Misplaced Pages

Tribune Broadcasting

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
#615384

62-518: Tribune Broadcasting Company, LLC was an American media company which operated as a subsidiary of Tribune Media , a media conglomerate based in Chicago , Illinois . The group owned and operated television and radio stations throughout the United States, as well as full- or partial-ownership of cable television and national digital subchannel networks. Tribune's broadcasting unit originated with

124-517: A Tijuana -based independent that had long targeted the U.S. market. The move led the station to restart its own local newscasts. The insertion of another television station into the San Diego area was first proposed by businessman Charles Woods in 1978. He had proposed that channel 27 be allocated to the city and sought to build a new Spanish-language outlet; however, a revised agreement with Mexico gave that country channel 27 for Tijuana, and channel 69

186-459: A $ 6.4 billion all-cash purchase of Tribune Media on December 3, 2018. The sale was completed on September 19, 2019, with KSWB not subject to any additional transactions. On May 8, 2023, Nexstar announced that it would acquire KUSI-TV from McKinnon Broadcasting for $ 35 million with the intention of making it an affiliate of The CW when the affiliation becomes available. The deal was completed on August 31. As early as 1997, rumors circulated of

248-525: A Hispanic group; and a White group led by Jim Harmon, the president of Imperial Airlines . Harmon was the brother of former KFMB-TV co-owner Helen Alvarez Smith. They then settled with the fifth group—Christian Communications Network, owned by evangelist Jerry Barnard—and agreed to air its programming. This cleared the way for the consortium known as San Diego Television to get a construction permit on January 3, 1983. However, nearly two years would pass before KTTY began to broadcast. One complication arose when

310-407: A bidding war. After both parties bid in 22 rounds to push the price to $ 70 million, Tribune bid $ 70.5 million without United matching it, winning the right to buy KTTY. After the debts—which had increased to $ 26 million—were covered, the owners of San Diego Television split $ 44 million. Tribune assumed control of KTTY on April 19, 1996; 20 people lost their jobs, as the new owners only rehired 34 of

372-576: A daily lifestyle show with paid segments, The Localist SD . Since 2022, KSWB airs 11 Los Angeles Clippers regular season games a year syndicated from Nexstar sister station KTLA . The station's signal is multiplexed : On January 16, 2024, KUSI-TV converted to ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) broadcasting of the two Nexstar stations, with the main KUSI subchannel moving to the KSWB multiplex. KSWB shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 69, on February 17, 2009,

434-467: A network affiliation after an FCC ruling forced ABC to move to a U.S. station in 1973. It gave Tribune a seventh station airing Fox programming, solidifying its status as the second-largest Fox affiliate owner. On July 2, 2008, Bay City Television/Grupo Televisa signed an affiliation agreement to bring The CW's programming over to XETV. With the Fox affiliation agreement, KSWB-TV's ten-year contract with The CW

496-456: A new San Diego Padres rights package, KTTY picked up a scheduled 36 games a season for two years, one of three different outlets airing Padres games in 1994 and 1995 (alongside KFMB-TV and Prime Sports ). It also affiliated with The WB , one of two new networks launching in January 1995. On August 29, 1995, in a Los Angeles courtroom, bidders competed at bankruptcy auction to buy KTTY. Prior to

558-656: A new network that would feature The WB and CBS-owned UPN 's higher-rated shows mixed with newer series, called The CW Television Network. All but three of Tribune's 19 WB affiliates became affiliates of The CW on September 18, 2006, through ten-year agreements (the exceptions were in Philadelphia, Seattle and Atlanta, due to The CW affiliating with CBS-owned stations in those markets), though Tribune itself would not exercise an ownership stake in The CW as it did with The WB. In April 2007, Tribune's broadcasting interests were included in

620-560: A partnership between 21st Century Fox and Blackstone Group . On May 7, 2017, it was reported that Sinclair Broadcast Group was nearing a deal to purchase Tribune Media, and that 21st Century Fox had dropped its bid for the company. On May 8, 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group officially announced its intent to acquire Tribune Media. The transaction would have been a cash-and-stock deal valuing the company at $ 3.9 billion. Depending on regulatory changes or decisions, some divestitures might have been required. However, on August 9, 2018, Tribune canceled

