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54-410: Tortum was part of the area known as Diaueni, Tayk or Tao and was ruled by Hayasa-Azzians , Diauehi , Urartians , Iberians , Armenians , Romans , Persians and Byzantines . Tortum was a part of some proto-Armenian states (Hayasa-Azzi; Urartu), proto-Georgian Kingdom of Iberia (4th - 2rd centuries BC) and Kingdom of Greater Armenia (2nd century BC - 5th century). Between the 9th and 16th century it

108-572: A Hittite or Luwian name meaning "land of the Hay." This is essentially the same meaning as modern Hayastan . Hayasa-Azzi could have been a Hittite translation of the Armenian Hayots’ azn or "Armenian nation". Hay may derive from the Proto-Indo-European word * h₂éyos (or possibly * áyos ), meaning 'metal'. According to this theory, Hayasa meant "land of metal," referring to

162-624: A connection to the Huša(ni) , mentioned by the Urartian kings Argishti I and Sarduri II in the 8th century BC. Iya(ni) / Iga(ni) and Husa(ni) were both probably located in modern Ardahan Province of Turkey . It is possible that the name Azzi survived into the Classical era as Aza, a city located in the Kelkit River Valley. Alternately, a form of the name Azzi may have continued into

216-473: A messenger and wrote to me; 'Will you not go to consult for me the augur and the foreteller? Could not a decision be made for me by the birds and the flesh of the expiatory victims? And I sent to Nuvanza this letter: 'See, I consulted for you birds and flesh, and they commanded, Go! because these people of Hayasa, the God U, has already delivered to you; strike them! And as I was returning from Astatan to Carchemish ,

270-490: A peoples' assembly or council of elders. Similarly, Mursili II later conducted negotiations with "the elders" of Azzi. The nearby land of Pahhuwa may have had a similar governing council. A possible alternate interpretation of these treaties is that these councils consisted of the chieftains of the various tribes who made up the Hayasa-Azzi confederation. Although frequently at odds with Hatti, Hittite texts mention that

324-611: A ruined citadel. The Muslim Armenians continued to speak Armenian well into early the 19th century when they were Turkified . As of 1920, Tortum was producing coal . There are 58 neighbourhoods in Tortum District: Hayasa-Azzi Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa ( Hittite : Ḫaiaša- , Armenian : Հայասա ) was a Late Bronze Age confederation in the Armenian Highlands and/or Pontic region of Asia Minor . The Hayasa-Azzi confederation

378-571: A showdown with its king Karanni (or Lanni) near the city of Kumaha. The passage (in the 'Deeds of Suppiluliuma') recording the outcome of this battle is missing. But almost certainly, the Hittite campaign resulted in the conquest of Hayasa-Azzi, for subsequently Suppiluliuma established it as a Hittite vassal state, drawing up a treaty with Hakkana, its current ruler. The Hayasans were now obliged to repatriate all captured Hittite subjects and cede "the border [territory] which Suppiluliuma claimed belonged to

432-621: A time, perhaps hit by the same plague which claimed Suppiluliuma and his son Arnuwanda II . But, in Mursili's seventh year (three years before Mursili's eclipse – so, 1315 BC), the "lord of Azzi" Anniya took advantage of Pihhuniya's unification of the Kaskas and raided the Land of Dankuwa, a Hittite border region, where he transported its population back to his kingdom. Cavaignac wrote of that period that Anniya "had sacked several districts and refused to release

486-497: Is a Hittite (or Hittite-ized) exonym applied to a foreign land, the -asa suffix can still mean "land of." Additionally, Khayasa can be reconciled with Hay as the Hittite h and kh phonemes are interchangeable, a feature present in certain Armenian dialects as well. Bingol Province Bingöl Province ( Turkish : Bingöl ili ; Kurdish : Parêzgeha Çewlîg ; Zazaki : Wîlayetî Çewlîg ; Armenian : Ճապաղջուր զավառ )

540-467: Is a law in the land of the Hatti. Do not approach sisters, your sisters-in law or your cousins; that is not permitted. In Hatti Land, whosoever commits such an act does not live; he dies. In your country, you do not hesitate to marry your own sister, sister-in law or cousin, because you are not civilized. Such an act cannot be permitted in Hatti. The kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi remained a loyal Hittite vassal state for

