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57-558: In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Župa of Travunia was held by the Belojević noble family , who were entitled the rule during the reign of Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–850), of the Vlastimirović dynasty . After the death of Časlav , the last dynastic member, the principality disintegrated, and the provinces were annexed by the Bulgars and Byzantines. In 1034, Stefan Vojislav (the founder of

114-650: A church which dates back to late antiquity. The Duži Monastery is located 10 kilometres west of Trebinje. There is also the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Birth of Mary in the town centre, as well as monuments dedicated to acclaimed poets Njegoš and Jovan Dučić (who was from the town). The Osman-Paša Resulbegović mosque, located in the Old Town, was originally built in 1726 and fully renovated in 2005. The Old Town walls are well preserved. The Arslanagić Bridge (1574)

171-451: A deal. The Byzantine Empire , wanting to take advantage of the death of Stefan Vojislav, prepared an offensive against unstable Duklja. At this time, the four remaining brothers made peace and made an alliance. The treaty concluded is the oldest in Serbian history. After the agreement, Radoslav attacked Trebinje , killing Domanek. After this event, their mother (who had acted as an stability in

228-724: A large increase in the urban population of Trebinje. Trebinje was the largest town in Serb-held eastern Herzegovina during the Bosnian War . It was controlled by Bosnian Serb forces from the fall of 1991, and was used as a major command and artillery base by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops besieging the Croatian town of Dubrovnik . In 1992 Trebinje was declared the capital of the self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Region of Herzegovina ( Serbian : Српска аутономна област Херцеговина ). Bosniak residents were subsequently conscripted to fight with

285-516: A sound defeat to the Byzantines at Bar , Vojislav dispatched 50 captured Greeks to demoralize Liudevit's army that was awaiting at Klobuk. Vojislav's son Gojislav led the Dioclean forces and easily defeated Liutovid's forces, killing Liutovid himself with the help of two bodyguards. Travunia was fully incorporated into Doclea. When Gojslav became the ruler, he elected Trebinje as the new Serbian capital. He

342-507: A tax of '72 gold coins' to the princes of Zahumlje and Travunia. Trebinje is first attested in DAI by Constantine VII (905–959), when describing the migration and geography of the Serbs in 7th century, but the population's 7th Century identity remains a matter of dispute as it rather indicates Serbian political and ethnic connection during the time of Časlav in 10th Century. Travunia (Τερβουνια)

399-660: Is a city and municipality in Republika Srpska entity, Bosnia and Herzegovina . It is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is situated on the banks of the Trebišnjica river in the region of East Herzegovina . As of 2013, it has a population of 31,433 inhabitants. The city's old town quarter dates to the 18th-century Ottoman period and includes the Arslanagić Bridge , also known as Perovića Bridge. The city lies in

456-465: Is entitled the rule of Travunia; Hvalimir , and his son Čučimir continue the office under the Serbian crown. From 927 to 960, Časlav Klonimirović , the last of the Vlastimirović dynasty, held supreme rule of Travunia which at the time bordered Zahumlje to the west, the city of Ragusa or Dubrovnik to the southwest, Duklja to the south and Serbia (crownland, see Rascia ) to the north. Its coastline spanned from Dubrovnik to Boka Kotorska . With

513-606: Is located 1 km north of the town center. The Music & More SummerFest has recently become an annual tradition in Trebinje, spanning approximately two weeks in August. This vibrant event not only showcases concerts but also offers academies led by world-renowned classical musicians. The festival is held at a variety of venues, including the Amphitheater Crkvina, KCT culture center Trebinje, local music school, Villa Lastva, and

570-583: Is located in the most southern part of Republika Srpska and the municipalities of Bileća , Ljubinje , and Ravno in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Trebinje municipality has an area of 904 km and makes up 3.68% of the total territory of the Republic of Srpska. Trebinje experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) with heavy precipitation, typical of

627-465: Is often attributed to Vuk Branković . The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century. Under Bosnian rule, Trebinje became part of Kosača noble family domains. It was conquered by Ottoman forces for the first time in 1465, but already in 1470 it was returned to Vlatko Hercegović Kosača . By 1478, the town was finally captured and incorporated into the Ottoman Empire . The Old Town-Kastel

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684-761: The Banat Uprising provoked the Serbs in other regions to revolt against the Ottomans. Grdan , the vojvoda of Nikšić, organized revolt with Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul . From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje, where Metropolitan Visarion was seated. In 1596, the uprising broke out in Bjelopavlići , then spread to Drobnjaci , Nikšić, Piva and Gacko (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97 ). The rebels were defeated at