682-510: A partnership with several minority partners, including Quincy Jones , to form Qwest Broadcasting; Qwest operated as a technically separate company from Tribune (which owned stations in a few markets where Tribune-owned stations, including WATL in Atlanta, which was operated alongside Tribune-owned WGNX and WNOL-TV in New Orleans, which was also operated alongside WGNO); Tribune would later acquire

SECTION 10

#1732859224616

744-651: A pioneering national superstation on November 9, 1978, as its signal was linked to cable and satellite customers across America. After McCormick succumbed from pneumonia -related complications on April 1, 1955, ownership of WGN-TV-AM, the Chicago Tribune and the News Syndicate Company properties would transfer to the McCormick-Patterson Trust, assigned to the Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation in

806-458: A proposal to end a "discount" in television station ownership limits that count UHF stations to half a percentage to a group's overall market reach, which would put Tribune just over the current limit of 39%, under which the company's current station holdings after the Local TV purchase would be grandfathered ). The Federal Communications Commission approved the acquisition on December 20, and the sale

868-515: The U.S. Farm Report ; Tribune Entertainment's production and syndication divisions were shut down in December 2007. On March 19, 2013, Tribune Company announced its return to television production with the formation of Tribune Studios (not to be confused with the Los Angeles studio facility that formerly held the same name until its sale by Tribune to private equity firm Hudson Capital in 2008, and

930-756: The Daily News ) was renamed the WGN Continental Broadcasting Company. The group became known as the Tribune Broadcasting Company in January 1981, but retained the WGN Continental moniker as its de facto business name until 1984 and as the licensee for WGN-TV and WGN Radio thereafter. The company gained its third television and second radio station in 1960, when it purchased KDAL-TV (now KDLH ) and KDAL (AM) in Duluth, Minnesota , from

992-869: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted Tribune license to operate a television station on channel 9 in Chicago and then signed-on a television station in Chicago, WGN-TV on April 5, 1948, initially as a dual affiliate of CBS and the DuMont Television Network . Two months later, the Tribune ' s then-sibling newspaper in New York City , the Daily News , established its own television station, independent WPIX . WGN-TV became an independent outlet by 1956, and would eventually morph into

1054-495: The Secretariat of Communications and Transportation , as one reason for the changeover. Tribune had initiated talks with Fox in December 2007; the network had already been talking with McKinnon Broadcasting , owner of KUSI-TV, about a potential affiliation. The news blindsided XETV management, which contended their Fox affiliation agreement ran through 2010, and represented the second time that station's Mexican location had cost it

1116-603: The Sinclair Broadcast Group for $ 125 million, creating a duopoly with WXIN. On December 30, 2002, Tribune announced that it would acquire WB affiliates KPLR-TV in St. Louis , Missouri and KWBP (now known as KRCW-TV ) in Portland , Oregon from ACME Communications for $ 275 million, the acquisition was completed on March 21, 2003. On January 24, 2006, Time Warner announced that it would partner with CBS Corporation to form

1178-456: The 54 employees of the station, and new programming started to debut. For the new television season in September, KTTY changed its call sign to KSWB-TV almost a month prior, on August 16 of that same year. It also moved on San Diego cable systems from channel 14 to channel 5, which had previously been assigned to Tribune's Los Angeles WB station, KTLA . In 2000, a marketing campaign conducted by

1240-556: The June 1924 purchase of Chicago, Illinois, radio station WDAP by the Chicago Tribune . The new owners changed the station's call letters to WGN , to match the Tribune ' s slogan, "World's Greatest Newspaper" first used by Tribune in a February 1909 feature commemorating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln and then served as the newspaper's motto from August 29, 1911, until December 31, 1976. On September 13, 1946,

1302-543: The KTLA morning news simulcast and the KNSD-produced 10 p.m. news were accordingly renamed as The CW Morning Show and CW News at Ten on September 18, 2006. The newscast was anchored by Vic Salazar and Anne State , both of KNSD. The station also aired a public affairs program, Take 5 , on Sunday evenings; this was hosted by Perette Godwin, who also anchored the morning newscast cut-ins. The Fox affiliation deal kickstarted

