Torit is a city of Eastern Equatoria State in South Sudan .
67-747: On 18 August 1955, the Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit, starting the First Sudanese Civil War . In 1964 the military government in Khartoum closed "all the Christian mission schools" in the area. Torit was upgraded to Municipality status administered by a mayor on August 19, 2013. The city is in Torit County in Eastern Equatoria State , in the southeastern part of South Sudan , close to
134-582: A Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo ), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland ), including the districts of Agago , Amuru , Gulu , Kitgum , Nwoya , Lamwo , Pader and Omoro District . The Acholi were estimated to number 2.3 million people and over 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000. The Acholi dialect
201-727: A "military ethnocracy ". Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello -Lutwa, Brig. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello . Due to
268-420: A changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi were recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of
335-407: A history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the country’s leadership has developed since independence." Milton Obote , the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Idi Amin who
402-522: A mix of all. Popular artists sing Afro-beat , R&B , and zouk . Dynamiq is popular for his reggae . In the 19th century, Egypt controlled Sudan and established the Equatoria province to further control its interests over the Nile . The Egyptian authorities selected British explorer Sir Samuel Baker to establish Equatoria for them, which he did in 1870. Baker was instructed to establish trading posts along
469-468: A power-sharing arrangement in the new national government, with "People’s Constitutional Conventions" held in Equatoria, Upper Nile and Bahr al Ghazal. In September 2020, Sudans Post published a message from Dr. Hakim Dario, the leader of NADAFA, expressing concern that the new nation had been named "South Sudan" and proposed that the nation should be called "Equatoria Federal Republic". On February 9, 2022,
536-431: A reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Most of
603-405: A sunken fireplace. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. They also kept goats , sheep and cattle . The women were accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet , simsim , groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. In war,
670-689: A year before independence, when it became clear the Arabs were going to take over the national government in Khartoum. Equatoria gave its name to the southernmost unit of the British Sudan Defence Force , formed during the Anglo-Egyptian administration . This was the Equatoria or Southern Corps. On August 18, 1955, No. 2 Company of the Equatoria Corps mutinied at Torit , Eastern Equatoria. No. 2 Company had been ordered to make ready to move to
737-680: Is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). It has similarity with Alur , Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak, Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo . The Song of Lawino , one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek , published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English . Acholi land or "Acoli-land" (also known as
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#1732848347283804-433: Is highly upheld and a great focus is given to knowing one's origin and dialect . Although the common languages spoken in Equatoria are Juba Arabic /Arabi Juba and English , Lingala and Kiswahili are being introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbors. Many musicians from Equatoria use English, Lingala, Kiswahili, Arabi Juba (Arabic Creole), their language or dialect or
871-769: The Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest , one of the most difficult forest routes in Africa, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition's personnel. While the Advance succeeded in reaching Emin Pasha by February of the following year, the Mahdists had already overrun the bulk of the province, and Emin had already been deposed as governor by his officers in August 1887. The Advance reached
938-654: The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony , an Acholi from Gulu . The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholi-land (though they spread also to neighboring districts and countries). In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass
1005-523: The Mahdi ("expected one") and began a holy war to unify the tribes of Western and Central Sudan, including Equatoria. By 1883 the Mahdists had cut off outside communications. However, Emin Pasha managed to request assistance from Britain via Buganda . The British sent the explorer Henry Morton Stanley and who led a relief expedition , called the "Advance," in February 1887 to rescue Emin. The Advance navigated up
1072-614: The South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang . That is why the Lango neighbors refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from
1139-702: The White Nile and Gondokoro ( Gondu kuru , means "difficult to dig", in Bari ), a trading center located on the east bank of the White Nile in Southern Sudan. Gondokoro was an important center since it was located within a few kilometres from the cutoff point of navigability of the Nile from Khartoum . It is presently located near the city of Juba in Equatoria. Baker's attempt to create additional trading posts and control Equatoria
1206-464: The university is building a permanent site south of the city. The following points of interest are found in Torit: 04°24′29″N 32°34′30″E / 4.40806°N 32.57500°E / 4.40806; 32.57500 Equatoria Corps Equatoria is the southernmost region of South Sudan , along the upper reaches of the White Nile and the border between South Sudan and Uganda. Juba ,
