112-471: Dubai National Air Travel Agency ( Arabic : دناتا ) (commonly known as dnata ) is an Emirati airport services provider which provides aircraft ground handling , cargo , travel, and flight catering services across five continents . The company dnata was established 1959 in Dubai with five employees. The name originates as an acronym for Dubai National Air Travel Agency. The company has grown significantly with
224-507: A price war , something the airline's competitors still accuse Emirates of doing. On 3 July 1987, Emirates received its first bought Airbus A310-304, from Toulouse. Within the first 38 months of operating, Emirates was serving 12 destinations. Emirates Sky Cargo , which operated as a separate entity, carried 25,000 tons of freight in fiscal 1989. Emirates expanded its route network into the Far East in 1990, and expanded its European operations in
336-490: A 136-acre (0.55 km ) site at Dubai International Airport . Its eleven hangars for heavy and light maintenance, together with a paint hangar, cover an area equivalent to 17 football pitches and have the capacity to meet the service requirements of an Emirates fleet which is growing at the rate one new aircraft every month. Each hangar has an entrance gate 88 metres wide and every bay can accommodate any size of aircraft with an engine thrust of up to 150,000 pounds, including
448-444: A 15-year joint venture agreement with China West Airport Group to provide airport ground handling services in Xi'an Xianyang International Airport . Dnata will also participate in operations at 10 other airports managed by CWAG. Under the agreement signed, Dnata will hold a 45 per cent stake in Xi'an Dnata Aviation Services Company Limited, with the remaining 55 per cent owned by CWAG. Also, at
560-628: A 49 per cent interest in the company, which provides in-flight catering at nine airports in Australia, including all major international gateways, serving 16 customer airlines with over seven million meals a year. Mercator was the IT division of the Emirates Group. It was launched in 1995 to serve the business technology requirements of Emirates and Dnata; later on not only provided to the Emirates Group companies, but also to other airlines and businesses. 2014 it
672-443: A US$ 645.5 million deal in the same year. As the airline celebrated its sixth anniversary, 25,000 passengers a week were being flown to 23 destinations. A year later, Emirates opened their own US$ 2 million terminal at Dubai Airport . A partnership agreement with US Airways entered in the fall of 1993 allowed Emirates to offer services around the world. It previously had cooperation agreements with Cyprus Airways . By 1994,
784-562: A collection of related dialects that constitute the precursor of Arabic, first emerged during the Iron Age . Previously, the earliest attestation of Old Arabic was thought to be a single 1st century CE inscription in Sabaic script at Qaryat al-Faw , in southern present-day Saudi Arabia. However, this inscription does not participate in several of the key innovations of the Arabic language group, such as
896-435: A corpus of poetic texts, in addition to Qur'an usage and Bedouin informants whom he considered to be reliable speakers of the ʿarabiyya . Arabic spread with the spread of Islam . Following the early Muslim conquests , Arabic gained vocabulary from Middle Persian and Turkish . In the early Abbasid period , many Classical Greek terms entered Arabic through translations carried out at Baghdad's House of Wisdom . By
1008-678: A deal worth $ 3.3 billion, and in 2007 Emirates signs contracts for 120 Airbus A350s , 11 Airbus A380s and 12 Boeing 777-300ERs , worth an estimated $ 34.9 billion, at the Dubai Air Show . The New Engineering Centre and Engine Test Cell are officially opened and the Emirates Harbour Hotel & Residence and the Marina Hotel open their doors. In September, the group also buys a 49% stake in UK based Alpha Group. Also in 2007, Dnata signed
1120-657: A fleet of over 250 wide-bodied aircraft . The airline has 170 aircraft on order worth US$ 58 billion. The Emirates Group has a turnover of approximately US$ 28.3 billion and employs over 105,000 employees across all its business units and associated firms, making it one of the biggest employers in the Middle East. The company is wholly owned by the Government of Dubai directly under the Investment Corporation of Dubai and as part of Dubai Inc. The airline's head office
1232-483: A lesser extent and more recently from Turkish, English, French, and Italian. Arabic is spoken by as many as 380 million speakers, both native and non-native, in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world, and the fourth most used language on the internet in terms of users. It also serves as the liturgical language of more than 2 billion Muslims . In 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Arabic
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#17328583883801344-677: A millennium before the modern period . Early lexicographers ( لُغَوِيُّون lughawiyyūn ) sought to explain words in the Quran that were unfamiliar or had a particular contextual meaning, and to identify words of non-Arabic origin that appear in the Quran. They gathered shawāhid ( شَوَاهِد 'instances of attested usage') from poetry and the speech of the Arabs—particularly the Bedouin ʾaʿrāb [ ar ] ( أَعْراب ) who were perceived to speak
1456-663: A new Boeing 737-300 from Pakistan International Airlines which was returned in 1987. Maurice Flanagan was named managing director of the new airline. Formerly of the Royal Air Force , British Airways , and Gulf Air , Flanagan had been seconded to DNATA in 1978 on a two-year assignment as assistant general sales manager. Chairman was Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum , nephew of the Ruler of Dubai, became chairman of Department of Civil Aviation and DNATA itself. Tim Clark joined
1568-623: A new system called Skychain developed by Mercator, which provided access via the Internet and email to everyone involved in moving a cargo. Emirates announced an order in April 2000 as the first launch customer for the Airbus A3XX (later named Airbus A380 ), the largest civil aircraft ever built. The deal comprised five Airbus A380-800s and two Airbus A380-800F . The deal was confirmed on 4 November 2001 and Emirates announced orders for 15 more A380-800s at