SECTION 20

#1732859224616

1364-664: The Llewellyn group opted to sell, suffering from the difficulty of living on the East Coast and trying to set up a West Coast TV station, and wound up being bought out by the other groups for $ 2 million. Technical issues also had to be resolved; when the antenna was shipped, it was first delivered to the studios in Chula Vista , not to the San Miguel Mountain transmitter site where it needed to be installed. The Chula Vista studio site

1426-625: The Qwest stations outright in November 1999. In January 1995, Tribune Broadcasting became a partner in The WB Television Network, in a joint venture with the Warner Bros. Television division of Time Warner . Tribune initially had a 12.5% ownership interest in the network at its launch and later increased its stake to 22%. In addition, partly as a result of a November 1993 affiliation deal with

1488-534: The Sinclair deal. On November 14, 2018, it was reported that Nexstar was a leading bidder to acquire Tribune. On December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced its intent to merge with Tribune Media for $ 6.4 billion ($ 4.1 billion for all of Tribune's shares in cash and $ 2.3 billion of Tribune's debt). The merge would give the company 216 stations in 118 markets, placing it just below the FCC's market cap of 39% of TV households and making it

1550-514: The Tribune Publishing spin-off and a $ 385 million revenue write-down for the 2015 fiscal year, partly due to original scripted programming expenditures for WGN America since it converted the cable network from a superstation in 2014. With the FCC reinstating the "UHF discount" rule, reports surfaced in late April 2017 that multiple parties were attempting to make offers for Tribune, including Sinclair Broadcast Group , Nexstar Media Group , and

1612-460: The acquisition – the Norfolk, Virginia , duopoly of WTKR (channel 3) and WGNT (channel 27), and Scranton, Pennsylvania , station WNEP-TV (channel 16) – were sold to Dreamcatcher Broadcasting and are operated by Tribune under shared services agreements (Tribune has an option to purchase WNEP after the publishing/broadcasting split, although such a transfer may be complicated by possible FCC action on

1674-466: The auction, offers for the station had hovered between $ 40 and $ 42 million. In an event described as "exciting" by an observer, and amidst a frenzied market for TV stations nationally, bidding was fierce. After groups including Newsweb and Viacom dropped out, third-place finisher New World Communications exited when the price reached $ 60 million, leaving Tribune Broadcasting and United Television —associated with The WB's rival, UPN —to fight it out in

1736-401: The city's Kearny Mesa section, and its transmitter is located southeast of Spring Valley . The station is branded as Fox 5 San Diego , in reference to its primary cable channel number in the market . KSWB-TV went on the air as independent station KTTY in 1984. It was the third independent station in the market with programming that was generally inferior to its two competitors. In 1994,

1798-444: The deal, KSWB-TV and other stations were to be sold to Fox Television Stations . Both transactions were nullified on August 9, 2018, when Tribune Media terminated the Sinclair deal and filed a breach of contract lawsuit; this followed a public rejection of the merger by FCC chairman Ajit Pai and the commission voting to put the transactions up for a formal hearing. Following the merger's collapse, Nexstar Media Group announced

1860-572: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 394305470 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:47:04 GMT KSWB-TV KSWB-TV (channel 69) is a television station in San Diego, California , United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside independent station KUSI-TV (channel 51). KSWB-TV's studios are located on Engineer Road in

1922-521: The economics work on one 30-minute newscast. News is a very expensive business. KNSD can do it on a much more efficient basis. We've looked at this from all different angles; it's not something we've done flippantly. Bob Ramsey, general manager, KSWB-TV, on the decision to outsource its newscast On September 21, 2005, KSWB announced that its news department would be shut down, with 30 news staffers to be laid off. The final 10 p.m. newscast produced by KSWB aired on October 28, 2005. Production of

