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73-775: The range was surveyed in 1958–59 by the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) Horlick Mountains Traverse . In October 1958 William E. Long (for whom the Long Hills are named) made a round trip by air from the Byrd Station in West Antarctica over the Wisconsin Range , Ohio Range, Thiel Mountains and Whitmore Mountains . Long noted that the Ohio Range has a thick layer of stratified rocks. Later

146-603: A hostile environment requires specialized systems to keep scientists and support staff safe and equipment operational. The Antarctic Program uses a variety of aircraft to transport people and cargo to and from Antarctica, as well as throughout the continent. McMurdo Station maintains two landing strips on the adjacent McMurdo Ice Shelf: Williams Airfield for ski-equipped planes, and Phoenix Airfield for wheeled planes. U.S. Air Force C-17 cargo planes and unique New York Air National Guard ski-equipped LC-130s ferry people and cargo between Christchurch, New Zealand and McMurdo Station. During

219-541: A notable landmark at the northwest corner of Buckeye Table. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by US-ACAN for Fredric L. Darling, glaciological assistant with the party. 84°44′S 115°58′W  /  84.733°S 115.967°W  / -84.733; -115.967 . A small rock nunatak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) north of Darling Ridge. Surveyed by

292-493: A period called "Mainbody," with fewer flights during the winter months (March – September). South Pole Station is located at the geographic South Pole, on the polar plateau, at an elevation of 2,835 m (9,300 ft) above sea level. The station sits on an ice sheet that is 2,700 m (8,858 ft) thick and drifts with the ice at about 10 m (33 ft) a year toward the Weddell Sea . The mean annual temperature

365-773: A runway for wheeled aircraft. It is not considered promising. 84°51′S 116°50′W  /  84.850°S 116.833°W  / -84.850; -116.833 . A small, mainly ice-free peak, or nunatak, marking the west extremity of the Ohio Range. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Henry M. Eldridge, Antarctic cartographer, Branch of Special Maps, United States Geological Survey. 84°50′S 116°43′W  /  84.833°S 116.717°W  / -84.833; -116.717 . A small but prominent bare rock peak, 2,140 metres (7,020 ft) high, which

438-420: A small fleet of helicopters, under contract, at McMurdo Station to transport people and cargo around the immediate area of the station. Helicopters also carry scientific survey equipment and reconnoiter landing and scientific sites. Occasionally some of the helicopters will be temporarily set up at larger field camps to enable transport around an otherwise inaccessible region. The current helicopter support contract

511-554: A tractor train visited the base of Mount Glossopteris, where four of the party climbed the mountain and collected samples of rock and fossils. The range was investigated in 1960–61 and 1961–62 by geologists of the Institute of Polar Studies of Ohio State University , for which the range is named. Features of the east of the Ohio Range, from west to east, include Eldridge Peak, Vann Peak, Knox Peak, Lackey Ridge, Bennett Nunataks, Darling Ridge and Tuning Nunatak. The Buckeye Table runs along

584-625: Is 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph), but winds have exceeded 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph). McMurdo Sound is a historic area. In 1841, James Clark Ross brought his ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror into the Sound, farther south than anyone had ever gone, before sailing eastward along a great wall of ice. He and his crew were the first humans to see the island and the ice shelf that both now bear his name. In 1902, Robert F. Scott wintered HMS Discovery in Winter Quarters Bay, adjacent to

657-404: Is a high level snow surface with precipitous northern cliffs; the plateau surface merges gradually with the inland ice to the south. The name, a nickname of the state of Ohio and Ohio State University, was proposed by William H. Chapman, USGS surveyor in these mountains in the 1958–59 season. Ohio State University and its Institute of Polar Studies initiated a program of geological investigation in

730-738: Is a modern, multi-disciplinary research vessel containing six laboratories with a combined space of 353.5 m (3,805 sq ft). It can accommodate 39 scientists and ASC personnel and operates throughout the Southern Ocean. ASRV Laurence M. Gould is 70 m (230 ft) long and is capable of breaking one foot (0.30 m) of first-year ice while maintaining continuous forward progress. Lawrence M. Gould has berthing space to accommodate 28 scientists and ASC personnel. There are an additional nine bunks for passengers transiting to Palmer Station. Lawrence M. Gould transports personnel and cargo to and from Palmer Station and supports research in