1680-472: A rate of 20 percent in 1999–2000. In 2001, Emirates SkyCargo Centre opened with a capacity to handle 400,000 tonnes a year. Emirates was also voted airline of the year by research consultancy Skytrax . Emirates took delivery of its 18th Airbus A330-200 and ordered two more, making it the biggest A330 operator in the world. The airline also announced an order worth $ 15 billion for 15 A380s , eight A340-600s , three A330s and 25 Boeing 777s . A year later,
1792-462: A script derived from ASA attest to a language known as Hasaitic . On the northwestern frontier of Arabia, various languages known to scholars as Thamudic B , Thamudic D, Safaitic , and Hismaic are attested. The last two share important isoglosses with later forms of Arabic, leading scholars to theorize that Safaitic and Hismaic are early forms of Arabic and that they should be considered Old Arabic . Linguists generally believe that "Old Arabic",
1904-465: A single language, despite mutual incomprehensibility among differing spoken versions. From a linguistic standpoint, it is often said that the various spoken varieties of Arabic differ among each other collectively about as much as the Romance languages . This is an apt comparison in a number of ways. The period of divergence from a single spoken form is similar—perhaps 1500 years for Arabic, 2000 years for
2016-503: A type of Arabic. Cypriot Arabic is recognized as a minority language in Cyprus. The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of diglossia , which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. Tawleed is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. For example, al-hatif lexicographically means
2128-499: A variety of regional vernacular Arabic dialects , which are not necessarily mutually intelligible. Classical Arabic is the language found in the Quran , used from the period of Pre-Islamic Arabia to that of the Abbasid Caliphate . Classical Arabic is prescriptive, according to the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as Sibawayh ) and the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as
2240-461: A website where customers could book accommodation, flights, car transfers and airport parking in one place. The company specialises in enabling users to build their own holiday experience by combining different elements from the Travel Republic site. Travel Republic is a travel search website acting as an agent only. The company is a member of ABTA and holds an ATOL License. In January 2007,
2352-470: A wider audience." In the wake of the industrial revolution and European hegemony and colonialism , pioneering Arabic presses, such as the Amiri Press established by Muhammad Ali (1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic literature and publications. Rifa'a al-Tahtawi proposed the establishment of Madrasat al-Alsun in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted
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#17328583883802464-481: Is a state-owned Dubai-based international aviation holding company headquartered in Garhoud , Dubai , United Arab Emirates , near Dubai International Airport . The Emirates Group comprises dnata , an aviation services company providing ground handling services at 126 airports, and Emirates Airline , the largest airline in the Middle East. Emirates Airlines flies to over 150 destinations across 6 continents, operating
2576-585: Is a minimum level of comprehension between all Arabic dialects, this level can increase or decrease based on geographic proximity: for example, Levantine and Gulf speakers understand each other much better than they do speakers from the Maghreb. The issue of diglossia between spoken and written language is a complicating factor: A single written form, differing sharply from any of the spoken varieties learned natively, unites several sometimes divergent spoken forms. For political reasons, Arabs mostly assert that they all speak
2688-542: Is a sister language rather than their direct ancestor. Arabia had a wide variety of Semitic languages in antiquity. The term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula , as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece . In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside the Ancient South Arabian family (e.g. Southern Thamudic) were spoken. It
2800-414: Is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group, and a major airline in the Middle East. It is the national airline of Dubai , United Arab Emirates and operates over 1,990 passenger flights per week, from its hub at Dubai International Airport , to over 101 destinations in 61 countries across 6 continents. Emirates Airline was established in 1985 with one Boeing 727 and one Airbus A300 . The Emirates fleet
2912-469: Is believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages (non-Central Semitic languages) were spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hejaz , Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages. In Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested. In eastern Arabia, inscriptions in
3024-408: Is credited with establishing the rules of Arabic prosody . Al-Jahiz (776–868) proposed to Al-Akhfash al-Akbar an overhaul of the grammar of Arabic, but it would not come to pass for two centuries. The standardization of Arabic reached completion around the end of the 8th century. The first comprehensive description of the ʿarabiyya "Arabic", Sībawayhi's al - Kitāb , is based first of all upon
3136-468: Is credited with standardizing Arabic grammar , or an-naḥw ( النَّحو "the way" ), and pioneering a system of diacritics to differentiate consonants ( نقط الإعجام nuqaṭu‿l-i'jām "pointing for non-Arabs") and indicate vocalization ( التشكيل at-tashkīl ). Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi (718–786) compiled the first Arabic dictionary, Kitāb al-'Ayn ( كتاب العين "The Book of the Letter ع "), and
3248-478: Is derived from Classical Arabic . This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as al-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā ( اَلعَرَبِيَّةُ ٱلْفُصْحَىٰ "the eloquent Arabic") or simply al-fuṣḥā ( اَلْفُصْحَىٰ ). Arabic is the third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of
3360-621: Is in the Emirates Group building in Al-Garhoud , Dubai . The building is located on Airport Road, across from the site of the Emirates Engineering Centre built in 2007. A tunnel connects the building to Dubai International Airport . Construction of the building cost AED 700 million (US$ 191 million). Construction began in 2004 and was scheduled to end in 2007. Emirates self-financed the construction. Over 6,000 employees work in