594-513: Is a province of Turkey . The province was known as Çapakçur Province ( Armenian : Ճապաղջուր , lit.   'spread out water') before 1945 when it was renamed as Bingöl Province. Its area is 8,003 km , and its population is 282,556 (2022). The province encompasses 11 municipalities , 325 villages and 693 hamlets . The town of Genç was the scene of origin for the Kurdish Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925 and most of

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648-637: Is known about him, but he may have been a latter-day king of Azzi. Many of the former districts and towns of Hayasa-Azzi become their own independent city-states following the breakup of the Hayasa-Azzi confederation at the end of the 13th century BC. Other regions of Azzi probably correspond to areas of the Nairian state of Urartu , mentioned in Assyrian records from around this same time. The territory of Hayasa-Azzi may have corresponded, at least partially, to Diauehi of Urartian-era texts. The similarity of

702-643: Is present in the name of the Armenian goddess, Astłik ). Alternately, it could etymologically derive from Proto Indo-European * bʰel- (meaning 'bright'), via the * bʰel-to form. Terittituniš might be connected to the Triton of Greek mythology. The region covered by Hayasa-Azzi would later constitute Lesser Armenia, as well as the western and south-western regions of Ancient Armenia . The main temples of many pre-Christian Armenian gods such as Aramadz , Anahit , Mher , Nane , and Barsamin were located where Hayasa had likely been. The treasury and royal burials of

756-574: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia of 1962 posited that the Armenians derive from a migration of Hayasa into Shupria in the 12th century BC. This is open to objection due to the possibility of a mere coincidental similarity between the two names. The mentioning of the name Armenia can only be securely dated to the 6th century BC with the Orontid kings and very little is known specifically about

810-498: The Arsacid (Arshakuni) dynasty would be located in this region as well during the 1st millennium BC. Ani-Kammahk, probably the Kummaha of Hittite sources, was the main cultic center of the goddess Anahit and the location of the Armenian royal tombs during the Classical era . According to the prominent linguist Hrachia Acharian , the name of the city Kummaha could derive from kmakhk’ ,

864-596: The Ottoman era as Genç Sanjak and had a population of 36,011 in the 1881-1882 census. 85.7% of the population was Muslim and the remaining 14.3% was Armenian . In the census of 1897, the sanjak had a population of 47,652, of which 88.1% was Muslim and 11.9% was Armenian. All of the Armenians adhered to the Armenian Apostolic Church . In the 1906-1907 census, the sanjak had a population of 45,215 of which 86.8%

918-647: The Upper Euphrates region. Its western border seems to have alternated between Samuha (probably just west of modern Sivas ) and Kummaha (likely modern Kemah, Erzincan ). These areas later geographically overlapped, at least partially, with the Upper Armenia province of the later Kingdom of Armenia and the neighboring region of Lesser Armenia . Hayasa-Azzi seems to have been bordered by Isuwa (later known as Sophene , now known as Elazig ) and Pahhuwa (perhaps near modern Divriği or Bingol Province ) to

972-466: The 17th century AD as Azntsik, a district of Ani-Kammahk (Kemah) in Upper Armenia. Azzi is not to be confused with the similarly named Alzi (Alshe) , which was located further south. The exact nature of Hayasa's and Azzi's relationship is uncertain. They are generally thought to have been a confederation of two different kingdoms in what is now northeastern Turkey: Hayasa, in the north, and Azzi, in

1026-428: The 1950 census, Kurdish was the first language for 76.5% of the population of 97,328, while Turkish remained the second largest language standing at 22.9% and Circassian at 0.4%. In the last census in 1965, Kurdish stood at 58.3% and Turkish at 41.6%. A 2016 survey showed that 90.4% of the population spoke Turkish, 64.1% spoke Zaza, 40.1% spoke Kurmanji and 5.6% spoke Arabic . From 1923 to 1929, Bingöl Province

1080-534: The Armenian word for 'skeleton'. Some scholars believe that Armenians were native to the Hayasa region, or perhaps moved into the Hayasa region from nearby northern or eastern regions (such as modern southern Georgia or northern Armenia). A minority of historians theorize that after the possible Phrygian invasion of the Hittites, the hypothetically named Armeno-Phrygians would have settled in Hayasa-Azzi, and merged with

1134-594: The Hayasan king name Mariya is connected to Sanskrit marya , meaning 'young man, warrior', and thus indicates a possible Indo-Iranian presence (perhaps related to the Mitanni) in Hayasa-Azzi. Vartan Matiossian argues instead that this name is a form of Classical Armenian mari , also meaning 'young man'. Both the Sanskrit and Armenian words ultimately derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root, * méryos . A few of

