Misplaced Pages

#968031

30-843: In 1212, a peace treaty was signed in Turaida between the Estonian tribes and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword , the Archbishopric of Riga , the Livonians and the Latgalians . 57°11′12″N 24°50′29″E  /  57.1867°N 24.8414°E  / 57.1867; 24.8414 This Latvian location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Estonians Estonians or Estonian people ( Estonian : eestlased ) are

60-636: A Baltic Finnic ethnic group who speak the Estonian language . Their nation state is Estonia . The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other Finnic languages , e.g. Finnish , Karelian and Livonian . The Finnic languages are a subgroup of the larger Uralic family of languages , which also includes e.g. the Sami languages . These languages are markedly different from most other native languages spoken in Europe , most of which have been assigned to

90-481: A high sharing of IBD ( identity-by-descent ) segments with other studied Balto-Finnic groups (Finns, Karelians and Vepsians ) and the Sami people, as well as with the Polish people. Estonian national awakening The Estonian Age of Awakening ( Estonian : Ärkamisaeg ) is a period in history where Estonians came to acknowledge themselves as a nation deserving the right to govern themselves . This period

120-475: A poll done in 2013, about half of the young Estonians considered themselves Nordic , and about the same number viewed Baltic identity as important. The Nordic identity among Estonians can ovelap with other identities, as it is associated with being Finno-Ugric and their close relationship with the Finnish people and does not exclude being Baltic. In Estonian foreign ministry reports from the early 2000s Nordic identity

150-517: Is commonly carried by modern Uralic-speaking groups but also other North Eurasians, including Estonians' Baltic-speaking neighbors Latvians and Lithuanians . Compared to the Balts, Estonians have been noticed to have differences in allelic variances of N1c haplotypes, showing more similarity with other Finno-Ugric-speakers. When looking at maternal lineages , nearly half (45 %) of the Estonians have

180-452: Is considered to begin in the 1850s with greater rights being granted to commoners and to end with the declaration of the Republic of Estonia in 1918. The term is sometimes also applied to the period around 1987 and 1988. Although Estonian national consciousness spread in the course of the 19th century, some degree of ethnic awareness in the literate middle class preceded this development. By

210-466: Is found also in the Balts, Finns and Mordvins , for example. Uralic peoples typically carry a Siberian -related component, which is also present in Estonians and makes up about five percent of their ancestry on average. Although they have a smaller share of it than other Balto-Finns, it is one factor that distinguishes them from the Balts. Estonians can also be modelled to have considerably more Finnish-like ancestry than Baltic-speakers. Estonians have

240-466: The Finns as a successful model of national movement and, to some extent, the neighbouring Young Latvian national movement . Significant accomplishments were the publication of the national epic, Kalevipoeg , in 1862, and the organization of the first national song festival in 1869. By the end of the 1860s the Estonians became unwilling to remain reconciled with German cultural and political hegemony. Before

270-596: The Finns as a successful model of national movement and, to some extent, toward the neighbouring Latvian national movement . By the end of 1860 the Estonians became unwilling to reconcile with German cultural and political hegemony. Before the attempts at Russification in the 1880s, their view of Imperial Russia remained positive. Estonians have strong ties to the Nordic countries stemming from important cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during Scandinavian and German rule and settlement. According to

300-615: The Indo-European family of languages . Estonians can also be classified into subgroups according to dialects (e.g. Võros , Setos ), although such divisions have become less pronounced due to internal migration and rapid urbanisation in Estonia in the 20th century. There are approximately 1 million ethnic Estonians worldwide, with the vast majority of them residing in their native Estonia. Estonian diaspora communities formed primarily in Finland,

330-428: The 1750s to 54 in the 1790s. By the end of the century more than a half of adult peasants could read. The first university-educated intellectuals identifying themselves as Estonians, including Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), Kristjan Jaak Peterson (1801–1822) and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882), appeared in the 1820s. The ruling elites had remained predominantly German in language and culture since

SECTION 10

#1732847691969

360-509: The 18th century the self-denomination eestlane (Estonian) along with the older maarahvas (country folk) spread among Estonians in the then provinces of Estonia and Livonia of the Russian Empire . The Bible was translated in 1739, and the number of books and brochures published in Estonian increased from 18 in the 1750s to 54 in the 1790s. By the end of the 18th century more than half of

390-794: The Baltic Sea considerably later, perhaps during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BCE). It has also been argued that Western Uralic tribes reached Fennoscandia first, leading into the development of the Sámi peoples , and arrived in the Baltic region later in the Bronze Age or the transition to the Iron Age at the latest. This lead into the formation of Baltic Finnic peoples , who would later become such groups as Estonians and Finns . The oldest known endonym of

420-463: The Estonians is maarahvas , literally meaning "land people" or "country folk". It was used until the mid-19th century, when it was gradually replaced by Eesti rahvas "Estonian people" during the Estonian national awakening . Eesti , the modern endonym of Estonia, is thought to have similar origins to Aesti , the name used by the Germanic peoples for the neighbouring people living northeast of

450-572: The United States, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Estonia was first inhabited about 10,000 years ago, soon after the ice from the Baltic Ice Lake had melted. Living in the same area for more than 5,000 years would put Estonians' ancestors among Europe's oldest permanent inhabitants. On the other hand, some recent linguistic estimations suggest that Finno-Ugric speakers arrived around

480-486: The attempts at Russification in the 1880s–1890s their view of Imperial Russia remained positive. In 1881 seventeen Estonian societies, in a memorandum inspired by Carl Robert Jakobson, called upon Emperor Alexander III of Russia for the introduction of zemstvo institutions (which had already existed in most parts of the Empire), with equal representation for Estonians and Baltic Germans and administrative unification of