3472-566: Is not present in the spoken varieties, but deletes Classical words that sound obsolete in MSA. In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined many terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. Some words have been borrowed from other languages—notice that transliteration mainly indicates spelling and not real pronunciation (e.g., فِلْم film 'film' or ديمقراطية dīmuqrāṭiyyah 'democracy'). The current preference
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3584-405: Is now 10 Boeing 777-200LR , 125 Boeing 777-300ER , and 117 Airbus A380 aircraft. In the financial year 2008–09 passenger numbers reached 22.7 million, representing an increase of 7.1% over the previous year. The airline's profits however were down 72% for the 2008/09 fiscal year. Its profit of 1.49bn dirhams ($ 406m; £255m) for the year to 31 March compared with a 5.3bn dirham profit for
3696-883: Is official in Mali and recognized as a minority language in Morocco, while the Senegalese government adopted the Latin script to write it. Maltese is official in (predominantly Catholic ) Malta and written with the Latin script . Linguists agree that it is a variety of spoken Arabic, descended from Siculo-Arabic , though it has experienced extensive changes as a result of sustained and intensive contact with Italo-Romance varieties, and more recently also with English. Due to "a mix of social, cultural, historical, political, and indeed linguistic factors", many Maltese people today consider their language Semitic but not
3808-759: Is seen in European languages (mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese , Catalan , and Sicilian ) owing to the proximity of Europe and the long-lasting Arabic cultural and linguistic presence, mainly in Southern Iberia, during the Al-Andalus era. Maltese is a Semitic language developed from a dialect of Arabic and written in the Latin alphabet . The Balkan languages, including Albanian, Greek , Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian , have also acquired many words of Arabic origin, mainly through direct contact with Ottoman Turkish . Arabic has influenced languages across
3920-530: Is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle East, and understood by most educated Arabic speakers. "Literary Arabic" and "Standard Arabic" ( فُصْحَى fuṣḥá ) are less strictly defined terms that may refer to Modern Standard Arabic or Classical Arabic. Some of the differences between Classical Arabic (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) are as follows: MSA uses much Classical vocabulary (e.g., dhahaba 'to go') that
4032-413: Is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use loan translations (e.g., فرع farʻ 'branch', also used for the branch of a company or organization; جناح janāḥ 'wing', is also used for the wing of an airplane, building, air force, etc.), or to coin new words using forms within existing roots ( استماتة istimātah ' apoptosis ', using the root موت m/w/t 'death' put into
4144-516: Is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the industrial and post-industrial era , especially in modern times. Due to its grounding in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic is removed over a millennium from everyday speech, which is construed as a multitude of dialects of this language. These dialects and Modern Standard Arabic are described by some scholars as not mutually comprehensible. The former are usually acquired in families, while
4256-445: The Lisān al-ʻArab ). Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary
4368-489: The Emirates flight catering was formed out of Emirates Abela Catering Company. Emirates flight catering employed over 5,400 staff. In its first year, the catering company produced over 16 million meals with a daily average of 45,000 meals. In the end of 2003, Emirates ordered 71 aircraft at a cost of $ 19 billion. In the financial year ending March 2003, Emirates carried 8.5 million passengers, an increase of 26%, and
4480-561: The Xth form , or جامعة jāmiʻah 'university', based on جمع jamaʻa 'to gather, unite'; جمهورية jumhūriyyah 'republic', based on جمهور jumhūr 'multitude'). An earlier tendency was to redefine an older word although this has fallen into disuse (e.g., هاتف hātif 'telephone' < 'invisible caller (in Sufism)'; جريدة jarīdah 'newspaper' < 'palm-leaf stalk'). Colloquial or dialectal Arabic refers to
4592-727: The information technology arm of dnata providing technology and services to the aviation industry worldwide. In 2014 Warburg Pincus , a private equity firm, acquired the majority stake of Mercator and merged it with Accelya in 2017. The combined company operating under the Accelya brand has 2,800 employees and serves 400 clients worldwide. Functioning as the cargo handling operator for the Dubai International Airport Cargo Gateway , cargo services are provided both regionally and internationally at their overseas airports, handling over 3 million tons of cargo annually. In 1991,
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4704-494: The northern Hejaz . These features are evidence of common descent from a hypothetical ancestor , Proto-Arabic . The following features of Proto-Arabic can be reconstructed with confidence: On the other hand, several Arabic varieties are closer to other Semitic languages and maintain features not found in Classical Arabic, indicating that these varieties cannot have developed from Classical Arabic. Thus, Arabic vernaculars do not descend from Classical Arabic: Classical Arabic
4816-419: The "learned" tradition (Classical Arabic). This variety and both its classicizing and "lay" iterations have been termed Middle Arabic in the past, but they are thought to continue an Old Higazi register. It is clear that the orthography of the Quran was not developed for the standardized form of Classical Arabic; rather, it shows the attempt on the part of writers to record an archaic form of Old Higazi. In
4928-761: The "purest," most eloquent form of Arabic—initiating a process of jamʿu‿l-luɣah ( جمع اللغة 'compiling the language') which took place over the 8th and early 9th centuries. Kitāb al-'Ayn ( c. 8th century ), attributed to Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi , is considered the first lexicon to include all Arabic roots ; it sought to exhaust all possible root permutations —later called taqālīb ( تقاليب ) — calling those that are actually used mustaʿmal ( مستعمَل ) and those that are not used muhmal ( مُهمَل ). Lisān al-ʿArab (1290) by Ibn Manzur gives 9,273 roots, while Tāj al-ʿArūs (1774) by Murtada az-Zabidi gives 11,978 roots. The Emirates Group The Emirates Group ( Arabic : مجموعة الإمارات )