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1188-450: The Hayasans lived. According to Massimo Forlanini , Hayasa and Azzi may have denoted the same polity, with the name having switched from Hayasa to Azzi following the establishment of a new ruling dynasty or capital. The Hittite king Suppiluliuma I 's treaty with Hakkani of Hayasa addresses "the people of Hayasa." According to Igor Diakonoff , this likely suggests that the Hayasans had

1242-455: The Hayasans served as charioteers in the Hittite army. The capital of Hayasa-Azzi is unknown, but its main fortress was Ura, possibly located somewhere near modern Bayburt or along the Kelkit River . Another fortress, Aripsa, may have been located on the shore of Lake Van. All information about Hayasa-Azzi comes from the Hittites, there are no primary sources from Hayasa-Azzi. As such,

1296-470: The Hittite (or Assyrian ) records as a unified nation. Hayasa as a fighting power was practically eliminated by the expedition of Mursili II. Azzi, however, continued to be mentioned for some time after references to Hayasa ceased. It is possible that Hayasa was destroyed by Mursili and/or that it became part of Azzi. Mutti, a man from the city Halimana, was mentioned as having greeted Mursili in Azzi. Nothing else

1350-460: The Kaska and Hayasa-Azzi. Tudhaliya sent his general Suppiluliuma, who would later serve as king himself under the title Suppiluliuma I , to Hatti's northeastern frontiers, to defeat Hayasa-Azzi. The Hayasans initially retreated from a direct battle with the Hittite commander. The Hittitologist Trevor R. Bryce notes, however, that Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma eventually: invaded Hayasa-Azzi and forced

1404-416: The Land of Hatti." Despite the restrictions imposed upon Hakkani, he was not a completely meek and submissive brother-in law of the Hittites in political and military affairs. As a condition for the release of the thousands of Hittite prisoners held in his domain, he demanded first the return of the Hayasan prisoners confined in Hatti. During their reigns, the cuneiform tablets of Boğazköy begin to mention

1458-576: The Syrian rebellion while he sent another general, the able Nuwanza (or Nuvanza) to expel the Hayasa-Azzi enemy from the Upper Land. After consulting some oracles, the king ordered Nuwanza to seize the Upper Land territory from the Hayasan forces. This Nuwanza did by inflicting a resounding defeat against the Hayasa-Azzi invaders at the Battle of Ganuvara ; henceforth, Upper Land would remain "firmly in Hittite hands for

1512-535: The Upper Land region on the Northeast frontier of Hatti, destroying the Land of Istitina and placing the city of Kannuwara under siege. Worse still, Mursili II was forced to face another crisis in the same year with the death of his brother Sarri-Kusuh, the Hittite viceroy of Syria. This prompted a revolt by the Nuhašše lands against Hittite control. Mursili II took decisive action by dispatching his general Kurunta to quell

1566-457: The chief cup-bearer Nuvanza and all the noblemen came to meet me at Tiggaramma. I should have marched to Hayasa still, but the chiefs said to me, 'The season is now far advanced, Sire, Lord! Do not go to Hayasa.' And I did not go to Hayasa. Mursili, himself, could now take satisfaction in the reduction of the hostile and aggressive kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi once more to a Hittite vassal state. After Anniya's defeat, Hayasa-Azzi never appears again in

1620-513: The city of Samuha, "an important cult centre located on the upper course of the Marassantiya river" as a temporary home for the Hittite royal court sometime after his abandonment of Hattusa in the face of attacks against his kingdom by the Kaska , Hayasa-Azzi and other enemies of his state. Samuha was, however, temporarily seized by forces from the country of Azzi. At this time, the kingdom of Hatti

1674-569: The early history of Hayasa-Azzi is unknown. According to historian Aram Kosyan, it is possible that the origins of Hayasa-Azzi lie in the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture , which expanded from Transcaucasia toward northeastern modern Turkey in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. The Trialeti-Vanadzor-connected site of Sos Höyük IV, located in the Erzurum region, may have been associated with Hayasa-Azzi. The Hittite king Tudhaliya III chose to make

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1728-446: The early metallurgy techniques developed in the region. While the language or languages spoken in Hayasa-Azzi are unknown, there does seem to have been a prevalent non- Anatolian Indo-European linguistic element. This language seems to have had some similarities to Ancient Greek and could have been an early Armenian dialect. The name of the king, Karanni, may be connected to Greek- Macedonian Karanos . Some scholars argue that

