Salih Pasha , the recently installed grand vizier . The rivalry led to Yusuf's execution (January 1646) and the Grand Vizier's deposition (December 1645). With his cronies in power, Ibrahim's extravagant tendencies went unchecked. He raised eight concubines to the favored position of haseki (royal consort), granting each riches and land. After legally marrying

1610-686: The International Union of Academies , and coordinated by Leiden University . It was published by Brill in four volumes plus supplement from 1913 to 1938 in English, German, and French editions. An abridged version was published in 1953 as the Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam ( SEI ), covering mainly law and religion. Excerpts of the SEI have been translated and published in Turkish, Arabic, and Urdu. The second edition of Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI2 )

1680-464: The Kafes before succeeding his brother Murad IV (1623–40) in 1640. Three of their brothers had been executed by Murad, and Ibrahim lived in terror of being the next to die. His life was saved only by the intercession of Kösem Sultan , mother of Ibrahim and Murad. Murad's death left Ibrahim as the sole surviving prince of the dynasty. Upon being asked by Grand Vizier Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Pasha to assume

1750-475: The BaşHaseki who enjoyed the sultan's special favor, but the mother of Ibrahim's second son Saliha Dilaşub Sultan , who received a salary of 1,300 akçe per day, while the other hasekis received only 1,000. Karaca noted that the period of Turhan's tenure as a Haseki did not stand out in any way from other similar periods in history. Ibrahim's behaviour sparked talks of deposing the sultan. On 8 August 1648, Ibrahim

1820-442: The Grand Vizier. Kara Mustafa in turn wrote a memo on public affairs to coach his inexperienced master. Ibrahim's replies to Kara Mustafa's reports show he had actually received a good education. Ibrahim often traveled in disguise, inspecting the markets of Istanbul and ordering the Grand Vizier to correct any problems he observed. Ibrahim was often distracted by recurring headaches and attacks of physical weakness, perhaps caused by

1890-722: The Imperial Palace. Ibrahim came under the influence of various unsuitable people, such as mistress of the imperial harem Şekerpare Hatun and the charlatan Cinci Hoca , who pretended to cure the Sultan's physical ailments. The latter, along with his allies Silahdar Yusuf Agha and Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha, enriched themselves with bribes and eventually usurped enough power to secure the execution of Grand Vizier Ḳara Muṣṭafā. Cinci Hoca became Kadiasker (High Judge) of Anatolia . Yusuf Agha became Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) and Sultanzade Mehmed, Grand Vizier. In 1644, Maltese corsairs seized

1960-694: The Ottoman Empire Ibrahim ( / ˌ ɪ b r ə ˈ h iː m / ; Ottoman Turkish : ابراهيم ; Turkish : İbrahim ; 5 November 1615 – 18 August 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648. He was born in Constantinople , the son of sultan Ahmed I by Kösem Sultan , an ethnic Greek originally named Anastasia. He was called Ibrahim the Mad ( Turkish : Deli İbrahim ) due to his mental condition and behavior. However, historian Scott Rank notes that his opponents spread rumors of

2030-562: The Sultanate, Ibrahim suspected Murad was still alive and plotting to trap him. It took the combined persuasion of Kösem and the Grand Vizier, and personal examination of his brother's dead body, to make Ibrahim accept the throne. During the early years of Ibrahim's reign, he retreated from politics and turned increasingly to his harem for comfort and pleasure. During his sultanate, the harem achieved new levels of luxury in perfumes, textiles and jewellery. His love of women and furs led him to have

2100-636: The Thirteenth Emperor of the Turks , written by Mary Pix and first performed in 1699, purported to describe incidents in Ibrahim's life. The numbering is correct only if Mehmed the Conqueror is regarded as the First Emperor, and the disputed reign of his son Cem is counted as well. In the Turkish series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem he is portrayed by actor Ridvan Aybars Duzey as a prince and by Tugay Mercan as