5040-454: The 11th and 12th centuries in al-Andalus , the zajal and muwashah poetry forms developed in the dialectical Arabic of Cordoba and the Maghreb. The Nahda was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of the 19th century in which writers sought "to fuse Arabic and European forms of expression." According to James L. Gelvin , " Nahda writers attempted to simplify the Arabic language and script so that it might be accessible to
5152-562: The 4th to the 6th centuries, the Nabataean script evolved into the Arabic script recognizable from the early Islamic era. There are inscriptions in an undotted, 17-letter Arabic script dating to the 6th century CE, found at four locations in Syria ( Zabad , Jebel Usays , Harran , Umm el-Jimal ). The oldest surviving papyrus in Arabic dates to 643 CE, and it uses dots to produce the modern 28-letter Arabic alphabet. The language of that papyrus and of
5264-812: The 8th century, knowledge of Classical Arabic had become an essential prerequisite for rising into the higher classes throughout the Islamic world, both for Muslims and non-Muslims. For example, Maimonides , the Andalusi Jewish philosopher, authored works in Judeo-Arabic —Arabic written in Hebrew script . Ibn Jinni of Mosul , a pioneer in phonology , wrote prolifically in the 10th century on Arabic morphology and phonology in works such as Kitāb Al-Munṣif , Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab , and Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ [ ar ] . Ibn Mada' of Cordoba (1116–1196) realized
5376-463: The Airbus A380, which is 73 metres long with an 80-metre wingspan and a tail 24 metres high. Emirates Flight Catering Company has over 11,000 employees and provides in-flight catering and support services for airlines at Dubai International Airport . It provides catering for all Emirates flights from Dubai, and also for other airlines operating at the airport. In 2009, Emirates was voted by Skytrax ,
5488-752: The Airline Catering Association, which is based in Brussels , Belgium . In 2019, a dnata employee and others were arrested while they were taking drugs off a plane at Sydney Airport . AFP and Border Force officers swooped and arrested them. In 2021, six dnata baggage handlers and other people were arrested after they planned to bring drugs into Sydney Airport. In 2018 the company dnata employed over 41,000 people who provided services for 129 airports in 84 countries on six continents. The customer base of dnata consisted of more than 300 airlines and annual revenue amounted to USD 3.6 billion. Mercator has been
5600-649: The Android version of the app was launched. The company aired its first YouTube ad on 17 January 2011. Their first television campaign 'The Last Click' aired in June 2014. With its success, Travel Republic continued to launch TV advertising campaigns. 'Welcome to the Travel Republic' was launched in January 2016 before the latest campaign aired in December 2016 across UK and Ireland. The campaign highlighted Travel Republic's slogan, 'Yours for
5712-454: The Dubai government had laid out only $ 50 million since the airline's inception. In October 1995, the Emirates Group launched Mercator an IT company. A total of 92 air carriers were flying to Dubai Airport and Emirates faced intense competition at its home base. It carried about three million passengers a year to Dubai International Airport in the mid-1990s. Emirates continued to expand during
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#17328583883805824-782: The GCC with operational presence in Afghanistan , Bahrain , Oman , Qatar , Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . dnata Travel is also the regional managing partner for the Hogg Robinson Group in the Middle East and West Asia. In the United Kingdom dnata Travel owns and operates a number of travel brands these include the Gold Medal Travel Group which includes Pure Luxury, Cruise Plus and Incredible Journey's these brands operate in
5936-468: The Government of Dubai. The government has received Dhs3.1 billion from Emirates since dividends started being paid in 1999 for having provided an initial start-up capital of US$ 10m and an additional investment of circa US$ 80m at the time of the airline's inception. The Dubai government is the sole owner of the company. However, it does not put any new money into it, nor does it interfere with running
6048-476: The Government of Sri Lanka, effective April 2008. Emirates sold its stake in SriLankan Airlines to the Government of Sri Lanka during June 2010. In 1998, the airline opened a $ 540 million Terminal 2 at Dubai International Airport, and increased its capacity by 26 per cent as passenger figures hit 3.7 million, while cargo levels went up to 200,000 tonnes. Galileo Emirates (now known as Emquest),
6160-412: The Middle East and North Africa have become a badge of sophistication and modernity and ... feigning, or asserting, weakness or lack of facility in Arabic is sometimes paraded as a sign of status, class, and perversely, even education through a mélange of code-switching practises." Arabic has been taught worldwide in many elementary and secondary schools, especially Muslim schools. Universities around
6272-672: The Qur'an is referred to by linguists as "Quranic Arabic", as distinct from its codification soon thereafter into " Classical Arabic ". In late pre-Islamic times, a transdialectal and transcommunal variety of Arabic emerged in the Hejaz , which continued living its parallel life after literary Arabic had been institutionally standardized in the 2nd and 3rd century of the Hijra , most strongly in Judeo-Christian texts, keeping alive ancient features eliminated from
6384-561: The Romance languages. Also, while it is comprehensible to people from the Maghreb , a linguistically innovative variety such as Moroccan Arabic is essentially incomprehensible to Arabs from the Mashriq , much as French is incomprehensible to Spanish or Italian speakers but relatively easily learned by them. This suggests that the spoken varieties may linguistically be considered separate languages. With
6496-554: The United Nations , and the liturgical language of Islam . Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the world and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, governments and the media. During the Middle Ages , Arabic was a major vehicle of culture and learning, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have borrowed words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary,