741-652: The Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77) , the Bileća and Trebinje region was led by serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić. With the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, many reforms took place. New administrative division was introduced and a large number of Austro-Hungarian troops were located in Trebinje, which was seen as a city of strategic value and position. No factories or bigger investments were made in Trebinje during

798-638: The House of Mrnjavčević and was at times ruled by members of the Serbian royal family, like Queen Hellen of Anjou in the 13th century. Travunia got a neighbour by 1326, as the Bosnians conquered Zachlumia. In 1345, the Serbian Empire was created. After the collapse of the Serbian Empire in 1371, the area of Trebinje became ruled by the House of Vojinović Serbian dynasty from Hum . With Nikola Altomanović 's defeat,

855-510: The Popovo Polje area southwest of the city, the river – which always floods in the winter – naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, near Dubrovnik. Trebinje is known as "the city of the sun and plane-trees", and it is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is the economic and cultural center of the region of East Herzegovina . The Trebinje municipality

912-583: The Sanjak of Herzegovina . Tribulium was the original name for this settlement and the etymology of it may be analyzed as tri-bulium , or the place of the 'three hills', from the numeral 'three' ( *trei- ) and an appellative derived from the IE root *b(h)eu- 'to swell, puff'. The Slavs invaded the Balkans during the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), when eventually up to 100,000 Slavs raided Thessalonica . The Western Balkans

969-528: The Serbs who controlled a great part of Dalmatia (" ad Sorabos, quae natio magnam Dalmatiae partem obtinere dicitur ") but according to John (Jr.) Fine , it was hard to find Serbs in this area since the Byzantine sources were limited to the southern coast, also it is possible that among other tribes exists tribe of group of small tribes of Serbs. The mentioning of "Dalmatia" in 822 and 833 as an old geographical term by

1026-485: The Trebišnjica river valley, at the foot of Leotar , in southeastern Herzegovina, some 30 km (19 mi) by road from Dubrovnik , Croatia , on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, including three in the city of Trebinje itself, as well as a historic Ottoman Arslanagić Bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through

1083-665: The Vojislavljević dynasty) incited a rebellion and renounced Byzantine rule, becoming the Prince of Serbs , ruling from the seat at Duklja . In the early 12th century, Desa of the Vukanović dynasty wrestled the region, and it continued under the rule of the Nemanjić dynasty (1166–1371), either held by dynastic members or close associates (most often military commanders), of which was the notable Vojinović noble family . After Nikola Altomanović ,

1140-420: The Vojislavljević dynasty . Members [ edit ] Beloje (before 839), lord of Trebinje Krajina (fl. 847), married the daughter of Vlastimir in 847/848, becomes Župan of Travunia Hvalimir ( Serbian : Хвалимир , Greek : Φαλιμἑρης , Latin : Phalimer ; late 9th century) Čučimir ( Greek : Τζουτζημέρης ; first half of 10th century ) Dragomir , rules Travunia

1197-488: The field of Gacko . It ultimately failed due to lack of foreign support. The hajduks in Herzegovina had in March 1655 carried out one of their greatest operations, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying with them out much loot. On 26 November 1716, Austrian general Nastić with 400 soldiers and c. 500 hajduks attacked Trebinje, but did not take it over. A combined Austro-Venetian-Hajduk force of 7,000 stood before

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1254-518: The 16th century, mostly from the hand of uskoks of Senj and various hajduk bands. The calmer period during the Ottoman rule was the 18th century. The Serb elders from Trebinje, together with the people of Nikšić , planned a great uprising in the summer of 1805, under the influence of the First Serbian Uprising . Their project was suppressed by the Ottoman pasha and probably with the help from

1311-548: The 2013 census results, the city of Trebinje has 31,433 inhabitants. The Serbian Orthodox church in Trebinje, Saborna Crkva , was built between 1888 and 1908. The Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery, a loose copy of the Gračanica monastery in Kosovo , was completed in 2000. The churches are located above the city, on the historic Crkvina Hill. The 15th-century Tvrdoš monastery is located two kilometres south-west of Trebinje, including

1368-545: The AU rule. After the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Croat-Muslim volunteer corps ( German : Schutzcorp) terrorized Serb civilians of Bogojevići and other villages in Trebinje, which resulted in 83 children killed and 85 adults hanged. Those and related actions resulted in migrations of the local population to Serbia. During the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on