2170-463: The Twelfth Century» and the Ottoman scholar Anthony Alderson who cites him mentioned that Turhan Sultan was a Muslim and had a brother, Yusuf Aga, who died in 1689. Filiz Karaca also mentioned that Turhan had a brother, Yusuf. Filiz Karaca noted that the future Haseki was brought up in the harem, and received her palace education under the supervision of youngest daughter of Kösem Atike Sultan . At

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2240-572: The bed designed for the Imperial pleasure might be the more precious. Nay, he put sable skins under him in a notion that his lust might be flamed if his love toil were rendered more difficult by the glowing of his knees." Kara Mustafa Pasha remained as Grand Vizier during the first four years of Ibrahim's reign, keeping the Empire stable. With the Treaty of Sèvres (15 March 1642) he renewed peace with Austria and in

2310-525: The book India's Islamic Traditions, 711–1750 , published in 2003. He writes that in attempting to describe and define Islam, the project subscribes to the Orientalist , monolithic notion that Islam is a "bounded, self-contained entity". The first edition ( EI1 ) was modeled on the Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft . EI1 was created under the aegis of

2380-405: The chief executioner who had served under Ibrahim. As the executioners drew closer, it was reported that Ibrahim's last words were: "Is there no one among those who have eaten my bread who will take pity on me and protect me? These cruel men have come to kill me. Mercy! Mercy!" As his mother, Kösem Sultan, and officials watched from a palace window, Ibrahim was strangled on 18 August 1648. His death

2450-586: The concubine Telli Haseki , he ordered the palace of Ibrahim Pasha to be carpeted in sable furs and given to her. Mass discontent was caused by the Venetian blockade of the Dardanelles—which created scarcities in the capital—and the imposition of heavy taxes during a war economy to pay for Ibrahim's whims. In 1647 the Grand Vizier Nevesinli Salih Pasha , Kösem Sultan, and the şeyhülislam Abdürrahim Efendi unsuccessfully plotted to depose

2520-492: The end he will leave neither you nor me alive. We will lose control of the government. The whole society is in ruins. Have him removed from the throne immediately." Ibrahim's six-year-old son Meḥmed was made sultan. The new grand vizier, Sofu Mehmed Pasha , petitioned the sheikh ul-Islam for a fatwā sanctioning Ibrahim's execution. It was granted, with the message "if there are two caliphs, kill one of them." Kösem also gave her consent. Two executioners were sent for; one being

2590-454: The end of the period known as the Sultanate of Women . From Ibrahim I , Turhan had a son: In addition to Mehmed, several historians speculate that Turhan may have been the mother of at least one daughter. They have been proposed as daughters of Turhan: In 2015, Turkish historical fiction TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem , Turhan is portrayed by Turkish actress Hande Doğandemir . In

2660-399: The first prayer in the mosque. In the southeast corner of the mosque, there is a need to pass to the majestic ruin and the sultan pavilion is arranged in three floors. The lower and middle floor cut-top stone has upper-level stone and brick walls that do not meet the needs of the brick. The pavilion, which is entered through a low arch door, has a long and ramped path. The palace, which has

2730-521: The mausoleum of the tomb, a treasure was formed in the courtyard over time, so fountains and power windows were built on the courtyard wall. Turhan Sultan died on 4 August 1683 in Edirne . Her body was brought back to Istanbul and was buried in the tomb named after her at the Yeni Mosque. She lies alongside her son and her descendants. She was considered the last of the great valide sultans. Her death marked

2800-534: The mother of his eldest son, which is also proven by an incident described by historians of the time: “Sultan Ibrahim fell in love with a woman who came to the harem with her child to nurse Shehzade Mehmed. One day, when they were chatting lovingly in Mermerlik [the 4th courtyard of Topkapi], Turhan caught them. She reminded the Sultan, who had caressed the son of the woman, that he should treat his own Shehzade with kindness. The Sultan, angry with Turhan, threw Mehmed into

2870-545: The old Arabo-Islamic empire, the Islamic countries of Iran, Central Asia, the Indian sub-continent and Indonesia, the Ottoman Empire and all other Islamic countries". EI is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. Each article was written by a recognized specialist on the relevant topic. The most important, authoritative reference work in English on Islam and Islamic subjects. Includes long, signed articles, with bibliographies. Special emphasis