6608-466: The airline carried about 260,000 passengers and 10,000 tons of freight . By 1986, the airline was adding new destinations such as Colombo , Dhaka , Amman , and Cairo to its route network. In its second year the group posted a loss, but growth continued even as the region was experiencing a downturn a year later. The Gulf War and the laying off of expatriate workers as the main factors. In its second year, competitors had accused Emirates of starting
6720-521: The airline posted an increase in profits of 94 per cent to Dhs907 million from Dhs468 million from the previous year. Dnata also launched its services in Kuwait. In 2004, Emirates ordered four Boeing 777-300ERs , with nine options, in a $ 2.96 billion deal. The SkyCargo fleet is increased with three Airbus A310-300s added to its six Boeing 747s . Emirates also signed a £100 million deal with English Premiership side Arsenal , which included
6832-433: The airline was again named airline of the year by Skytrax . Passenger level on Emirates in the 2001–02 financial year reached 6.3 million passengers, and cargo crossed 400,000 tonnes. The Group also announced a $ 275 million investment in new hangar complex at the Emirates Engineering Centre. Galileo Emirates was further expanded when the business acquired the distribution rights for Sudan and Tunisia. In early 2003,
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#17328583883806944-401: The airline was connecting 32 destinations with its 15 aircraft. At this time Emirates was the sixth largest airline in the Middle East. Emirates took in revenues of $ 643.4 million in the year ending 30 March 1994. The airline had 4,000 employees and carried two million passengers a year between 34 destinations with a fleet of 18 Airbus aircraft. In spite of the large capital expenditures,
7056-570: The airline. Emirates has diversified into related industries and sectors, including airport services, engineering , event organization, catering , and tour operator operations. Emirates has 4 subsidiaries and its parent company has more than 50. At the end of the fiscal year on 31 March 2020, Emirates airlines employed a total of 59,519 staff of which 21,789 were cabin crew, 4,313 were flight deck crew, 3,316 were in engineering, 12,627 were listed as other, 5,376 employees were at overseas stations and 12,098 were at subsidiary companies. Emirates
7168-660: The building. Previously the airline's head office was the Airline Centre along the clock tower Roundabout in Dubai. As the British pulled out of Dubai in the late 1950s, Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum al Maktoum decreed an open seas, open skies, and open trade policy, to develop the country. He also required all government agencies to make a profit. The country was aiming to eliminate its dependence on its finite oil reserves within 50 years. The Dubai National Air Transport Association (DNATA)
7280-479: The busiest in the Middle East. During the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubai's royal family, whose Dubai Royal Air Wing provided two of the airline's first aircraft, used Boeing 727-200/Advs . It was required to operate independently of government subsidies, apart from $ 10 million in start-up capital. It also leased
7392-469: The business-to-business market selling through travel agencies across the UK. Selling directly to consumers dnata Travel own and operate the Travelbag, Travel Republic and Netflights brands. Through the acquisition of Alpha Flight Limited in 2010, dnata operates an international flight catering service across 62 airports and 12 countries. With an annual turnover of £360 million STG ( AED 2.3 billion) in 2010,
7504-855: The company moved to its current headquarters in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey. In the same year the company had an annual sales growth of 284.2% and topped the charts of The Sunday Times Virgin Atlantic Fast Track 100. In December 2011 the company was bought by Dnata World Travel which is a subsidiary of the Emirates Group, based in Dubai. In December 2015 Travel Republic launched a cruise service in partnership with Imagine Cruising. In July 2018 Dnata appointed Frank Rejwan (formerly of Abercrombie & Kent , Quintessentially and Ickenham Travel Group) as Managing Director for Travel Republic. In January 2012, Travel Republic first introduced its mobile website, before expanding into mobile app on IOS in 2014. In 2015
7616-483: The company serves 120,000 meals on a daily basis. Travel Republic Limited is an online travel agency founded in the United Kingdom and launched in 2003. Travel Republic is owned by the air services provider, dnata World Travel, which is a part of the Emirates Group . Travel Republic was founded in 2003 by university students Chris Waite, Paul Furner, Kane Pirie and travel agent Peter Furner. They desired to create
7728-567: The conversion of Semitic mimation to nunation in the singular. It is best reassessed as a separate language on the Central Semitic dialect continuum. It was also thought that Old Arabic coexisted alongside—and then gradually displaced— epigraphic Ancient North Arabian (ANA), which was theorized to have been the regional tongue for many centuries. ANA, despite its name, was considered a very distinct language, and mutually unintelligible, from "Arabic". Scholars named its variant dialects after
7840-577: The emergence of Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include: There are several features which Classical Arabic, the modern Arabic varieties, as well as the Safaitic and Hismaic inscriptions share which are unattested in any other Central Semitic language variety, including the Dadanitic and Taymanitic languages of
7952-458: The end of 2007, Dnata opened offices in Qatar. In 2008, the Emirates Group moved into its new headquarters in Dubai . Emirates SkyCargo also began operations out of Dubai Cargo Village's new Mega Terminal, with a capacity to handle 1.2 million tonnes annually. In June, Dnata acquired a 19.99 percent stake in its partner Hogg Robinson Group , becoming the largest shareholder in the company. In August Emirates took delivery of three A380s and
8064-728: The eve of the conquests: Northern and Central (Al-Jallad 2009). The modern dialects emerged from a new contact situation produced following the conquests. Instead of the emergence of a single or multiple koines, the dialects contain several sedimentary layers of borrowed and areal features, which they absorbed at different points in their linguistic histories. According to Veersteegh and Bickerton, colloquial Arabic dialects arose from pidginized Arabic formed from contact between Arabs and conquered peoples. Pidginization and subsequent creolization among Arabs and arabized peoples could explain relative morphological and phonological simplicity of vernacular Arabic compared to Classical and MSA. In around