1425-487: The Balkans, including Duklja and Zahumlje. In 998, Samuel launched a major campaign against Jovan Vladimir to prevent a Byzantine-Serbian alliance. When his troops reached Duklja, Vladimir withdrew to the mountains, Samuel left part of the army at the foot of the mountains and led the remaining soldiers to besiege the coastal fortress of Ulcinj . In an effort to prevent bloodshed, he asked Jovan Vladimir to surrender, but Jovan refused, some Serb nobles offered their services to

1482-577: The Bosnian King Tvrtko took the area in 1377 and it has been a component of Herzegovina ever since. This lists only the rulers who had Travunia as their appanage or fief and will not house the rulers of the region of Travunia. Travunia was merged into neighbouring states and lost its importance several times in history (amalgamation). 42°43′02″N 18°22′10″E  /  42.7172547°N 18.3694839°E  / 42.7172547; 18.3694839 Belojevi%C4%87 noble family From Misplaced Pages,

1539-517: The Bulgarians and, when it became clear that further resistance was fruitless, the Serbs surrendered. Jovan Vladimir was exiled to Samuel's palaces in Prespa . The Bulgarian troops proceeded to pass through Dalmatia , taking control of Kotor and journeying to Dubrovnik . Although they failed to take Dubrovnik, they devastated the surrounding villages. The Bulgarian army then attacked Croatia in support of

1596-669: The Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of western and central Europe. Dalmatia which was southeast of the Frankish empire, was in the hands of the Croats and Serbs. Radoslav of Serbia or his son was the ruler of Serbia during the uprisings (819–822) of Ljudevit Posavski against the Franks. According to the Royal Frankish Annals , in 822, Ljudevit went from his seat in Sisak to

1653-550: The JNA and if refused they were executed, and thus they fled the region. Ten of the town's mosques were razed to the ground during the war. Trebinje is one of two municipalities created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other being Ravno in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2018, it has a total of 178 settlements that comprise it (including city proper area of Trebinje): According to

1710-653: The Museum of Herzegovina. The local football club, FK Leotar Trebinje , plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The headquarters of Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske , which is the largest employer in Republika Srpska (as of 2016), is located in Trebinje. As of 2016, most of its economy is based on services. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018): The plan for

1767-498: The Niš Airport, was appointed head of the new airport management company. Works will be carried out by a consortium of Herzegovinian construction companies. In September 2020, the RS passed a law on the special procedure of expropriation for the construction of the airport in Trebinje. First flights are expected by 2022, thought works at the airport will continue for up to 4 years. Trebinje

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1824-1236: The Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. P. Radonjić, „Velaj“ , u: Srpski biografski rečnik , II tom, ur. Čedomir Popov, Novi Sad 2008, str. 109–110. Runciman, Steven (1988). The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-35722-7 . Andrija Veselinović, Radoš Ljušić, „Srpske dinastije“ , Novi Sad, 2001. ISBN   86-83639-01-0 (str. 24) Venance Grumel, La chronologie , Paris 1958, p. 390 Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travunian_dynasty&oldid=1252766600 " Categories : Medieval Herzegovina People from Trebinje 9th-century South Slavs 10th-century South Slavs South Slavs Hidden categories: Articles containing Serbian-language text Pages using Lang-xx templates Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Trebinje Trebinje ( Serbian Cyrillic : Требиње , pronounced [trěːbiɲe] )

1881-503: The Trebinje airport was resurrected in 2020 in the context of the RS-Serbia relations. The new airport will be built in the village of Mionići, some ten kilometres from Trebinje. It will feature a 3.5-kilometre runway, taxiways totalling 4.5 kilometres and a 7.000 square metre terminal building. The airport shall be in the full ownership of the Republic of Serbia , which will invest over EUR 50 million in its construction. Mladen Stanković, from

1938-508: The Trebinje walls, defended by 1,000 Ottomans. The Ottomans were busy near Belgrade and with hajduk attacks towards Mostar , and were thus unable to reinforce Trebinje. The conquest of Trebinje and Popovo field were given up to fight in Montenegro. The Venetians took over Hutovo and Popovo, where they immediately recruited militarily from the population. Ottoman rule lasted from 1466 until 1878. The Trebinje region suffered especially in

1995-451: The authors of Frankish Annals was Pars pro toto with a vague perception of what this geographical term actually referred to. In late 870s, the Theme of Dalmatia (" thema Dalmatias") was established, with the strategos seated at Dubrovnik (Ragusa, Ragusion). These small cities in the region (also Dyrrachium ) did not stretch into the hinterlands, and had no military capacity, thus Basil I paid