Tribune Broadcasting - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-1220: The estate of the late Dalton LeMasurier (Tribune sold KDAL-TV in 1978 and KDAL radio in 1981); the company would later purchase KCTO (subsequently re-called KWGN-TV ) in Denver from J. Elroy McCaw in 1966. Tribune's later television purchases included those of WANX-TV (later renamed WGNX) in Atlanta and WGNO in New Orleans (both in 1983); KTLA in Los Angeles (in 1985), WPHL-TV in Philadelphia (in 1992). WLVI-TV in Boston (owned from 1994 to 2006); KHTV (now KIAH ) in Houston (in 1995); KTTY (now KSWB-TV ) in San Diego (in 1996); WXMI in Grand Rapids , Michigan , KCPQ and KTWB-TV (now KZJO ) in Seattle (in 1998 and 1999, respectively); and WBDC-TV (now WDCW ) in Washington, D.C. (in 1999). WGN-TV and WPIX were

2046-614: The flagship station for a regional distribution service known as the Tribune Radio Network. Its primary features were farm reports from WGN's Orion Samuelson and Max Armstrong ; the network also handled distribution of the Chicago Cubs Radio Network until the 2014 season. Media company Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

2108-596: The largest owner of television stations in the United States. On August 1, 2019, the United States Department of Justice approved the deal between Nexstar Media Group and Tribune Media. The sale was approved by the FCC on September 16, and occurred on September 19. Tribune Entertainment was Tribune's television production, syndication and advertising sales subsidiary. Founded in 1981, this subsidiary produced and/or distributed several first-run syndicated programs including most notably Geraldo , Soul Train , and

2170-420: The latter two were also operated as part of a duopoly) in the respective markets of Norfolk- Hampton Roads - Newport News, Virginia , and Scranton- Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania , through shared services agreements with Dreamcatcher Broadcasting. Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license . At the time of Tribune's dissolution, WGN was the company's sole remaining radio station and served as

2232-463: The names of the non-familial heirs of McCormick (whose two marriages never produced any children) and familial heirs of Patterson. The trust was dissolved in January 1975, with a majority of the trust's former beneficiaries, including descendants of the McCormick and Patterson families, owning stock in the restructured Tribune Company entity – which assumed oversight of all properties previously overseen by

2294-491: The network on November 1, 2013. On July 1, 2013, Tribune announced that it would purchase the 19 stations owned by Local TV, LLC outright for $ 2.725 billion; the purchase expanded the number of Big Three network affiliates in its portfolio from one to 10 (most of Tribune's television stations prior to the purchase had either been independent stations or from 1995 onward, affiliates of networks that have launched since 1986; New Orleans station WGNO (channel 26) – an ABC affiliate –

2356-475: The network, most of Tribune's television properties were WB affiliates. On July 2, 1996, Tribune acquired Renaissance Broadcasting , which owned Fox - and WB-affiliated stations in several large and mid-sized markets for $ 1.13 billion. On April 19, 2002, Tribune announced that it would acquire WTTV (then a WB affiliate, later became a CBS affiliate in 2015) and its satellite station WTTK in Indianapolis from

2418-403: The news revival. In the years that followed, the station progressively added local newscasts. In 2009, a 6 p.m. news hour was introduced, followed by a 5 p.m. hour in 2011 and newscasts at 1 and 4 p.m. in 2014. A 7 p.m. newscast was added in 2020 and extended to an hour the next year. By 2022, KSWB was producing 64 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours of local news and sports programming a week, as well as

2480-464: The only stations that Tribune had owned since their inceptions. Tribune also operated several local cable television systems from 1977 to 1985. In 1993, Tribune launched Chicagoland Television (CLTV), a regional cable news channel for the Chicago area , which originally operated separately from the company's other Chicago media properties until it merged its operations with WGN-TV's news department in 2009. In November 1994, Tribune Broadcasting formed

2542-513: The post-1986 broadcast networks: 14 were affiliated with Fox (excluding a satellite station of KDVR ), 12 with The CW and three with MyNetworkTV (excluding a digital subchannel of WQAD-TV ). In addition, the company owned five CBS affiliates (excluding a satellite of WTTV ), two ABC affiliates, two NBC affiliates and one independent station (excluding a digital subchannel of WTTV). It also provided operational services to three stations (one ABC affiliate, one CBS affiliate and one CW affiliate –