8176-418: The expansive fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft operated by Emirates Airline together with those of thirty other airlines through third party maintenance contracts. The division can manage and implement all aspects of aircraft engineering support, such as maintenance, safety and logistics. It also has an engine test cell facility. It also occupies the Emirates Engineering Centre which opened in late 2006 on
8288-593: The fact that they participate in the innovations common to all forms of Arabic. The earliest attestation of continuous Arabic text in an ancestor of the modern Arabic script are three lines of poetry by a man named Garm(')allāhe found in En Avdat, Israel , and dated to around 125 CE. This is followed by the Namara inscription , an epitaph of the Lakhmid king Imru' al-Qays bar 'Amro, dating to 328 CE, found at Namaraa, Syria. From
8400-649: The first Emirates A380 touched down in New York in August. Emirates also received its 10,000th cabin crew member. In September, Sabre Holdings signed a 10-year agreement with EmQuest to distribute services in Africa. In October the Emirates dedicated Terminal 3 opened with a capacity of over 27 million passengers, the terminal is the largest terminal in the world. In 2013, EmQuest signed an agreement with Contac Services Inc. to launch
8512-810: The first international expansion seen in 1993. In 2008, the company acquired a 23 percent share in the travel company Hogg Robinson Group (HRG) and a 49 percent share of the global outsource provider Mind Pearl. In 2010, dnata acquired Alpha Flight Limited, expanding the company to cover 62 airports in 12 countries. The next year, the company opened offices in India , offering air travel, hotel, and visa services for travellers between India and Dubai. In 2015, dnata acquired RM Ground Services in Brazil . The acquisition allowed dnata to provide international airports with outsourced aircraft ground handling , cargo transport, and airline meal catering. In February 2018, dnata co-founded
8624-461: The flights of Emirates Airline . The facility had the capacity of producing over 115,00 meals daily. Also, in 2006, Emirates flight catering opened its linecraft laundering plant. The facility has a total area of 10,500 m , and a capacity to handle 50 tonnes of laundry and dry cleaning output per day. At the Farnborough Air Show in 2006, Emirates signed an agreement for 10 Boeing 747-8F in
8736-624: The fourth best onboard catering in Business Class , and second best catering in Economy Class . The catering facility servicing the airline's flights has a design capacity of 225,000 meal tray set-ups per day. The company provided over 55 million meals in 2017. The daily average meal uplift was 180,000. |section|date=February 2019 Alpha Flight Services is a leading onboard catering operator and has been supplying all Emirates airline flights departing Australia since 2008. Emirates Group has
8848-501: The fourth most useful language for business, after English, Mandarin Chinese , and French. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet , an abjad script that is written from right to left . Arabic is usually classified as a Central Semitic language . Linguists still differ as to the best classification of Semitic language sub-groups. The Semitic languages changed between Proto-Semitic and
8960-742: The globe throughout its history, especially languages where Islam is the predominant religion and in countries that were conquered by Muslims. The most markedly influenced languages are Persian , Turkish , Hindustani ( Hindi and Urdu ), Kashmiri , Kurdish , Bosnian , Kazakh , Bengali , Malay ( Indonesian and Malaysian ), Maldivian , Pashto , Punjabi , Albanian , Armenian , Azerbaijani , Sicilian, Spanish, Greek, Bulgarian, Tagalog , Sindhi , Odia , Hebrew and African languages such as Hausa , Amharic , Tigrinya , Somali , Tamazight , and Swahili . Conversely, Arabic has borrowed some words (mostly nouns) from other languages, including its sister-language Aramaic, Persian, Greek, and Latin and to
9072-579: The inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts. In 1997, a bureau of Arabization standardization was added to the Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization of the Arab League . These academies and organizations have worked toward the Arabization of the sciences, creating terms in Arabic to describe new concepts, toward
9184-608: The language. Software and books with tapes are an important part of Arabic learning, as many of Arabic learners may live in places where there are no academic or Arabic language school classes available. Radio series of Arabic language classes are also provided from some radio stations. A number of websites on the Internet provide online classes for all levels as a means of distance education; most teach Modern Standard Arabic, but some teach regional varieties from numerous countries. The tradition of Arabic lexicography extended for about
9296-658: The largest Boeing 777 order in history at the Dubai Airshow in 2005. In April 2005, Dnata started operations in Saudi Arabia. In June, Dnata bought over Changi International Airport Services , with Temasek Holdings retaining shareholding. In July, Emirates flight catering began operations at its new food point facility – a 10,000 square metre facility capable of producing 30 million meals annually. In early 2006, Emirates flight catering began operations at its new $ 120 million catering facility dedicated to service
9408-619: The largest ground and passenger handling company at Dubai International Airport, Dnata Cargo, responsible for dealing with much of the 1.3 million tonnes of cargo passing through Dubai International Airport, and Dnata Agencies, a Dubai-based travel agency, acting on behalf of a number of major carries, including Aeroflot , Aer Lingus , Airblue , British Airways , Swiss and United Airlines . Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) offers ground handling services to more than 30 scheduled airlines in Singapore. Emirates Engineering supports