510-592: The conquest of the early 13th century. Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850), a Baltic German Estophile, was the first author to treat the Estonians explicitly as a nationality equal to others; he became a source of inspiration for the Estonian national movement, modelled on Baltic German cultural world before the middle of the 19th century. However, in the middle of the century the Estonians, with such leaders as Carl Robert Jakobson (1841–1882), Jakob Hurt (1839–1907) and Johann Voldemar Jannsen (1819–1890), became more ambitious in their political demands and started leaning towards

540-431: The conquest of the early 13th century. Garlieb Merkel (1769–1850), a Baltic-German Estophile , became the first author to treat the Estonians as a nationality equal to others; he became a source of inspiration for the Estonian national movement, modelled on Baltic German cultural world before the middle of the 19th century. However, in the middle of the century, the Estonians became more ambitious and started leaning toward

570-467: The country's rural adult male population was able to read, and the literacy rate in urban areas was already significantly higher. The first university-educated intellectuals identifying themselves as Estonians , including Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), Kristjan Jaak Peterson (1801–1822) and Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (1803–1882), came to prominence in the 1820s. The ruling elite had remained predominantly German in language and culture since

600-459: The course of the 19th century during the Estonian national awakening , some degree of ethnic awareness preceded this development. By the 18th century the self-denomination eestlane spread among Estonians along with the older maarahvas . Anton thor Helle 's translation of the Bible into Estonian appeared in 1739, and the number of books and brochures published in Estonian increased from 18 in

630-691: The ethnic Estonian areas. Postimees , the first Estonian daily, began appearing in 1891. According to the 1897 census , the Estonians had the second highest literacy rate in the Russian Empire after the Finns in the Grand Duchy of Finland (96.1% of the Estonian-speaking population of the Baltic Provinces 10 years and older, roughly equally for males and females). The cities became Estonicized quickly, and in 1897 ethnic Estonians comprised two-thirds of

SECTION 20

#1732847691969

660-629: The haplogroup H . About one in four (24.2 %) carry the haplogroup U , and the majority of them belong to its subclade U5 . Autosomally Estonians are close with Latvians and Lithuanians. However, they are shifted towards the Finns , who are isolated from most European populations. Northeastern Estonians are particularly close to Finns, while Southeastern Estonians are close to the Balts; other Estonians plot between these two extremes. Estonians have high steppe -like admixture, and less farmer -related and more hunter-gatherer -related admixture than Western and Central Europeans. The same pattern

690-545: The mouth of the Vistula . The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 CE was the first to mention the " Aesti " in writing. In Old Norse , the land south of the Gulf of Finland was called Eistland and the people eistr . The Wanradt–Koell Catechism , the first known book in Estonian, was printed in 1525, while the oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th-century chronicles. Although Estonian national consciousness spread in

720-575: The period of Tsarist rule of Estonia (1710-1917), over 100,000 Estonians migrated to the neighbouring areas of the Russian Empire , especially to the then capital city Saint Petersburg . According to the 1897 census, 6,852 native Estonian-speakers also lived in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , in what is now Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , Latvia and western Ukraine , of which over 4,360 lived in territories of today's Poland. During World War II , when Estonia

750-546: The return of Estonians who have particular skills needed in Estonia. One of the largest permanent Estonian communities outside Estonia is in Canada, with about 24,000 people (according to some sources up to 50,000 people). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, about 17,000 arrived in Canada, initially in Montreal . Toronto is currently the city with the largest population of Estonians outside of Estonia. The first Estonian World Festival

780-556: The total Estonian urban population. In response to a period of Russification initiated by the Russian empire in the 1880s, Estonian nationalism took on even more political tones, with intellectuals calling for greater autonomy. As the Russian Revolution of 1905 swept through Estonia, the Estonians called for freedom of the press and assembly , for universal franchise , and for national autonomy. Estonian gains were minimal, but

810-549: The years of independence, many Estonians have chosen to work abroad, primarily in Finland , but also in the UK, Benelux , Sweden , and Germany . Recognising the problems arising from low birth rate and emigration, the Estonian government has launched various measures to increase the birth rate and to lure migrant Estonians back to Estonia. For example, a campaign Talendid koju! ("Bringing talents home!") has aimed to coordinate and promote

840-646: Was invaded by the Soviet Army in 1944, large numbers of Estonians fled their homeland on ships or smaller boats over the Baltic Sea . Many refugees who survived the risky sea voyage to Sweden or Germany later moved from there to Canada , the United Kingdom , the United States or Australia . Some of these refugees and their descendants returned to Estonia after the nation regained its independence in 1991. Over

870-663: Was held in Toronto in 1972. Y-chromosome haplogroups among Estonians include N1c (35.7%), R1a (33.5%) and I1 (15%). R1a, common in Eastern Europe, was the dominant Y-DNA haplogroup among the pre-Uralic inhabitants of Estonia, as it is the only one found in the local samples from the time of the Corded Ware culture and Bronze Age. Appearance of N1c is linked to the arrival of Uralic-speakers. It originated in East Eurasia and

900-534: Was preferred over Baltic one. After the Treaty of Tartu (1920) recognised Estonia's 1918 independence from Russia, ethnic Estonians residing in Russia gained the option of opting for Estonian citizenship (those who opted were called optandid – 'optants') and returning to their fatherland. An estimated 40,000 Estonians lived in Russia in 1920. In sum, 37,578 people moved from Soviet Russia to Estonia (1920–1923). During

#968031