803-470: Is about 44 in the summer and 20 or more in winter. Unlike the South Pole and McMurdo stations, Palmer usually receives transportation year-round and does not generally have a period of winter isolation. RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer is 94 m (308 ft) long and is able to break three feet (0.91 m) of ice at a continuous forward speed of three knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). Nathanial B. Palmer

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876-402: Is for ski-equipped aircraft only. McMurdo also has a heliport to support helicopter operations. Approximately 90% of USAP participants live in or pass through McMurdo Station. The austral winter population ranges from 150 to 200, with the summer population varying between 800 and 1,000. The station has routine weekly flights to and from New Zealand during the austral summer (October – February),

949-455: Is held by Air Center Helicopters. Tractor-pulled convoys or “traverses” are used to transport large quantities of fuel and cargo across large distances. Every year three traverses carrying more than 100,000 gallons of fuel drive the 1,600 km (990 mi) from McMurdo Station to Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to deliver fuel for the next year. Other "science traverses" transport heavy science equipment to field sites hundreds of miles from

1022-631: Is the central and dominant feature of three aligned peaks at the west end of Ohio Range. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in December 1958. Named by US-ACAN for Charlie E. Vann, chief of the photogrammetry unit responsible for Antarctic maps in the Branch of Special Maps, United States Geological Survey. 84°49′S 116°39′W  /  84.817°S 116.650°W  / -84.817; -116.650 . A small but distinctive rock peak, or nunatak, located between Vann Peak and Lackey Ridge at

1095-405: Is the primary cause of snow accumulation around buildings. Average wind speed is 10.8 knots. The original station was built in 1956-1957 and is buried beneath the ice. A second station, located under a geodesic dome, was completed in 1975. The Dome was dismantled in 2009-10 and removed from the continent. The current station was dedicated on January 12, 2008. The winter population is around 45, and

1168-484: Is –49 °C (–56 °F). Average monthly temperatures range from –28 °C (–18 °F) in the summer to –60 °C (–76 °F) in winter. The record high of – 12.3 °C (9.9 °F) was recorded in December 2011, and the record low of –82.8 °C (–117 °F) was recorded in June 1982. The site has very low humidity, and precipitation is only about 20 cm of snow (8 cm water equivalent) per year. Drifting

1241-667: The Antarctic Treaty , which was signed in 1959. Since then, Treaty nations have agreed to several addenda, including the 1991 Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty which establishes rules and procedures specifically designed to protect the Antarctic environment. The Protocol was ratified and went into effect in 1998. The U.S. Antarctic Program operates three year-round research stations and two research vessels. Additional temporary field camps are constructed and operated during

1314-571: The International Geophysical Year (IGY, 1957–58). The IGY was an intensive, multi-national, multi-disciplinary, global research effort designed to study a wide range of geophysical processes. Much of that effort took place in Antarctica and was crucial in establishing Antarctica as a continent for peace and science. The international coordination that resulted from the IGY ultimately lead to

1387-528: The South Shetland Islands and westward along the Antarctic Peninsula . Expeditions sponsored by several nations approached the Antarctic continent early in the 19th century. Among the leaders was Charles Wilkes , a U.S. Navy lieutenant who commanded an expedition in 1839–40 that was the first to prove the existence of the continent. His expedition mapped about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) of

1460-682: The United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP and the United States Antarctic Service or USAS ) is an organization of the United States government which has a presence in the Antarctica continent. Founded in 1959, the USAP manages all U.S. scientific research and related logistics in Antarctica as well as aboard ships in the Southern Ocean . The United States established

1533-460: The 1960–61 and 1961–62 seasons made investigations in the Ohio Range and other parts of the Horlick Mountains. 84°44′S 114°06′W  /  84.733°S 114.100°W  / -84.733; -114.100 . A broad rock ridge with a rather flat summit area. It projects northwest from Buckeye Table, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northwest of Mount Glossopteris. The name