9520-490: The late 1990s. The growing cargo business accounted for 16 percent of the airline's total revenues. By 1995, it has a fleet flying to 34 locations in the Middle East, Far East and Europe. Emirates also opened its own Flight Training Centre in 1995, and in 2017, its own Flight Training Academy . In 1997, Emirates was flying a dedicated freighter to Amsterdam , a point not on its network of passenger routes, in cooperation with KLM . It carried about three million passengers during
9632-599: The late 6th century AD, a relatively uniform intertribal "poetic koine" distinct from the spoken vernaculars developed based on the Bedouin dialects of Najd , probably in connection with the court of al-Ḥīra . During the first Islamic century, the majority of Arabic poets and Arabic-writing persons spoke Arabic as their mother tongue. Their texts, although mainly preserved in far later manuscripts, contain traces of non-standardized Classical Arabic elements in morphology and syntax. Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali ( c. 603 –689)
9744-420: The latter is taught in formal education settings. However, there have been studies reporting some degree of comprehension of stories told in the standard variety among preschool-aged children. The relation between Modern Standard Arabic and these dialects is sometimes compared to that of Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin vernaculars (which became Romance languages ) in medieval and early modern Europe. MSA
9856-504: The making'. In a case brought by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), Travel Republic was accused of breaching ATOL regulations by selling unlicensed package holidays. Judge Nicholas Evans delivered the not-guilty verdict at Westminster Magistrates' Court on 10 November 2009. In his judgement, Evans said the prosecution had failed to prove that Travel Republic did anything other than "sell components of holidays separately, but at
9968-475: The management team. The first flight of the airline was, Dubai - Karachi on 25 October 1985. The airline leased an Airbus 300B4-200 , from Pakistan International Airlines . Bombay and Delhi were the next destinations for the airline. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum later gifted two Boeing 727-200s to the airline. The Emirates Group became profitable within its first nine months. During its first year,
10080-883: The many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be mutually unintelligible , and some linguists consider them distinct languages. However, research indicates a high degree of mutual intelligibility between closely related Arabic variants for native speakers listening to words, sentences, and texts; and between more distantly related dialects in interactional situations. The varieties are typically unwritten. They are often used in informal spoken media, such as soap operas and talk shows , as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising. Hassaniya Arabic , Maltese , and Cypriot Arabic are only varieties of modern Arabic to have acquired official recognition. Hassaniya
10192-433: The mywurld platform in the Middle East and Africa. The Emirates Group is a subsidiary of the Dubai government investment company, Investment Corporation of Dubai. The group has recorded a profit every year, except the second, and growth has never fallen below 20% a year. In its first 11 years, it doubled in size every 3.5 years, and has every four years since. In 2008 Emirates paid dividends worth US$ 776 million to
10304-418: The naming rights to its new stadium for 15 years and shirt sponsorship for eight years, starting from the 2006/07 season. By the end of 2003, Dnata began operations in Kuwait. In 2005 the Emirates Group workforce totaled 25,000, making it Dubai's largest employer. Passenger traffic also continued to rise with 12.5 million recorded that year. Emirates ordered 42 Boeing 777s in a deal worth $ 9.7 billion,
10416-768: The need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial age (such as sayyārah سَيَّارَة 'automobile' or bākhirah باخِرة 'steamship'). In response, a number of Arabic academies modeled after the Académie française were established with the aim of developing standardized additions to the Arabic lexicon to suit these transformations, first in Damascus (1919), then in Cairo (1932), Baghdad (1948), Rabat (1960), Amman (1977), Khartum [ ar ] (1993), and Tunis (1993). They review language development, monitor new words and approve
10528-424: The one whose sound is heard but whose person remains unseen. Now the term al-hatif is used for a telephone. Therefore, the process of tawleed can express the needs of modern civilization in a manner that would appear to be originally Arabic. In the case of Arabic, educated Arabs of any nationality can be assumed to speak both their school-taught Standard Arabic as well as their native dialects, which depending on
10640-430: The online communication portal Calogi was set up for the cargo industry. The first of its kind in the region, the portal allowed airlines, shippers, freight forwarders , and ground handling agents to conduct business anywhere in the world. dnata Travel provides assistance in the areas of corporate and government travel, luxury holidays, events, groups and incentives, retail and marine travel. There are 202 locations across
10752-549: The overhaul of Arabic grammar first proposed by Al-Jahiz 200 years prior. The Maghrebi lexicographer Ibn Manzur compiled Lisān al-ʿArab ( لسان العرب , "Tongue of Arabs"), a major reference dictionary of Arabic, in 1290. Charles Ferguson 's koine theory claims that the modern Arabic dialects collectively descend from a single military koine that sprang up during the Islamic conquests; this view has been challenged in recent times. Ahmad al-Jallad proposes that there were at least two considerably distinct types of Arabic on
10864-436: The previous year. Emirates SkyCargo is a cargo carrier operating from Dubai International Airport. The SkyCargo division operates 13 Boeing 777 Freighters . Emirates SkyCargo also use the cargo capacity of the passenger fleet. In the 2019-20 fiscal year, Emirates SkyCargo carried 2,389,000 tonnes, a decline of 10.2% compared to the previous year. Dnata is an aviation services company, comprising Dnata Airport Operations,
10976-410: The region may be mutually unintelligible. Some of these dialects can be considered to constitute separate languages which may have "sub-dialects" of their own. When educated Arabs of different dialects engage in conversation (for example, a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), many speakers code-switch back and forth between the dialectal and standard varieties of the language, sometimes even within
