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29-899: [REDACTED] Look up igy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. IGY may refer to: Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a type of antibody found in birds but not mammals International Geophysical Year (I. G. Y.) " I.G.Y. (What a Beautiful World) ", a 1982 song by Donald Fagen Israel Gay Youth Ingenuity (helicopter) (ICAO operator code: IGY ), NASA defunct solar-powered autonomous drone helicopter on Mars See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "igy"  or "i-g-y" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles beginning with IGY All pages with titles containing IGY Iggy (disambiguation) IGI (disambiguation) IG (disambiguation) GY (disambiguation) , for 1 Gy GM LGY engine Topics referred to by

58-541: A molar mass of about 18,700 amu, are somewhat smaller than the light chains in IgG. The molar mass of IgY thus amounts to about 167,000 amu. The steric flexibility of the IgY molecule is less than that of IgG. Functionally, IgY is partially comparable to Immunoglobulin E (IgE), as well as to IgG. However, in contrast to IgG, IgY does not bind to Protein A , to Protein G , or to cellular Fc receptors . Furthermore, IgY does not activate

87-442: A conversion factor, describing the shape of a particular molecule. This allows the apparent molecular mass to be described from a range of techniques sensitive to hydrodynamic effects, including DLS , SEC (also known as GPC when the eluent is an organic solvent), viscometry , and diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY). The apparent hydrodynamic size can then be used to approximate molecular mass using

116-409: A food preservative for fish. The shelf life of fish treated with the IgY was extended from 9 days to 12 – 15 days demonstrating a significant antimicrobial activity to the specific bacteria. Anti-Fel d1 egg IgY immunoglobulin has been successfully tested to reduce active Fel d1 in cats saliva in order to lower allergenic potential of treated cats. Molecular mass The molecular mass ( m )

145-529: A series of macromolecule-specific standards. As this requires calibration, it's frequently described as a "relative" molecular mass determination method. It is also possible to determine absolute molecular mass directly from light scattering, traditionally using the Zimm method . This can be accomplished either via classical static light scattering or via multi-angle light scattering detectors. Molecular masses determined by this method do not require calibration, hence

174-427: A substance. The definition of molecular weight is most authoritatively synonymous with relative molecular mass; however, in common practice, use of this terminology is highly variable. When the molecular weight is given with the unit Da, it is frequently as a weighted average similar to the molar mass but with different units. In molecular biology, the mass of macromolecules is referred to as their molecular weight and

203-537: A weighted average of a sample. Prior to the 2019 revision of the SI quantities expressed in daltons (Da) were by definition numerically equivalent to molar mass expressed in the units g/mol and were thus strictly numerically interchangeable. After the 2019 revision, this relationship is only nearly equivalent, although the difference is negligible for all practical purposes. The molecular mass of small to medium size molecules, measured by mass spectrometry, can be used to determine

232-419: A wide range of molecular masses (40 kDa – 5 MDa). To a first approximation, the basis for determination of molecular mass according to Mark–Houwink relations is the fact that the intrinsic viscosity of solutions (or suspensions ) of macromolecules depends on volumetric proportion of the dispersed particles in a particular solvent. Specifically, the hydrodynamic size as related to molecular mass depends on

261-409: Is CH 4 , are calculated respectively as follows: The uncertainty in molecular mass reflects variance (error) in measurement not the natural variance in isotopic abundances across the globe. In high-resolution mass spectrometry the mass isotopomers C H 4 and C H 4 are observed as distinct molecules, with molecular masses of approximately 16.031 Da and 17.035 Da, respectively. The intensity of

290-424: Is defined in terms of the mass of the isotope C (carbon-12). However, the name unified atomic mass unit (u) is still used in common practice. Relative atomic and molecular masses as defined are dimensionless . Molar masses when expressed in g / mol have almost identical numerical values as relative atomic and molecular masses. For example, the molar mass and molecular mass of methane , whose molecular formula

319-578: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Immunoglobulin Y IgY is often mislabelled as Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in older literature, and sometimes even in commercial product catalogues, due to its functional similarity to mammalian IgG and Immunoglobulin E (IgE). However, this older nomenclature is obsolete, since IgY differs both structurally and functionally from mammalian IgG, and does not cross-react with antibodies raised against mammalian IgG. Since chickens can lay eggs almost every day, and

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348-447: Is expressed in kDa, although the numerical value is often approximate and representative of an average. The terms "molecular mass", "molecular weight", and "molar mass" may be used interchangeably in less formal contexts where unit- and quantity-correctness is not needed. The molecular mass is more commonly used when referring to the mass of a single or specific well-defined molecule and less commonly than molecular weight when referring to

377-425: Is that the isolation of IgY from egg yolk is more difficult than the isolation of IgG from blood serum. This is due in large part to the fact that IgY cannot be bound with Protein A and Protein G . Thus, it cannot be separated from other components of the assay, for example from other proteins. Additionally, the egg yolk's rich store of lipids and lipoproteins must be removed. Antibody-containing blood serums, on

406-453: Is the mass of a given molecule . Units of daltons (Da) are often used. Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different isotopes of an element. The derived quantity relative molecular mass is the unitless ratio of the mass of a molecule to the atomic mass constant (which is equal to one dalton). The molecular mass and relative molecular mass are distinct from but related to