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1606-431: The 1984–85 field season. 84°45′S 113°48′W  /  84.750°S 113.800°W  / -84.750; -113.800 . The ledge is a flat sandstone bed about 25 metres (82 ft) long and 9 to 12 metres (30 to 39 ft) wide exposed by erosion. The feature is a fossil locality. It contains excellently displayed fossil wood and is located on the southwest shoulder of Mount Glossopteris. The name alludes to

1679-644: The Antarctic Peninsula region, is named after Nathaniel B. Palmer, the American sailor who pioneered the exploration of the Peninsula in 1820. The station is located on Anvers Island at 64°46' S, 64°03’ W and consists of two major buildings and several small ones. There is no airfield. Located just north of the Antarctic Circle, the climate is milder than that of the other U.S. Antarctic stations. Temperatures in

1752-577: The Antarctic Peninsula region. Every season the Program establishes several dozen field camps to house researchers and support staff around the continent. These range in size from just two or three people in small pitched tents, to large camps of up to 60 people in temporary shelters, to permanent, hard-walled structures that teams return to year after year. The Astrophysics and Geospace Sciences Program sponsors research areas that either use Antarctica as an observing platform or contribute to an understanding of

1825-426: The Antarctic Treaty and ensure that this continent will continue to be used only for peaceful purposes and shall not become an area or object of international discord; to foster cooperative scientific research for the solution of worldwide and regional problems, including environmental monitoring and prediction and assessment of resources; and to protect the Antarctic environment and develop appropriate measures to ensure

1898-431: The Antarctic as carried out by the U.S. Antarctic Program. The report states that policies in the 1982 memorandum continue to be appropriate at the current funding level and that present U.S. policy and practice with respect to the U.S. Antarctic Program are well justified. The first Americans to work in the Antarctic were sealers and whalers who discovered many sub-Antarctic islands. They were first to explore parts of

1971-551: The Antarctic coastline in the Indian and Australian quadrants. In 1928–1930 and 1933–1935, Admiral Richard E. Byrd led two privately sponsored expeditions, one that included the first flight over the South Pole in 1929, sparking U.S. interest in Antarctica. The U.S. Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1940), under the leadership of the U.S. Navy, maintained bases at Marguerite Bay and Bay of Whales . Operation Highjump in 1946–1947

2044-446: The Antarctic continent and surrounding Southern Ocean. The Artists and Writers Program supports participants whose work requires them to be in the Antarctic to complete their project, in particular projects that increase understanding and appreciation of the Antarctic and of human activities on the southernmost continent. PolarTREC (Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating) is an NSF-funded program that brings teachers from

2117-532: The Antarctic that is 'responsive to U.S. scientific, economic, and political objectives. ' " In February 1982 President Ronald Reagan in White House Memorandum 6646 reaffirmed the prior policy and noted that the presence in Antarctica shall include "the conduct of scientific activities in major disciplines" and "year-round occupation of the South Pole and two coastal stations." On 9 June 1994 Presidential Decision Directive NSC 26 ("United States Policy on

2190-528: The Arctic and Antarctic Regions") stated that U.S. policy toward Antarctica has four fundamental objectives: (1) protecting the relatively unspoiled environment of Antarctica and its associated ecosystems, (2) preserving and pursuing unique opportunities for scientific research to understand Antarctica and global physical and environmental systems, (3) maintaining Antarctica as an area of international cooperation reserved exclusively for peaceful purposes, and (4) assuring

2263-472: The Horlick Mountains in 1961–62. 84°47′S 115°00′W  /  84.783°S 115.000°W  / -84.783; -115.000 . A broad ice-capped bluff between Ricker and Higgins Canyons on the north side of Buckeye Table. The feature has steep ice and rock cliffs and is prominent when viewed from northward. Surveyed in December 1958 by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party. Named by US-ACAN for Emil Schulthess, Swiss photographer who accompanied

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2336-577: The NZ-APC following geological work in the area by a NZARP field party, 1983–84. 84°48′S 113°25′W  /  84.800°S 113.417°W  / -84.800; -113.417 . An elongated, mesa-like, mainly ice-covered mountain, 2,990 metres (9,810 ft) high,, located just east of Buckeye Table in the Ohio Range. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in December 1958. Named by US-ACAN for James M. Schopf, geologist, Coal and Geology Laboratory, USGS, Columbus, Ohio, who greatly assisted