2052-585: The clan's progenitor Beloje , who sought to free himself of Serbian rule. Beloje was mentioned as the župan of Travunia in the chapter on the Serbs in De Administrando Imperio ( DAI ) of Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII (r. 945–959). Prince Vlastimir (r. 836–851) married his daughter to Beloje's son Krajina , and elevated him to the rank of archon , sometime prior the Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) . Krajina's descendants were entitled to rule

2109-497: The death of Časlav, Serbia disintegrated and Duklja absorbed most of Rascia along with Zahumlje and Trebinje. The Catepanate of Ras was established during the rule of John Tzimiskes (r. 969–976). A seal of a strategos of Ras has been dated to Tzimiskes' reign, making it possible for Tzimiskes' predecessor Nikephoros II Phokas to have enjoyed recognition in Rascia. In the 990s, Bulgarian Tsar Samuel made client states out of most of

2166-570: The end of the 12th century Stefan Nemanja conquered provinces that include Trebinje. Under the name of Tribunia or Travunja it belonged to the Serbian Kingdom and the Serbian Empire . In 1373, Trebinje was taken by the Balšić noble family, and later it was incorporated into the expanded medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1377. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction

2223-497: The five sons. Gojislav had received Travunia (Trebinje), and briefly ruled until he was killed by local nobles, who set up Domanek as Prince. Mihailo pursued and attacked Domanek, who fled, in his place Saganek was put to govern Travunia. Domanek then returned, and drove out Saganek. Mihailo offered the office to Radoslav, who declined, afraid of losing Luška župa (future Zeta ). Radoslav perhaps distrusted his brother, thinking he would seize Zeta, but Mihailo seems to have offered him

2280-433: The 💕 (Redirected from Belojević noble family ) The Belojević' clan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Белојевић ), colloquially Travunian dynasty , was a local Slavic ruling clan from region surrounding Trebinje , a center of an early Slavic polity, Travunia . The clan was in vassal relations with the first Serbian Principality 's ruling Vlastimirović's , but constantly strived for independence starting with

2337-553: The greatest Serbian early medieval ruler – Saint Jovan Vladimir of Duklja and Travunia in the late 10th and early 11th century. With the trickery of Jovan Vladimir in 1016, Byzantine domination was restored under old Prince Dragomir. Dragomir was assassinated in Kotor in 1018 which brought upon Byzantine military occupation. Stefan Vojislav raised a rebellion in the 1030s. Prince of Zachlumia Ljutovid exerted his influence over Travunia, even though Stefan Vojislav claimed it. After inflicting

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2394-563: The holder of a large province during the fall of the Serbian Empire , was defeated in 1373, his estates were divided between Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović of Serbia, Đurađ I Balšić of Zeta, and Ban Tvrtko I Kotromanić of Bosnia. Trebinje continued under the Bosnian crown in the hands of the Pavlović family , and from 1435 under the Kosača family . It was finally annexed in 1481 by the Ottomans and organized into

2451-566: The local Slavic Muslims. The Christians of Trebinje, together with the Montenegrins, fought against Napoleon 's troops and in several conflicts they managed to defeat the French troops, such as the knife fight which took place on 2–3 October 1806 leaving several thousands of French soldiers dead, after which the French withdrew for a while. Notable participants in the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) from Trebinje include Mićo Ljubibratić . During

2508-508: The name of Tribunia or Travunja (the Trebigne of the Ragusans), it belonged to the Serbian Empire until 1355. Trebinje became a part of the expanded Medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1373. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković . The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century. The Area of Trebinje , has produced

2565-454: The rebel princes Krešimir III and Gojslav and advanced northwest as far as Split , Trogir and Zadar , then northeast through Bosnia and Raška and returned to Bulgaria. The dawn of the 10th century brought a short-lived Bulgarian occupation after the fall of the Rascian lands, but prince Caslav restored a Principality of Serbia by 931 and ruled Travunia as well. Travunia flourished under

2622-485: The region comprising the hinterland of Dubrovnik and Boka Kotorska , with seat at Trebinje , still under Serbian suzerainty. The clan is later mentioned in the semi-mythical Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja , which mentioned that a descendant of Hvalimir, Dragomir , ruled Travunia in the second half of the 10th century, his brother Petrislav ruling Duklja and his son Stefan Vojislav later ruling Duklja and founding