11088-458: The same sentence. The issue of whether Arabic is one language or many languages is politically charged, in the same way it is for the varieties of Chinese , Hindi and Urdu , Serbian and Croatian , Scots and English, etc. In contrast to speakers of Hindi and Urdu who claim they cannot understand each other even when they can, speakers of the varieties of Arabic will claim they can all understand each other even when they cannot. While there
11200-642: The same time". Arabic language Arabic (endonym: اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ , romanized : al-ʿarabiyyah , pronounced [al ʕaraˈbijːa] , or عَرَبِيّ , ʿarabīy , pronounced [ˈʕarabiː] or [ʕaraˈbij] ) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world . The ISO assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic , including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic , which
11312-444: The same time. Also announced was an order for 6 Boeing 777s. Emirates justified its order by saying that purchasing the 481- to 656-passenger super jumbo to was to maximize its use of scarce takeoff and landing slots at crowded airports like London Heathrow . In the same year the new Sheikh Rashid Terminal opened, increasing the capacity at Dubai International to 22 million passengers a year. The loyalty program of Emirates, Skywards
11424-471: The same year. The Gulf War had helped Emirates by keeping other airlines out of the area. Emirates was the only airline to continue flying in the last ten days of the war. By the winter of 1991, the Emirates fleet was grounded for several days, as the liberation of Kuwait begun. Operations resumed weeks later. The airline saw the arrival of another Airbus A300-600R , taking its fleet to nine, Emirates ordered seven Boeing 777s , with an option for seven more, in
11536-458: The sole example of Medieval linguist Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati – who, while a scholar of the Arabic language, was not ethnically Arab – Medieval scholars of the Arabic language made no efforts at studying comparative linguistics, considering all other languages inferior. In modern times, the educated upper classes in the Arab world have taken a nearly opposite view. Yasir Suleiman wrote in 2011 that "studying and knowing English or French in most of
11648-556: The standardization of these new terms throughout the Arabic-speaking world, and toward the development of Arabic as a world language . This gave rise to what Western scholars call Modern Standard Arabic. From the 1950s, Arabization became a postcolonial nationalist policy in countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Sudan. Arabic usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of
11760-507: The summer of 1992. In 1990, the airline purchased three additional Airbus A310-300s from Airbus. The Group also launched Marhaba in December 1991 as a premium meet and greet service for passengers travelling through Dubai International Airport . Emirates airline had become one of the world's fastest growing airlines by the early 1990s. Revenues increased by about $ 100 million each year, approaching $ 500 million in 1993. It carried 68,000 tons of cargo and 1.6 million passengers in
11872-501: The towns where the inscriptions were discovered (Dadanitic, Taymanitic, Hismaic, Safaitic). However, most arguments for a single ANA language or language family were based on the shape of the definite article, a prefixed h-. It has been argued that the h- is an archaism and not a shared innovation, and thus unsuitable for language classification, rendering the hypothesis of an ANA language family untenable. Safaitic and Hismaic, previously considered ANA, should be considered Old Arabic due to
11984-451: The world have classes that teach Arabic as part of their foreign languages , Middle Eastern studies , and religious studies courses. Arabic language schools exist to assist students to learn Arabic outside the academic world. There are many Arabic language schools in the Arab world and other Muslim countries. Because the Quran is written in Arabic and all Islamic terms are in Arabic, millions of Muslims (both Arab and non-Arab) study
12096-487: The year. The same year, Emirates made a $ 2 billion order for 16 Airbus A330-200s , and carried over three million passengers and 150,000 tonnes of cargo. The airline also took delivery of six Boeing 777-200s , giving it new long-haul capabilities. Emirates opened a, $ 65 million training center in January 1997. The airline was then able to provide simulator training for its crew members and flight and maintenance personnel. A record group profit of AED 371 million
12208-539: Was achieved in 1997–98. Emirates executives planned a slowdown in the airline's growth in the late 1990s to stabilize its expansive route network. In May 1998, Emirates paid the Government of Sri Lanka $ 70 million for a 40 percent stake in SriLankan Airlines (formerly known as Air Lanka ). As part of the deal, Emirates received a 10-year contract to manage SriLankan. In January 2008, Emirates announced that it would give back management of SriLankan Airlines to
12320-508: Was also launched. Sheikh Ahmed also announced that Dubai Government is to invest $ 500–600m in the new Terminal 3 – with a capacity for 20 million passengers a year. Towards the end of 2000, Emirates Airline was planning to start ultra-long-haul service to the East Coast and West Coast of the United States as well as nonstop flights to Australia and Argentina. Traffic continued to grow at
12432-606: Was established to consolidate the distribution of the Galileo Reservation System in the existing markets of the UAE, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In 1999, Emirates opened its own hotel – The Al Dossa Desert Resort. Emirates Group's workforce totaled 11,000 that year, and Dnata entered the South East Asian airport services market with the launch of Dnata Philippines Inc. Emirates SkyCargo also launched
12544-525: Was formed in 1959, and by the mid-1980s, it was employing 2,500 employees. It consisted of three business segments: Dnata Airport Operations, Dnata Cargo and Dnata Agencies. In addition to providing support services at Dubai International Airport , the company served as a sales agent for 26 airlines. Dubai had been used as a stopover on routes between Europe and the Far East since the days of Imperial Airways , which landed its flying boats there en route to Australia. The open skies policies kept its airport among
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