2409-488: The Ohio Range and the Horlick Mountains beginning in the 1960-61 season. 84°47′S 115°18′W  /  84.783°S 115.300°W  / -84.783; -115.300 . A steep-sided, ice-filled canyon that indents the north escarpment of Buckeye Table between Darling Ridge and Schulthess Buttress, in the Ohio Range. Named by US-ACAN for John F. Ricker, geologist with the Ohio State University expedition to

2482-518: The Ohio Range, 1979-80. The name was formally proposed by geologist Margaret Bradshaw, member of a second NZARP field party, 1983–84. So named because of the similarity of the upper part of this feature to an upturned thumb from certain angles. 84°47′S 116°25′W  /  84.783°S 116.417°W  / -84.783; -116.417 . Two rock nunataks 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) apart, lying 0.5 nautical miles (0.93 km; 0.58 mi) north of Lackey Ridge. Surveyed by

2555-559: The Ohio Range. Urbanak Peak and Iversen Peak rise above the ledge which is the apparent northeast extremity of the Horlick Mountains. The geology of these mountains was investigated by researchers from the Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University, 1958–62. The ledge was named by US-ACAN for Arthur Mirsky, Assistant Director of the Institute in that period. 84°38′S 111°55′W  /  84.633°S 111.917°W  / -84.633; -111.917 . A peak with exposed rock on

2628-400: The Ohio State University expedition to the Horlick Mountains in 1961–62. 84°43′S 114°20′W  /  84.717°S 114.333°W  / -84.717; -114.333 . A prominent, partly ice-covered butte, 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) high, immediately northwest of Discovery Ridge. Named by US-ACAN for Samuel B. Treves, geologist, who worked several seasons in Antarctica and who in

2701-537: The Terra Bus” and the large Kress are used to transport large numbers of people to and from the airfields over the ice roads of McMurdo Station. Passenger vans with wide tires are also used to transport people around McMurdo Station and Amundsen-Scott South Pole station as well. McMurdo Station also has a small fleet of pickup trucks. Each station uses diesel fuel to generate electricity. At McMurdo Station, wind turbines installed by Antarctic New Zealand in 2010 supply about

2774-644: The U.S. Antarctic Research Program (USARP) in 1959—the name was later changed to the U.S. Antarctic Program—immediately following the success of the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Today, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has a Presidential Mandate to manage the United States Antarctic Program, through which it operates three year-round research stations and two research vessels, coordinates all U.S. science on

2847-426: The USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by US-ACAN for John B. Bennett, geomagnetist-seismologist at Byrd Station, 1960. 84°46′S 115°54′W  /  84.767°S 115.900°W  / -84.767; -115.900 . A snow-covered, flat-topped ridge, 2,350 metres (7,710 ft) high, with precipitous rock sides. The ridge is 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) long and forms

2920-431: The USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by US-ACAN for Preston O. Tuning, meteorologist at Byrd Station in 1960. 84°49′S 114°45′W  /  84.817°S 114.750°W  / -84.817; -114.750 . A plateau, 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) long and 2 to 5 nautical miles (3.7 to 9.3 km; 2.3 to 5.8 mi) wide, occupying the central part of Ohio Range. The feature

2993-580: The United States to the polar regions to spend three to six weeks participating in hands-on field research experiences. Managed by the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States (ARCUS), the goal is to invigorate polar science education and understanding by bringing educators and polar researchers together. Antarctica is the most remote region of the world, with no native inhabitants or infrastructure and nearly no vegetation. Working in such

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3066-409: The austral summer. McMurdo Station (77°51' S, 166°40' E), the largest U.S. station in Antarctica, is situated on barren volcanic hills at the southern tip of Ross Island, about 3,827 km (2,378 mi) south of Christchurch, New Zealand and 1,350 km (840 mi) north of the South Pole. The station sits on the eastern shore of McMurdo Sound, the southernmost body of seasonally open water in