Tribune Broadcasting - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-498: The potential for KSWB to launch a local newscast, possibly using the resources of another station in the market. Local stations in San Diego had previously inquired as to the station airing local newscasts produced by them when it was KTTY. However, Tribune opted instead to start a news operation of its own for KSWB. To house this expansion, the station had to move from Chula Vista and found a sufficiently large site in Kearny Mesa, down

2666-408: The primary owners of San Diego Television in 1986 when the group obtained a $ 17 million bank loan. San Diego Television filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on February 2, 1994. This action was undertaken by Alvarez Smith in order to protect KTTY from foreclosure on the 1986 loan. In the year that followed, the station did make two upgrades that helped bolster its reputation. As part of

2728-400: The prime time newscast was turned over to KNSD, which began producing the newscast on October 31 using the same newscast title and imaging. Tribune made an identical decision that same day at another WB affiliate it owned, WPHL-TV in Philadelphia , where that city's NBC-owned station would begin producing its local 10 p.m. newscast. To correspond with KSWB's affiliation change to The CW,

2790-625: The ratings. It aired San Diego State Aztecs sports and such local productions as Beach Party , a show filmed on local beaches described by its producer as " PM Magazine meets American Bandstand for teenagers". As an independent station, KTTY consistently trailed XETV (channel 6) and KUSI-TV (channel 51) in the quality of its programming and its ratings. It promoted itself as "San Diego's Movie Channel", but John Freeman, TV writer for The San Diego Union-Tribune , called it in retrospect "a laughingstock—bankrupt and virtually bereft of watchable programming". The Harmon/Alvarez Smith group became

2852-512: The restructuring. On January 1, 2011, Tribune launched the digital broadcast network Antenna TV , a service that features a variety of classic television series, including programming from Sony Pictures Television and D.L. Taffner Entertainment. On May 13, 2013, Tribune announced that it would buy a 50% stake in the This TV digital broadcast network from fellow Chicago-based media company Weigel Broadcasting ; Tribune took over operational duties for

2914-569: The return of in-house local news production to KSWB-TV, with Tribune initially stating it aimed to produce three to four hours a day of local news. Tribune tapped Rich Goldner, news director at KTLA, to move south to San Diego and set up a newsroom at KSWB-TV. Upon the affiliation switch on August 1, 2008, KSWB-TV debuted a new weekday morning news program (initially airing from 5 to 9 a.m. and hosted by Arthel Neville ) and an hour-long 10 p.m. newscast, both produced in high definition . A total of 50 staffers were added to KSWB to facilitate

2976-418: The sale of the entire company to Chicago investor Sam Zell , who planned take the publicly traded company private. The deal was completed on December 20, 2007. On December 21, 2007, Tribune and Oak Hill Capital Partners -controlled Local TV, LLC announced plans to collaborate in the formation of a "broadcast management company" (later named The Other Company); its Tribune Interactive division also operated

3038-518: The station in which it mailed VHS tapes to 75,000 San Diego-area homes and urged homes reporting in Nielsen Media Research ratings diaries, "Attention Nielsen homes: Please watch KSWB 5/69", led to Nielsen taking action against the station. It delisted KSWB from its ratings for an entire survey period; a Nielsen spokesman noted that this action was a first in company history. On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that

3100-438: The station was placed into bankruptcy to avoid foreclosure. Tribune Broadcasting won the bidding to purchase KTTY in 1995, and it was relaunched as KSWB-TV on August 16, 1996. Stronger programming, including The WB , and the start of a new local newscast, which was on air from 1999 to 2005, dramatically improved its on-air product. In 2008, Tribune reached a deal to make KSWB-TV the region's new Fox affiliate, displacing XETV ,

3162-442: The street from NBC station KNSD-TV (channel 39). The WB News at Ten , a half-hour 10 p.m. newscast, began to air on September 27, 1999. It was designed to cater to viewers aged 18 to 49; the average age of the initial on-air presenters was 29. It was the second prime time newscast in San Diego, with KUSI-TV having aired one since 1990; both stations were joined three months later by a startup 10 p.m. newscast from XETV, which