1782-594: The ethnic Armenian population became Chalcedonians and joined the Georgian Orthodox church, while the rest of the Armenians remained part of the Armenian church. Armenian cleric Hakop Karnetsi recorded in the 1650s that a man named Mullah Jaffar took census and placed heavy taxes in the region, causing the Armenian Chalcedonians to convert en-masse to Islam. Tortum was a sanjak in Erzurum Eyalet . The region

1836-445: The gods of Hayasa-Azzi recorded in treaties with the Hittites could be connected to Armenian or Greek traditions. Unag-Astuas is likely connected, at least etymologically, to Classical Armenian Astuats (Modern Armenian: Astvats ), which means 'God' and continues to be used in Armenian today. Baltaik could be a goddess connected to West Semitic Ba‘alat ( Astarte ), with a probable Armenian diminutive suffix -ik (such as

1890-515: The local people, who were possibly already spread within the western regions of Urartu . However, there is almost no evidence of a close Armenian-Phrygian connection. The term Hayastan bears resemblance to the ancient Mesopotamian god Haya ( ha-ià ) and another western deity called Ebla Hayya , related to the god Ea ( Enki or Enkil in Sumerian, Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian). Thus,

1944-402: The name Hayasa to the endonym of the Armenians , hay , and the Armenian name for Armenia, Hayk’ or Hayastan , has prompted the suggestion that the Hayasa-Azzi confederation was involved in the Armenian ethnogenesis, or perhaps had been an Armenian-speaking state. -assa / -asa are, respectively, Hittite and Hieroglyphic Luwian genitive suffixes. Therefore, Hayasa could have been

1998-494: The names of three successive kings who ruled over a state of Hayasa and/or Azzi. They were Karanni (or Lanni), Mariya, and Hakkani (or Hukkana). Hakkani married a Hittite princess. When Suppiluliuma had become king himself, Hakkani proceeded to marry Suppiluliuma's sister. In a treaty signed with Hakkani, Suppiluliuma I mentions a series of obligations of civil right: My sister, whom I gave you in marriage has sisters; through your marriage, they now become your relatives. Well, there

2052-499: The people of Hayasa likewise. They plundered Institina, blockaded Ganuvara with troops and chariots. And because I had left Nuvanzas, the chief cup-bearer, and all the heads of the camp and troops and chariots in the High Country, I wrote to Nuvanzas as follows; 'See the people of Hayasa have devastated Institina, and blockaded the city of Ganuvara.' And Nuvanza led troops and chariots for aid and marched to Ganuvara And then he sent to me

2106-513: The people of Hayasa-Azzi per se. Igor Diakonoff argues the pronunciation of Hayasa was probably closer to Khayasa , with an aspirated h . According to him, this nullifies the connection to Armenian Hay (հայ). Additionally, he argues that -asa cannot be an Anatolian language suffix as names with this suffix are absent in the Armenian Highlands. Diakonoff's criticisms have been refuted by Matiossian and others, who argue that, as Hayasa

2160-489: The prisoners taken." Anniya's rebellion soon prompted a Hittite response. The Hittite King Mursili II , having defeated Pihhuniya, marched to the borders of Hayasa-Azzi where he demanded Anniya return his captured subjects. When Anniya refused, Mursili immediately attacked the Hayasa's border fortress of Ura. In the following spring, he crossed the Euphrates and re-organized his army at Ingalova which, about ten centuries later,

2214-468: The province is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan . Its population is majority Sunni , conservative and many adhere to the Naqshbandi order. The province moreover has a significant Alevi minority. Linguistically, the southern parts of the province speak Zaza , while the northern parts speak Kurmanji . Many Zaza-speakers speak Kurmanji as well. Bingöl Province was part of Bitlis Vilayet during

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2268-672: The region was captured by the rebels during the rebellion. As the current Governor of the province, Ahmet Hamdi Usta was appointed by the president in August 2023. The largest lake in Bingöl Province is Lake Bahri . The main mountains in Bingöl province are the Genç Mountains, Akçara Mountains, Şerafettin Mountains and Bingöl Mountains . Kurds comprise the majority of the province and

2322-443: The rest of Mursili's reign under the immediate authority of a local governor appointed by the king." While Mursili II would invade and reconquer Hayasa-Azzi in his tenth year, its formal submission did not occur until the following year of the Hittite king's reign. The Annals of Mursili describe the campaigns of Mursili against Hayasa-Azzi below: The people of Nahasse arose and besieged" (name indecipherable). "Other enemies and