2679-501: The relations between the brothers) died. While in no imminent danger from that side, Mihailo found it favorable to further strengthen ties with Byzantium around 1052, gaining the title of protospatharios , also marrying a niece of Constantine IX Monomachos . This might have implied titular recognition of Constantinople's authority, but no real concessions on his part. It corresponded to the then-current balance of forces, and bought some 20 years of peace and prosperity to his land. Under

2736-1234: The second half of 10th century Vojislav , lord of Trebinje the first half of 11th century, becomes prince of Duklja in 1018 See also [ edit ] Vlastimirović dynasty , ruled Serbia 768–969 Vojislavljević dynasty , ruled Serbia 1010–1091, Duklja 1010–1043; Pomorje 1043–1148 Vukanović dynasty , ruled Serbia 1091–1163, Rascia 1060–1163, Pomorje 1148–1163 Pomorje References [ edit ] ^ Ćirković 2004 , p. 24. ^ Veselinovic, p. 24 ^ Radonjić, pp. 109-110 ^ Banašević 1971 , pp. 113–115. ^ "Sebraneʹ spisy", p. 759 ^ Runciman 1988 , p. 213 ^ Grumel, p. 390 Sources [ edit ] Banašević, Nikola (1971). Летопис Попа Дукльанина и народна предања . Srpska književna zadruga. Moravcsik, Gyula , ed. (1967) [1949]. Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs . Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from

2793-626: The son of Beloje , and that family became hereditary rulers of Travunija. By 1040, Stefan Vojislav 's state stretched in the coastal region from Ston in the north, down to his capital, Skadar , set up along the southern banks of the Skadar Lake , with other courts set up in Trebinje, Kotor , and Bar . The town commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople , which was traversed in 1096 by Raymond IV of Toulouse and his crusaders . Trebinje diocese has its episcopal seat in Polje near Trebinje. At

2850-461: The southern Adriatic coastal areas. Tribulium was the original name for this settlement, and the etymology of it may be analyzed as tri-bulium , or the place of the 'three hills', from the numeral 'three' ( *trei- ) and an appellative derived from the IE root *b(h)eu- 'to swell, puff. De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (913–959) mentioned Travunija (Τερβουνια). Serbian Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–51) married his daughter to Krajina ,

2907-526: The surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. The imperial administrators also modernized the town, expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as several squares, parks, schools, tobacco plantations, etc. Trebinje grew rapidly in the era of Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980. It especially developed its hydroelectric potential with dams, artificial lakes, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants. This industrial development brought

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2964-482: Was a province subservient to Serbian Principality under the Vlastimirović Dynasty . The first known office holder was Beloje , a count, who ruled under Prince Vlastimir (also possibly under Radoslav or Prosigoj , fl. 819). In the mid 9th century, Vlastimir marries his daughter to Krajina , the son of Beloje, and gives him the Župa of Trebinje to govern under his suzerainty. The Belojević noble family

3021-424: Was assassinated by Travunian Prince Ljutovid who raised a rebellion in 1047–1050 and Mihailo I Vojislavljević had to depose Domanec, Liutovid's son, and move the capital from Travunia, placing his brother Saganek as Prince of Travunia. Saganek was overthrown in 1055, and it took Radoslav, Mihailo's faithful brother to finally kill Domanec and seize control over Travunia. In 1077 a Slavic Kingdom of Doclea and Dalmatia

3078-534: Was built by the Ottomans on the location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River . The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-century Arslanagić bridge was originally built at the village of Arslanagić, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town, by Mehmed-Paša Sokolović , and

3135-465: Was proclaimed. It commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople , traversed, in 1096, by Raymond of Toulouse and his crusaders . With the coming of the 12th century, Travunia was fully incorporated into the unified Serbian state . Later, the Nemanjić dynasty took over since 1166/68. In 1217, the Serbian Kingdom was proclaimed. With the death of Stefan Vojislav, the rule was divided between

3192-570: Was run by Arslanagić family for centuries. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina . It has two large and two small semicircular arches. Among noble families in the Trebinje region mentioned in Ragusan documents were Ljubibratić , Starčić , Popović , Krasomirić , Preljubović , Poznanović , Dragančić , Kobiljačić , Paštrović , Zemljić and Stanjević . The burning of Saint Sava 's remains after

3249-407: Was settled with Sclaveni (Sklavenoi), the east with Antes . The Sklavenoi plundered Thrace in 545, and again the next year. In 551, the Slavs crossed Niš initially headed for Thessalonica, but ended up in Dalmatia . In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum , pillaging cities and then settling down. Charlemagne , King of the Franks from 768 until his death in 814, expanded

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