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2940-428: The politics of the state. Sakaoğlu wrote that Turhan Sultan managed to shine on the stage entirely due to luck: the only surviving Ottoman Şehzade Ibrahim , ascended the throne, and Turhan herself became the first to cross the finish line in the race to give birth to the new sultan’s first Şehzade on 1 or 2 January 1642 - she, like the other dozen concubines, was forced into this race by Kösem Sultan , who worried about

3010-403: The pool. He also noted that at first Turhan was jealous of the sultan for other women, but over time, when Ibrahim completely switched to other concubines and the BaşHaseki was left to her own devices, she came to terms with her position. Leslie Peirce noted that in addition to Turhan, Ibrahim had 7 more hasekis and many simple concubines; moreover, until his marriage to Hümaşah Sultan , it was not

3080-418: The same time, Uluçay wrote that Kösem Sultan personally raised the concubine in order to present her to her son, the Sultan, as soon as possible. Peirce wrote that Turhan, brought to the capital by Kör Süleyman Pasha, was educated in the house of Atike, but was raised by Kösem, who initially prepared the girl to become the next valide sultan and therefore taught her not only the intricacies of the harem, but also

3150-496: The same year recovered Azov from the Cossacks. Kara Mustafa also stabilized the currency with coinage reform, sought to stabilize the economy with a new land-survey, reduced the number of janissaries , removed non-contributing members from the state payrolls, and curbed the power of disobedient provincial governors. During these years, Ibrahim showed concern with properly ruling the empire, as shown in his handwritten communications with

3220-465: The series, she is the mother of Mehmed IV and Beyhan Sultan. Encyclopaedia of Islam The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI ) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam . It is published by Brill and provides information on various aspects of Islam and the Islamic world . It is considered to be the standard reference work in the field of Islamic studies. The first edition

3290-488: The situation. However, in 1656 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was appointed to the position of grand vizier. His condition upon accepting the post was that he be given greater authority than his predecessors. Thus, Turhan transferred her political power to that of the grand vizier. In 1657, During the long-term residence of Mehmed in Edirne due to the expeditions, Turhan Sultan was with him. During the short-term departure of Edirne, one of

3360-590: The sultan and replace him with one of his sons. Salih Pasha was executed, and Kösem Sultan was exiled from the harem. The next year, the Janissaries and members of the ulema revolted. On 8 August 1648, corrupt Grand Vizier Ahmed Pasha was strangled and torn to shreds by an angry mob, gaining the posthumous nickname "Hezarpare" ("thousand pieces"). On the same day, Ibrahim was seized and imprisoned in Topkapı Palace . Kösem gave consent to her son's fall, saying "In

3430-494: The sultan's insanity, and some historians suggest he was more incompetent than mad. Ibrahim was born on 5 November 1615, the son of Sultan Ahmed I and his Haseki Sultan and perhaps legal wife, Kösem Sultan . When Ibrahim was 2, his father suddenly died, and Ibrahim's uncle Mustafa I became the new sultan. Kösem Sultan and her children, including young Ibrahim, were sent to the Old Palace. After his brother Murad IV inherited

3500-447: The sultan. Ibrahim was particularly famous for his brief but intense love obsessions, often with women who were not part of his harem and that he had his agents commandeer around the city. Other anecdotes related to his harem are Ibrahim's supposed passion for obese women, which would have led Şivekar, called "the fattest woman at Constantinople", to become his favorite, and the story that he drowned 280 concubines in his harem because of

3570-410: The throne from his uncle Mustafa I, Ibrahim was confined in the Kafes , which affected his health. Murad had Ibrahim's other brothers Şehzade Bayezid , Şehzade Süleyman and Şehzade Kasım executed and Ibrahim feared he would be next, but after his brother Murad's death, Ibrahim became Sultan . One of the most notorious Ottoman Sultans, Ibrahim spent all of his early life in the close confinement of