435-467: The molar mass . The molar mass is defined as the mass of a given substance divided by the amount of the substance , and is expressed in grams per mol (g/mol). That makes the molar mass an average of many particles or molecules (potentially containing different isotopes ), and the molecular mass the mass of one specific particle or molecule. The molar mass is usually the more appropriate quantity when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able) quantities of

464-456: The complement system . The name Immunoglobulin Y was suggested in 1969 by G.A. Leslie and L.W. Clem, after they were able to show differences between the immunoglobulins found in chicken eggs, and immunoglobulin G. Other synonymous names are Chicken IgG , Egg Yolk IgG , and 7S-IgG . As compared to mammalian antibodies, IgY offers various advantages for the targeted extraction of antibodies and their application in bioanalysis . Since

493-408: The composition of elements in the molecule. The molecular masses of macromolecules, such as proteins, can also be determined by mass spectrometry; however, methods based on viscosity and light-scattering are also used to determine molecular mass when crystallographic or mass spectrometric data are not available. Molecular masses are calculated from the atomic masses of each nuclide present in

522-495: The immune response against certain antigens in chickens is more strongly expressed than in rabbits or other mammals . Of the immunoglobulins arising during the immune response, only IgY is found in chicken eggs. Thus, in preparations from chicken eggs, there is no contamination with Immunoglobulin A (IgA) or Immunoglobulin M (IgM). The yield of IgY from a chicken egg is comparable to that of IgG from rabbit serum. One disadvantage of IgY, as compared to mammalian antibodies,

551-492: The Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis . In chickens, immunoglobulin Y is the functional equivalent to Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Like IgG, it is composed of two light and two heavy chains. Structurally, these two types of immunoglobulin differ primarily in the heavy chains, which in IgY have a molecular mass of about 65,100 atomic mass units (amu), and are thus larger than in IgG. The light chains in IgY, with

580-419: The antibodies are extracted from the yolks of laid eggs, the method of antibody production is non-invasive. Thus, no blood must be taken from the animals for the extraction of blood serum. The available quantity of a given antibody is considerably increased through repeated egg laying from the same hen. The cross-reactivity of IgY with proteins from mammals is also markedly less than that of IgG. Furthermore,

609-409: The choice of isotopes is defined and thus is a single specific molecular mass out of the (perhaps many) possibilities. The masses used to compute the monoisotopic molecular mass are found in a table of isotopic masses and are not found in a typical periodic table. The average molecular mass is often used for larger molecules, since molecules with many atoms are often unlikely to be composed exclusively of

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638-420: The mass-spectrometry peaks is proportional to the isotopic abundances in the molecular species. C H H 3 can also be observed with molecular mass of 17 Da. In mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of a small molecule is usually reported as the monoisotopic mass : that is, the mass of the molecule containing only the most common isotope of each element. This also differs subtly from the molecular mass in that

667-664: The molecular mass of proteins, lipids, sugars and nucleic acids at the single-molecule level. The technique is based on interferometric scattered light microscopy. Contrast from scattered light by a single binding event at the interface between the protein solution and glass slide is detected and is linearly proportional to the mass of the molecule. This technique can also be used to measure sample homogeneity, to detect protein oligomerisation states, and to identify complex macromolecular assemblies ( ribosomes , GroEL , AAV ) and protein interactions such as protein-protein interactions. Mass photometry can accurately measure molecular mass over

696-601: The molecule, while molar masses and relative molecular masses (molecular weights) are calculated from the standard atomic weights of each element . The standard atomic weight takes into account the isotopic distribution of the element in a given sample (usually assumed to be "normal"). For example, water has a molar mass of 18.0153(3) g/mol, but individual water molecules have molecular masses which range between 18.010 564 6863(15) Da ( H 2 O) and 22.027 7364(9) Da ( H 2 O). Atomic and molecular masses are usually reported in daltons , which

725-449: The most abundant isotope of each element. A theoretical average molecular mass can be calculated using the standard atomic weights found in a typical periodic table. The average molecular mass of a very small sample, however, might differ substantially from this since a single sample average is not the same as the average of many geographically distributed samples. Mass photometry (MP) is a rapid, in-solution, label-free method of obtaining

754-460: The other hand, can sometimes be directly used in bioanalysis, i.e., without complicated isolation steps. Particularly in Asian countries, IgY has been clinically tested as a food supplement and preservative. For example, yogurt products containing pathogen specific IgY, have been tested for their ability to reduce Helicobacter pylori in the stomach by hindering the attachment of the bacterium to

783-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IGY . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IGY&oldid=1199184243 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

812-463: The stomach lining. The IgY used for this purpose is extracted from the eggs of immunized hens. Antibodies against Salmonella and other bacteria, as well as against viruses , are produced in this manner, and employed as a nutritional component for protection against these pathogens . The Food Safety Lab of Ocean University of China has experimented with using IgY specific to the bacteria Shewanella putrefaciens and Pseudomonas fluorescens as

841-532: The yolk of an immunised hen's egg contains a high concentration of IgY, chickens are gradually becoming popular as a source of customised antibodies for research. (Usually, mammals such as rabbits or goats are injected with the antigen of interest by the researcher or a contract laboratory.) Ducks produce a truncated form of IgY which is missing part of the Fc region. As a result, it cannot bind complement or be picked up by macrophages . IgY has also been analyzed in

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