The Tupinambá ( plural: Tupinambás) are one of the various Tupi ethnic groups that inhabit present-day Brazil, and who had been living there long before the conquest of the region by Portuguese colonial settlers. The name Tupinambá was also applied to other Tupi-speaking groups, such as the Tupiniquim , Potiguara , Tupinambá, Temiminó, Caeté , Tabajara , Tamoio, and Tupinaé, among others. Before and during their first contact with the Portuguese , the Tupinambás had been living along the entire Eastern Atlantic coast of Brazil .
26-1118: In a sense, the name can be applied exclusively to the Tupinambás who once-inhabited the right shore of the São Francisco River (in the Recôncavo Baiano , Bahia), and from the Cabo de São Tomé (in Rio de Janeiro ) to the town of São Sebastião (in São Paulo ). Their language survives today in the form of Nheengatu . In the 21st century, the Tupinambá people live in Pará , and the southern region of Bahia, around Olivença , Alagoas. The Tupinambás of Olivença's fight for land recognition started in 2005, and reclaimed about 90 farms. The following year, they opened brand-new indigenous schools, with their own curriculum, language, and teaching methods, in 2006. Hundreds of years before
52-642: A Voyage to the Land of Brazil ) (1578), and Hans Staden 's Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen (English: True History: An Account of Cannibal Captivity in Brazil , lit. ... of a Landscape of the Wild Naked People ), in which he describes the Tupinamba practicing cannibalism . Thevet and Léry were an inspiration for Montaigne 's famous essay Of Cannibals , and influenced
78-835: A campus of the State University of Bahia (UNEB) and of the Adventist College of Bahia (FADBA), which was the first private higher education institution in the region. Around 1860, the first manifestations of samba de roda , proclaimed a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO , appeared in the Recôncavo Baiano. The region is notable for the Velloso family (originally with two "l"s), originally from Santo Amaro da Purificação, which includes singers Caetano Veloso and Maria Bethânia , who began their careers in
104-642: A technical group to define the 47,376 acres of territory occupied by the Tupinambá of Olivença as an indigenous land ( Terra Indígena , in Portuguese). FUNAI approved the report in 2009, which arrived at the Federal Ministry of Justice in 2012. The Tupinambá of Olivença living in Serra do Padeiro reclaimed about 90 farms between 2004 and 2016 as indigenous lands. A governmental proposal puts the Tupinambá of Olivença and other indigenous reclaimed lands at risk. In May 2023,
130-544: Is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil . The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current president of the chamber is the Deputy Arthur Lira ( PP - AL ), who was elected on 1 February 2021. The number of deputies elected is proportional to the size of the population of the respective state (or of
156-455: Is not constantly used to refer to Salvador . The region is very rich in oil. In agriculture, sugar cane, manioc, tobacco and some tropical fruit crops are suitable for planting. Since the beginning of Brazil's colonization , the word " recôncavo ", originally used to describe lands around a bay, has been associated with the area near the Bay of All Saints. In the 16th century, the Recôncavo Baiano
182-563: The Escola Estadual Indígina Tupinambá de Olivença (EEITO), was created in 2002 and opened in 2006. The second school implemented was the Escola Estadual Indígena Tupinambá Serra do Padeiro (EEITSP), called Colégio Estadual Indígena Tupinambá Serra do Padeiro (CEITSP) since 2015, which was first an annex to EEITO and opened in Serra do Padeiro. Both indigenous and non-indigenous people attend
208-658: The Brazilian House of Representatives approved the Marco Temporal project, which limits the demarcation of indigenous lands. It states that indigenous peoples only have claim to the land they occupied during the 1988 Constitution promulgation, meaning they can be removed from where they reside now if they cannot prove they permanently lived there in 1988. Farmers advocate for the project, since it defends private property. The project also threatens indigenous communities and their land. The Brazilian Supreme Federal Court declared
234-519: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics is used as the basis for the distribution of the seats. Proportionality is followed as a principle, with the exception that there should be a minimum of eight (8) members and a maximum of seventy (70) members per state. Per the 2010 census, states with 3,258,117 inhabitants upwards have 9 to 70 deputies. As a result, although most states hover around an average of 362,013 inhabitants by deputy (per
260-791: The Federal Institute of Bahia (IFBA), both based in Salvador, the Recôncavo Baiano also features two other public institutions: the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), with campuses in the cities of Cruz das Almas, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Amargosa, Santo Amaro and Cachoeira, and the University for International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (UNILAB), based in São Francisco do Conde. Santo Antônio de Jesus has
286-877: The 1960s. Several cities in the region host festivals that unite Catholic and Afro-Brazilian religions. In Cachoeira, the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Good Death is responsible for organizing the annual Festa da Boa Morte on August 13, which includes mass, samba and food. In Salvador, the Lavagem do Bonfim is held every January and includes the washing of the steps and atrium of the Church of Our Lord of Bonfim . Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) Opposition (114) Independents (173) Recent elections 15°47′59″S 47°51′51″W / 15.79972°S 47.86417°W / -15.79972; -47.86417 The Chamber of Deputies ( Portuguese : Câmara dos Deputados )
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#1732858975210312-559: The 2010 census), some states with smaller populations have a much lower average, such as Roraima (1 for 51,000 inhabitants). Partisan bloc leadership is organized into the following roles: The House of Deputies is composed of the Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil by College Leaders and the Commissions, which can be permanent, temporary, or special inquiry. The current composition of