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3640-908: The traditional learning of Qom and al-Azhar , to be sure; they have been trained in Western-style universities, and they share the methodology if not always the cultural values and attitudes of their Western colleagues. Even so, the change in tone is perceptible and significant. Publication of the Third Edition of EI ( EI3 ) started in 2007. It is available online, printed "Parts" appearing four times per year. The editorial team consists of twenty 'Sectional Editors' and five 'Executive Editors' (i.e. editors-in-chief). The Executive Editors are Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer ( Free University, Berlin ), Everett Rowson (New York University), John Nawas ( Catholic University of Leuven ), and Denis Matringe (EHESS, CNRS). The scope of EI3 includes comprehensive coverage of Islam in

3710-417: The trauma of his early years. Since he was the only surviving male member of the Ottoman dynasty, Ibrahim was encouraged by his mother Kösem Sultan to distract himself with harem girls and soon fathered three future sultans: Mehmed IV , Suleiman II and Ahmed II . The distractions of the harem allowed Kösem Sultan to gain power and rule in his name, yet even she fell victim to the Sultan's disfavor and left

3780-463: The twentieth century; expansion of geographical focus to include all areas where Islam has been or is a prominent or dominant aspect of society; attention to Muslim minorities all over the world; and full attention to social science as well as humanistic perspectives. It was translated into Urdu in 23 volumes named Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya , published by University of the Punjab . Ibrahim of

3850-414: The viziers was appointed to supervise the sultan. She traveled to Istanbul from time to time while her son was on a long trip. It is known that a few years after the commencement of the round trips to Edirne, she built a flat (Avcı Sultan Mehmed Khan Apartment / Dolmabahçe Pavilion) in her palace in 1661. Turhan Sultan went to Babadağı with her son, who left Edirne and moved in the direction of Kamaniçe with

3920-448: The Şehzade's absence, ordered various amulets to be written, medicines prepared and potions. Karaca noted that Turhan Sultan was the very first concubine given to Sultan Ibrahim I, but it is probable that in reality the first concubine was Saliha Dilaşub . The birth of Turhan's son, Şehzade Mehmed , was celebrated with great pomp, as it removed the danger of the end of the Ottoman dynasty. Only 105 days after, also Saliha Dilaşub give birth

3990-566: Was Ibrahim to lust. They say he spent all his time in sensual pleasure and when nature was exhausted with the frequent repetition of venereal delights he endeavoured to restore it with potions or commanded a beautiful virgin richly habited to be brought to him by his mother, the Grand Vezir, or some other great man. He covered the walls of his chamber with looking glasses so that his love battles might seem to be enacted in several places at once. He ordered his pillows to be stuffed with rich furs so that

4060-468: Was a Valide (mother) under two sons, thus having the more experience of the two women. However, Turhan turned out to be too ambitious a woman to lose such a high position without a fight. In her struggle to become Valide sultan , Turhan was supported by the chief black eunuch in her household and the grand vizier, while Kösem was supported by the Janissary Corps . Although, Kösem's position as Valide

4130-634: Was begun in 1954 and completed in 2005 (several indexes to be published until 2007); it is published by the Dutch academic publisher Brill and is available in English and French. Since 1999, ( EI2 ) has been available in electronic form, in both CD-ROM and web-accessible versions. Besides a great expansion in content, the second edition of EI differs from the first mainly in incorporating the work of scholars of Muslim and Middle Eastern background among its many hundreds of contributors: EI1 and SEI were produced almost entirely by European scholars, and they represent

4200-493: Was born in 1627. The Turkish historian Ahmet Refik Altınay  [ tr ] in his work «The Age of Sables» ( Turkish : Sarnur Devri ) called her «the Russian brunette» ( Turkish : Kumral Rus kızıydı ), describing her as a slender, fair-haired and fair-skinned girl with blue eyes; Sakaoğlu noted that this description is probably unreliable, since it is based on portraits painted long after her death. Uluçay wrote that Turhan