SECTION 50

#1732859224616

3224-608: The trust – afterward. In subsequent years, the Tribune Company gradually expanded its broadcasting unit, of which WGN-TV-AM served as its flagship stations , a tie forged in January 1966, when the subsidiary (sans the WPIX television and radio stations, which continued to be controlled by the Tribune-managed News Syndicate Co. before being fully integrated into the company's main station group following its 1991 sale of

3286-457: The two companies would shut down the broadcast networks that they had respectively owned, The WB and UPN, and create a new merged network, The CW , to begin that September. With the announcement, The CW signed a ten-year affiliation agreement with Tribune Broadcasting for 16 of the group's 19 WB affiliates, with KSWB-TV named as the network's San Diego affiliate. During a seminar by Tribune Broadcasting president Sam Zell on March 25, 2008, it

3348-504: The websites of its stations as part of the partnership. On December 8, 2008, Tribune announced that it would voluntarily restructure its debt obligations, as part of its filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court . As the company had sufficient funds to do so, Tribune continued to operate its newspaper publishing and broadcasting, and interactive businesses without interruption during

3410-454: Was Tribune's only station affiliated with one of the three pre-1986 networks prior to the purchase), as well as form duopolies involving stations in Denver and St. Louis where the two companies maintained local marketing agreements . In order to prevent conflicts with newspaper cross-ownership restrictions (specifically, with Daily Press and The Morning Call ), three stations involved in

3472-448: Was bolstered by its Fox affiliation to beat KSWB's offering in the ratings. KUSI's ratings generally compared to XETV's and KSWB's combined. On March 7, 2005, the station debuted The WB Morning Show , a simulcast of Los Angeles sister station KTLA's weekday morning newscast interspersed with half-hourly local news inserts presented by a solo anchor from KSWB's San Diego studios. It was a tough business decision. It's very tough to make

3534-464: Was chosen for its access to I-5 and relative lack of congestion; this contrasted with the situation in the Kearny Mesa area, where most San Diego TV stations are located. KTTY began broadcasting on September 30, 1984, mostly airing classic movies and old syndicated reruns, as well as Newspot news briefs throughout the day. In its first year, ratings were low; even some Los Angeles independent stations, seen on San Diego cable systems, surpassed it in

3596-404: Was completed one week later on December 27. On February 29, 2016, Tribune Media announced that it would review various "strategic alternatives" to increase the company's value to shareholders, which include a possible sale of the entire company and/or select assets, or the formation of programming alliances or strategic partnerships with other companies, due to the decrease in its stock price since

3658-541: Was proposed in its stead. Ten to twelve applications were received, and eight were designated for comparative hearing by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1982. The field of applicants consolidated after the hearing designation by way of settlements and mergers and was whittled down eventually to five. Four of these groups consolidated: a group of Asian businessmen headed by former San Diego city councilor Tom Hom ; Black investor J. Bruce Llewellyn and several other East Coast interests; Gil Contreras, leading

3720-416: Was rendered void, and KSWB-TV and XETV exchanged affiliations on August 1, 2008. The switch was also met with an open letter from XETV management, stating in part, "Unfortunately, in these troubled times, it seems as though there is no honor or loyalty anymore." In 2017, Sinclair Broadcast Group announced it had agreed to purchase Tribune Media for $ 3.9 billion. As part of divestitures associated with

3782-419: Was revealed that Tribune Broadcasting had signed an affiliation agreement with Fox to make KSWB-TV the network's new San Diego affiliate effective August 1. In making the switch, Fox's executive vice president of network distribution, Jon Hookstratten, cited the fact that, as a Mexican station, XETV—an original Fox affiliate from the network's creation in 1986—had to answer to a different communications regulator,

SECTION 60

#1732859224616

3844-527: Was subsequently renamed Sunset Bronson Studios). The new company will produce programs primarily for Tribune Broadcasting's television stations and WGN America , some of which will receive national distribution. On September 17, 2019, Tribune Studios, the television parent of Tribune Broadcasting, was acquired by Nexstar, and the television company went disbanded shortly. Tribune Broadcasting owned 39 television stations located in 33 markets (including eight duopolies). 31 of its stations were affiliated with each of

#615384