2376-470: The royal prince Nana-Lu came to meet me on the road and said, 'The Hayasan enemy having besieged Ganuvara, Nuvanza marched against him and met him under the walls of Ganuvara. Ten thousand men and seven hundred chariots were drawn up in battle against him, and Nuvanza defeated them. There are many dead and many prisoners. (Here the tablets are defaced, and 15 lines lost.) And when I arrived in Tiggaramma ,

2430-565: The south or the west. The eastern extent of Hayasa-Azzi is unknown, although some have placed it in the area of modern Tercan , or as far east as Lake Van or the Ararat Plain . The name Hayasa might possibly be connected to the Iya(ni) / Iga(ni) of Urartian texts. Both Hayasa and Iya(ni) / Iga(ni) have been connected to the Aia of Greek mythology. Alternately, another theory proposes

2484-426: The south. While separate entities, the two lands were politically and probably linguistically connected. However, there are alternate theories regarding the nature of their relationship. Some have suggested that Azzi was a region or district of Hayasa or that Hayasa and Azzi were different names for the same location. Vartan Matiossian argues that Hayasa was an ethnonym while Azzi was the polity or land in which

2538-448: Was Muslim and Armenians comprised the remaining 13.2%. In the last Ottoman census in 1914, the region had a population of 38,096 of which 93.9% was Muslim and 6.1% Armenian. The first Turkish census which included Bingöl Province was the 1945 census, where the population was 75,550 who all were Muslims. Linguistically, the most spoken first language was Kurdish at 55.7%, followed by Turkish at 43.8% and Circassian at 0.4%. In

2592-540: Was governed by a Governor Commander. All the employees in the municipalities were to be from the military and the Governor Commander had the authority to evacuate whole villages and resettle them in other parts of the province. in 1946 the Tunceli Law was abolished and the state of emergency removed but the authority of the fourth UM was transferred to the military. The Inspectorate General was dissolved in 1952 during

2646-520: Was in conflict with the Hittite Empire in the 14th century BC, leading up to the collapse of Hatti around 1190 BC. It has long been thought that Hayasa-Azzi may have played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of Armenians . Hittite inscriptions deciphered in the 1920s by the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer testify to the existence of the mountainous country, Hayasa-Azzi, lying to the east of Hatti in

2700-593: Was in the early Ottoman period largely Christian but acquired a Muslim majority in the mid 18th century, as Georgian population fled in inner provinces of Georgia . During World War I, Ottoman troops crossed Tortum in the disastrous Battle of Sarikamish . Then the Russians occupied the town and held it between 1915 and 1917. After the February revolution of 1917 they left it to the Armenians. The Ottoman army advanced some time later and captured Tortum on 16 March 1918. The town has

2754-578: Was part of Elazığ Province and part of Muş Province from 1929 to 1936. It ultimately became a province in 1936. In December 1935 the Tunceli Law was passed which demanded a more powerful government in the region. Therefore, the region containing the present Bingöl province, together with the provinces of Tunceli , Erzincan and Elaziğ were included in the Fourth Inspectorate General ( Umumi Müfettişlik, UM) in January 1936. The fourth UM

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2808-696: Was part of the Kingdom of the Iberians , Kingdom of Georgia and Georgian principality of Samtskhe-Saatabago . It was first an Ottoman vassal in the early 16th century and was annexed in 1550. The area of Tortum was contested by the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th-17th century but remained Ottoman after 1625. Georgians and Armenians made up the vast majority of the population in Tortum. During Georgian rule, half of

2862-447: Was so besieged by fierce attacks from its enemies that many neighbouring powers expected it to soon collapse. The Egyptian pharaoh, Amenhotep III , even wrote to Tarhundaradu, king of Arzawa: "I have heard that everything is finished and that the country of Hattusa is paralysed" (EA 31, 26–27). However, Tudhaliya managed to rally his forces; indeed, the speed and determination of the Hittite king may have surprised Hatti's enemies including

2916-524: Was to become the treasure-house and burial-place of the Armenian kings of the Arshakuni Dynasty . Despite Mursili's Year 7 and probable Year 8 campaigns against Hayasa-Azzi, Anniya was still unsubdued and continued to defy the Hittite king's demands to return his people at the beginning of Mursili's Ninth year. Then, in the latter's Year 9, Anniya launched a major counter-offensive by once again invading

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