338-682: The Board of the Chamber of Deputies is the following: President: Arthur Lira ( PP - AL ) 1st vice president: Marcos Pereira ( Republicanos - SP ) 2nd vice president: Sóstenes Cavalcante ( PL - RJ ) 1st secretary: Luciano Bivar ( UNIÃO - PE ) 2nd secretary: Maria do Rosário ( PT - RS ) 3rd secretary: Júlio Cesar ( PSD - PI ) 4th secretary: Lucio Mosquini ( MDB - RO ) 1st substitute: Gilberto Nascimento ( PSC - SP ) 2nd substitute: Pompeo de Mattos ( PDT - RS ) 3rd substitute: Beto Pereira ( PSDB - MS ) 4th substitute: André Ferreira ( PL - PE ) On 6 March 2012,
364-575: The Federal District) as of 1994. However, no delegation can be made up of less than eight or more than seventy seats. Thus the least populous state elects eight federal deputies and the most populous elects seventy. These restrictions favour the smaller states at the expense of the more populous states and so the size of the delegations is not exactly proportional to population. Elections to the Chamber of Deputies are held every four years, with all seats up for election. A census held every 10 years by
390-622: The Portuguese in enslaving other native populations, but the Portuguese eventually started to go after the Tupinambá as well. It was in part due to this lack of alliances that the Portuguese were able to conquer the group. The Tupinambás were abundantly described in André Thevet 's 1572 Cosmographie universelle (English: The New Found World, or Antarctike ), in Jean de Léry 's Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil (English: History of
416-400: The Recôncavo Baiano confirmed the high degree of African ancestry in the region. People from the urban areas of Cachoeira and Maragojipe were analyzed, as well as quilombolas from the rural area of Cachoeira. The result indicated that African ancestry was 80.4%, European ancestry 10.8% and indigenous ancestry 8.8%. In Salvador, the genetic analysis carried out on the population confirmed that
442-520: The arrival of the Portuguese, the Tupinambá are said to have migrated from the South coast of Brazil to the Northern coast for the sake of better hunting and agricultural opportunities. From here they settled into communities that would sustain a population of about 100 people. The size and strength of the communities made them infamous in combat, but left them with very few alliances. The Tupinambá originally helped
468-611: The city of Ilhéus and extends from the sea coast of the village of Olivença to the Serra das Trempes and Serra do Padeiro. The other group lives in the low Tapajós in the Brazilian state of Pará. The Brazilian government officially recognized the Tupinambá as indigenous people in 2002. In 2005, the National Indigenous People Foundation ( FUNAI ), which implements indigenous rights into the Federal government, created
494-884: The city's largest genetic contribution is African (49.2%), followed by European (36.3%) and indigenous (14.5%). It also concluded that individuals who have a surname with a religious connotation are more likely to have African ancestry (54.9%) and to belong to less privileged social classes. The Recôncavo Baiano covers 20 cities: Aratuípe , Cabaceiras do Paraguaçu , Cachoeira , Castro Alves , Conceição do Almeida , Cruz das Almas , Dom Macedo Costa , Governador Mangabeira , Itatim , Jaguaripe , Maragogipe , Muniz Ferreira , Muritiba , Nazaré , Salinas da Margarida , Santa Terezinha , Santo Amaro , Santo Antônio de Jesus , São Felipe , São Felix , São Miguel das Matas , São Gonçalo dos Campos , Sapeaçu , Saubara and Varzedo . The region features stretches of Atlantic Forest with typical specimens of caatinga and cerrado . The soils in
520-529: The creation of the myth of the " noble savage " during the Enlightenment . The Tupinambá may have given their name to the common French word for the Jerusalem Artichoke , the topinambour . The Tupinambá were a group reliant upon agriculture for most of their resources, using the slash-and-burn technique in their practice. Both women and men were known to work in the fields, with the women often being
546-469: The ones to till the soil before men would carry out their duties. However, the Tupinambá weren't limited to farming. They were known to hunt, fish, and gather resources as well, though not to the extent of their agricultural labors. There are two remaining regions inhabited by the Tupinambá. The Tupinambá of Olivença live in the Atlantic Forest region of southern Bahia. Its area is 10 kilometers north of
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#1732858975210572-540: The project to be unconstitutional on September 21, 2023. The declaration was overruled by the senate a week later. President Lula can still sanction or ban the project as of October 2023. With the land demarcation movement in progress, the Tupinambá were able to exert their constitutional right to differentiated indigenous education. As written in the 1988 Brazilian Constitution , indigenous peoples can use their mother tongue and own teaching methods in schools. The first indigenous-teaching school in Tupinambá indigenous land,
598-510: The school. It promotes social interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous, in an effort to maintain Tupinambá identity and fight intolerance. Rec%C3%B4ncavo Baiano The Recôncavo Baiano is a geographical region located in the Brazilian state of Bahia that covers the inland area surrounding the Bay of All Saints and the Metropolitan Region of Salvador . However, the expression
624-458: The valleys and at the mouths of the Paraguaçu , Jaguaripe and Subaé rivers are shallow, well-drained and have medium to high natural fertility. It also presents the highly fertile massapê soil, which originates from the pedogenetic processes of igneous and meta-igneous rocks such as basalt , gabbro , green schist and chlorite schist. Besides the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA) and
650-474: Was defined division of committees between parties. The House President, Marco Maia, believes that the proportionality between the parties / blocs must take into account the data of the last election. Thus, PT and PMDB, with the highest benches, were three committees (the PT made the choice first). DEM and PSDB, the two largest opposition, were two commissions each. On the other hand, PSD, most harmed by this decision, filed
676-429: Was notable for the presence of brazilwood . The local climate contributed to the cultivation of sugar cane crops, which became the strongest economic activity in the area and resulted in the construction of more than 400 sugar mills. The massive presence of Africans enslaved on Brazilian plantations influenced different cultural elements, such as music, food and religion. A genetic study conducted in municipalities in
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