3139-466: The conservation and sustainable management of the living resources in the oceans surrounding Antarctica. An April 1996 report, U.S. Antarctic Program , by the President's National Science and Technology Council , directed the establishment of the present Panel and reaffirmed that essential elements of U.S. national and scientific interests are well served by continued involvement in scientific activity in

3212-561: The display of fossil wood found here and was suggested by William E. Long, geologist with the Ohio State University expedition who worked in these mountains in the 1960–61 and 1961–62 austral summers. 84°42′S 113°24′W  /  84.700°S 113.400°W  / -84.700; -113.400 . A prominent cusp-shaped nunatak which stands out from the north side of Ohio Range, 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) northeast of Mount Glossopteris. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1958–59. Named by

3285-416: The equitable and wise use of living and non-living resources… Science has provided a successful basis for international accord, and the Antarctic is the only continent where science serves as the principal expression of national policy and interest." In 1970 and again in 1976 National Security Decision Memoranda (71 and 318) reaffirmed the "importance of maintaining an active and influential U.S. presence in

3358-634: The exposed horizontal bedding on the north face, located at the northeast end of Buckeye Table, Ohio Range. The name was proposed by USARP geologist William Long, a member of the Horlick Mountains Traverse party 1958–59, who, with Charles Bentley, Frederic Darling and Jack Long, climbed to the summit in Dec. 1958. Glossopteris is a prehistoric fernlike plant whose imprint was found on rocks of this mountain. 84°43′S 113°45′W  /  84.717°S 113.750°W  / -84.717; -113.750 . A flat-topped ridge leading north from

3431-504: The field geologist by analyzing coal and related rock specimens from this mountain. Schopf was a member of the Horlick Mountains Party in the 1961–62 season. 84°49′S 113°45′W  /  84.817°S 113.750°W  / -84.817; -113.750 . A mostly ice-free ridge, or spur, descending northwest from the summit area at the south end of Mount Schopf in the Ohio Range. Resistant sandstone strata predominate in

3504-533: The great peninsula jutting out of the Antarctic mainland toward South America. Among them was Nathaniel Palmer , who was among the first to see Antarctica, while on board the Hero in 1820, though historians have not settled the question of who discovered Antarctica. James Eights , a geologist from Albany, New York, became the first U.S. scientist to work in Antarctica. In 1830, aboard the Annawan , Eights made investigations in

3577-414: The hill is composed of sandstone and quartz pebble conglomerate. The name was suggested by William E. Long, geologist of the Ohio State University expedition, who worked in these mountains in 1960–61 and 1961–62. 84°44′S 113°43′W  /  84.733°S 113.717°W  / -84.733; -113.717 . A mainly ice-covered mountain, 2,865 metres (9,400 ft) high, which may be identified by

3650-447: The history and dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet and its surrounding ice shelves. Studies of the processes controlling the mass balance and dynamics of the ice sheet are also important. The Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Program aims to advance understanding of the physics and chemistry of both oceanic and lower atmospheric processes, and environments at high southern latitudes, and their links at local, regional and global scales across

3723-700: The islands near the station. McMurdo Station is resupplied by ship at the end of every summer season. The U.S. Coast Guard heavy icebreaker Polar Star cuts a channel for a cargo ship to pass through and reach the ice pier at the station. A fuel tanker usually follows the cargo vessel to deliver fuel. The Program has a fleet of vehicles to meet a range of needs at each station. A variety of large and small loaders are used to move cargo and other heavy equipment around. Tracked vehicles, including PistenBullys and Hagglunds transport people and equipment over snow and ice covered regions. Smaller snowmobiles are also used for transport across snow and ice-covered areas as well. “Ivan

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3796-420: The lower half of the slope of the ridge, forming a series of partly ice-covered terraces separated by scarps. The descriptive name was suggested by geologists of the Ohio State University expedition who worked in these mountains in the 1960–61 and 1961–62 seasons. 84°50′S 113°45′W  /  84.833°S 113.750°W  / -84.833; -113.750 . A prominent, partly ice-free ridge that forms

3869-562: The north face of Mount Glossopteris, 1.3 nautical miles (2.4 km; 1.5 mi) east of Discovery Ridge. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1958–59. The spur is named after the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, N.Z., home of the National Antarctic Exhibition, Research and Reference Center. Geologists Jane Newman and Margaret Bradshaw of the Canterbury Museum worked on this ridge during