4270-563: Was born in Ukraine in the 1620s. The version about Ukrainian origin was also expressed by Halime Doğru: she wrote that during the Sultan’s campaign against Poland in 1673, Turhan «visited the lands where she was born, Ukraine – breathed the air of her homeland and perhaps met with her family» ( Turkish : … doğduğu topraklara, -Ukrayna'ya- kadar gidişi, oralann havasını soluyuşu, belki ailesiyle… ). Ahmed Refik Altınay in his book «Life in Istanbul in

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4340-486: Was deeply loved and respected by her son. Due to her inexperience, Turhan relied on other members of the government to advise her on political matters. This is evident from her correspondence to the grand viziers. Turhan's regency was marred by at least two factors: the war with the Venetians for the island of Crete , and the financial crisis that arose from the high expenses of waging war. Weak grand viziers did not improve

4410-441: Was dethroned and several days later, he was strangled. At the head of the Ottoman Empire stood the child sultan, Mehmed IV. With Mehmed's ascendancy, the position of Valide Sultan ("mother of the reigning sultan") should have gone to Turhan. However, Turhan was overlooked due to her youth and inexperience. Instead, the sultan's grandmother and the previous Valide sultan , Kösem Sultan, was reinstated to this high position. Kösem Sultan

4480-476: Was in Istanbul. Mehmed sent the second vizier Mustafa Pasha to Istanbul to bring his mother before a week passed. Gülnuş Sultan attempted to have her husband's brothers Suleiman II and Ahmed II strangled after Mustafa was born, but Turhan had hindered these attempted murders. By providing the grand vizier with great authority, Turhan limited her own power on the political stage. However, she channeled her energies into other architectural projects. She built

4550-525: Was published in 1913–1938, the second in 1954–2005, and the third was begun in 2007. According to Brill, the EI includes "articles on distinguished Muslims of every age and land, on tribes and dynasties, on the crafts and sciences, on political and religious institutions, on the geography, ethnography, flora and fauna of the various countries and on the history, topography and monuments of the major towns and cities. In its geographical and historical scope it encompasses

4620-431: Was reported to Turhan by Meleki Hatun , one of Kösem's slaves. As N.M. Penzer describes it: "[Turhan] Sultan was awakened, and an oath of allegiance was taken to serve and defend the young [Mehmed], who was still but a child. The mufti declared by a fetva that [Kösem] must die, and a decree was drawn up by the [grand vizier] and signed by the trembling hand of the young sultan. It was now the hour of [Turhan's] triumph, and

4690-505: Was restarted after the area was devastated by the Great Fire of 1660 . Turhan decided to complete what had been started by Safiye Sultan. After its completion in 1665, the complex contained not only the mosque, but also a school, public fountains, a market, and a tomb. The Yeni Mosque was the first imperial mosque built by a woman. On 31 October 1665, the mosque was opened and Turhan Sultan and Sultan Mehmed IV's consort Gülnuş Sultan attended

4760-410: Was seen as the best for the government, the people resented the influence of the Janissaries on the government. In this power struggle, Kösem planned to dethrone Mehmed and replace him with another young grandson, Süleyman. According to one historian, this switching had more to do with replacing an ambitious daughter-in-law with SalihaoDilaşub, was more easily controlled. The plan was unsuccessful as it

4830-490: Was the second regicide in the history of the Ottoman Empire. In addition to his eight Haseki Sultans (the first and only certain case of the coexistence of several Haseki at the same time and a symptom of the loss of prestige and exclusivity of the title which began under Murad IV ) he had a large number of concubines, of which only some are known. However, only Şivekar Sultan and Hümaşah Sultan , who also became his legal wife, had any real political power or influence over

4900-488: Was very beautiful: tall, slender, with dimples on her cheeks that further emphasized her beauty, with white skin, deep blue eyes and dazzlingly shiny chestnut hair. The French traveler Jean-Baptiste Tavernier , returning from a trip to the East in 1668, stopped in Istanbul and wrote in his memoirs that the son of Ibrahim and a « Circassian woman» was on the throne. According to the modern Ukrainian historian Taras Chukhlib, Turhan

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