3942-405: The north side, situated along Mirsky Ledge in the Ohio Range. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by US-CAN for Richard L. Urbanak, meteorologist at Byrd Station in 1960. 84°37′S 111°26′W  /  84.617°S 111.433°W  / -84.617; -111.433 . A peak 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) east-northeast of Urbanak Peak at

4015-531: The northeast end of the Ohio Range. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by US-ACAN for Frede Iversen, ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station in 1960. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . United States Antarctic Research Program The United States Antarctic Program (or USAP ; formerly known as

4088-439: The party during part of the traverse. He subsequently published an excellent photographic portrait of the continent in his book Antarctica, 1960. 84°47′S 114°41′W  /  84.783°S 114.683°W  / -84.783; -114.683 . A steep.sided, ice-filled canyon immediately east of Schulthess Buttress, on the north side of Buckeye Table in the Ohio Range. Named by US-ACAN for Merwyn D. Higgins, geologist with

4161-644: The peak of the Antarctic summer, the ice runways aren't able to support the weight of wheeled aircraft and only planes that can take off and land on skis can operate. For transportation across vast distances around the continent, the Program uses a combination of ski-equipped LC-130s and ski-equipped Basler BT-3 and Twin Otter planes through a contract with through Kenn Borek Air, Ltd.. Ski-equipped planes can land on groomed and maintained ski runways like those at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station and other field camps, or in relatively smooth ungroomed snow. The program maintains

4234-464: The role played by the Antarctic upper atmosphere in global environmental processes. The Organisms and Ecosystems Program supports research at all levels of biological organization, from molecular, cellular and organismal to communities and ecosystems. The Earth Sciences Program provides insights into Antarctica's geologic history and lead to increased understanding of processes shaping it today. The Glaciology Program supports research concerned with

4307-480: The south of the central part. To its north are Ricker Canyon, Schulthess Bluff, Higgins Canyon, Treves Butte, Discovery Ridge and Mount Glossopteris. In the east Mount Schopf is surrounded by Terrace Ridge, Mercer Ridge and Skinner Peak. Mirsky Ledge is in the extreme east, with Urbanak Peak and Iverson Peak. A blue ice field on the west of the Treves Butte, 6 by 1 kilometre (3.73 by 0.62 mi), has been reviewed as

4380-417: The southernmost continent , and works with other federal agencies, the U.S. military, and civilian contractors, to provide the necessary logistical support for the science. The U.S. is a signatory to the Antarctic Treaty and the conduct of science is the principal expression of U.S. interest in the Antarctic. In October 1970 President Richard Nixon stated U.S. policy for Antarctica to be: To maintain

4453-604: The southwest end of Mount Schopf. Named by US-ACAN after John H. Mercer (1922–87), glacial geologist, a member of the Ohio State University expedition to the Horlick Mountains in 1960–61. He returned to work in the Horlick Mountains, 1964–65, and later worked in the Antarctic, Alaska, Greenland, Argentina, Chile, and Peru; with the Institute of Polar Studies (now Byrd Research Center), Ohio State University, 1966–87. 84°46′S 112°53′W  /  84.767°S 112.883°W  / -84.767; -112.883 . A mainly snow-covered peak, over 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) high, on

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4526-540: The spur that descends northeast from Mount Schopf in Ohio Range. Named by US-ACAN for Courtney J. Skinner, geological assistant and camp, manager with the Ohio State University expedition to the Horlick Mountains in 1961–62. Skinner visited Antarctica with USARP every summer season from 1961–62 to 1966–67. 84°37′S 111°40′W  /  84.617°S 111.667°W  / -84.617; -111.667 . A snow-covered ledge, or shelflike feature, about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) northeast of Mount Schopf in

4599-537: The station. The program maintains two research vessels, RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer and ASRV Laurence M. Gould . The ships are used to both transport people and supplies between Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula, and the port at Punta Arenas, Chile, and to embark on longer science-focused voyages to understand the Southern Ocean or visit other remote areas of the continent. Smaller boats at Palmer Station, including inflatable rafts and larger rigid-hulled inflatable boats, are used to transport scientists around

4672-428: The station. Both of Scott's (1901–1904 and 1910–1913) and Ernest Shackleton's (1907–1909 and 1914–1916) expeditions used the area as a base to deploy sledging parties for both scientific exploration and attempts to reach the South Pole. The huts these expeditions built still stand today at Hut Point, Cape Evans, and Cape Royds. The original station was constructed in 1955–1956. With many additions and modernizations over

4745-589: The summer population averages 150. Most Antarctic Program personnel and cargo reach the South Pole from McMurdo Station via LC-130 ski-equipped aircraft, whereas most fuel is transported via surface traverse from McMurdo Station. The short austral summer, when most activity occurs, is from late October through mid-February. The station is isolated for the rest of the year. Research at the South Pole includes astronomy, astrophysics, aeronomy , auroral and geospace studies, meteorology, geomagnetism, seismology, earth-tide measurements, and glaciology. Palmer Station , on

4818-423: The summer range from just below freezing to above 4 °C (40 °F). Winter temperatures range from 0 °C (32 °F) to -10 °C (14 °F). Palmer Station is often windy and wet, with both snow and rain. The water equivalent in snow and rain averages 81 cm (32 in) per year. Wildlife is abundant near the station, which makes it superbly located for ecosystem research. The station population

4891-420: The west end of Buckeye Table in the Ohio Range. Named by US-ACAN for Larry L. Lackey, geologist with the Ohio State University expedition to the Horlick Mountains in 1960-61. 84°48′S 116°18′W  /  84.800°S 116.300°W  / -84.800; -116.300 . A prominent rock spur on the north side of Lackey Ridge, Ohio Range. Thumb Promontory was unofficially named by a NZARP field party to

4964-408: The west end of the Ohio Range. Surveyed by the USARP Horlick Mountains Traverse party in Dec. 1958. Named by US-ACAN for Arthur S. Knox, Antarctic cartographer, Branch of Special Maps, United States Geological Survey. 84°49′S 116°15′W  /  84.817°S 116.250°W  / -84.817; -116.250 . An east-west ridge, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) long, that forms

5037-479: The world. Mount Erebus , a 3,794-meter (12,448 ft) high active volcano, towers over Ross Island. On the west side of the Sound, the Royal Society Range and Mount Discovery , an extinct volcano, provide spectacular vistas. The mean annual temperature is −18 °C (0 °F). Temperatures may reach as high as 8 °C (46 °F) in summer and −50 °C (−58 °F) in winter. The average wind speed

5110-503: The years, today's station is the primary logistics facility for airborne and overland resupply of inland stations and field science projects. The station is also the waste management center for much of the USAP. McMurdo has two airfields. Phoenix Airfield, located about 18 km (11 mi) from McMurdo on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, accommodates wheeled aircraft. Williams Field Skiway, located about 15 km (9.3 mi) from McMurdo

5183-427: Was studied by a NZARP geological party, 1983-84, and named after Otago University, the alma mater of Jonathan Aitchison, a member of the field party. 84°44′S 113°59′W  /  84.733°S 113.983°W  / -84.733; -113.983 . A flat-topped elevation on the north escarpment of Buckeye Table, Ohio Range. The hill is located where Discovery Ridge joins the main escarpment. The rock that forms

5256-601: Was suggested by William E. Long, geologist of the Ohio State University expedition to the Horlick Mountains in 1960–61 and 1961–62. The first tillite and the first Devonian brachiopods were discovered by the expedition on this ridge, hence the name. 84°45′S 114°10′W  /  84.750°S 114.167°W  / -84.750; -114.167 . A small spur projecting northward from the Buckeye Table, west of Discovery Ridge, Ohio Range. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1958–59. The spur

5329-576: Was the largest single expedition ever to explore Antarctica, involving 13 naval vessels, numerous airplanes and more than 4,700 men. The next year, the Navy's Operation Windmill used helicopters to complete some of the work begun during Highjump. In 1956–57 the U.S. Navy, during Operation Deep Freeze I, and in conjunction with research teams funded by the National Science Foundation, established seven research stations in Antarctica to prepare for

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