1273-601: The 21-year civil war. In January 2020, the National Alliance for Democracy and Freedom Action (NADAFA) sought to join talks in Rome seeking to resolve political rifts within South Sudan. The group is a coalition of holdout political groups including the People’s Democratic Movement (PDM), which was not signatory to the peace agreement signed by President Salva Kiir’s South Sudanese government in 2018. NADAFA sought
1340-474: The Acholi sub-region) refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. In the administrative structure of Uganda , Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500 km (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border. Its current population is estimated to be around 2,155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. While Acholi also live north of
1407-464: The Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants." In discussing the peace talks of 2005–2007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of
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#17328483472831474-580: The American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. However, it successfully popularized the LRA in the West. In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. The documentary focused on
1541-598: The Anya Nya would be incorporated into the Sudanese army and have equal status with the northern forces. The agreement declared Arabic as Sudan's official language and English as the south's principal language for administration and schooling. Despite opposition from SSLM leaders on the terms of the Agreement, Joseph Lagu approved the agreement and both sides agreed to a cease-fire. The Addis Ababa Accords were signed on March 27, 1972 and
1608-629: The Azande community in Yambio held a coronation ceremony for King Atoroba Peni Rikito Gbudue. The traditional royal title was last held by King Rikito's great-grandfather King Gbudue, who died in 1905. Some neighboring cultural groups such as the Maridi and Balanda people wrote letters to the new king, warning him that they would not be subjects to the restored kingdom, with the Maridi letter specifically rejecting any ethnic political divisions, saying "We stand to promote
1675-488: The Azande, Bari , Lokoya , Otuho , and Pari . At the end of Baker's service as governor, British general Charles George Gordon was appointed governor of Sudan. Gordon took over in 1874 and administered the region until 1876. He was more successful in creating additional trading posts in the area. In 1876, Gordon's views clashed with those of the Egyptian governor of Khartoum forcing him to go back to London. In 1878 Gordon
1742-423: The British prior to World War I . Equatoria was closed to outside influences and developed along indigenous lines. As a result, the region remained isolated and underdeveloped. Limited social services to the region were provided by Christian missionaries who opened schools and medical clinics. The education provided by the missionaries was mainly limited to learning English language and arithmetic. In February 1953,
1809-676: The Congo , the Central African Republic , Sudan , the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Australia and Europe , where they interacted with the nationals and learnt their languages and culture. For most of those who remained in the country, or went North to Sudan and Egypt , they greatly assimilated Arabic culture. Most Equatorians kept the core of their culture even while in exile and diaspora . Traditionally, culture
1876-1065: The Equatoria Corps was later called Anya Nya and the leaders were separatists, who demanded the creation of a separate South Sudanese nation, free from Arab domination. The Equatorian leaders of the Anya Nya and founders of the struggle were Rev. Fr Saturnino Ohure who was of Lotuho origin and was said to have been the first man to have fired a bullet, and launched the start of the first civil war, in Torit; Fr. Saturnino Lohure from Otuho; Aggrey Jaden from Pojulu Joseph Ohide, from Otuho Marko Rume, from Kuku Ezboni Mondiri , from Moru Albino Tombe, from Lokoya Tafeng Lodongi, from Otuho Lazaru Mutek, from Otuho Benjamin Loki , from Pojulu Elia Lupe, from Kakwa Elia Kuzee, from ZandeTimon Boro, from Moru Dominic Dabi Manango, from Zande Alison Monani Magaya, from Zande Isaiah Paul, from Zande Dominic Kassiano Dombo, from Zande and many others. The Khartoum government sent its forces to arrest
1943-443: The Khartoum government reneged on its promises. Southerners were denied participation in free elections and marginalized from political power. The government actions created resentment in the south that led to a mutiny by a group of Equatorians sparking the 21 year civil war (1955–1972 and 1983–2004). Equatorians played an instrumental role in the struggle for autonomy in South Sudan. The origins of Sudan's civil war dates back to 1955,
2010-497: The LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them home. It is important because it is intended to restore communities to balance, and to bring people back into relation in their home communities, where ideally they would return at the end of the war. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The religious leaders have tried to help end
2077-483: The Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. By the late 1960s, the war had resulted in the deaths of half a million people and several hundred thousand southerners escaped to hide in the forests or to refugee camps in neighboring countries. Anya Nya controlled the southern countryside while the government forces controlled the major towns in the region. The Anya Nya rebels were small in number and scattered all over
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2144-789: The NRA soldiers and government. This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army , the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of
2211-545: The Republic of South Sudan, not the culture of a specific group.” However, Badagbu Daniel Rimbasa, the king's brother, stated that the new king will not participate in politics. “It’s purely promotion of our culture and its preservation and heritage, not political.” 4°52′N 31°35′E / 4.867°N 31.583°E / 4.867; 31.583 Acholi people The Acholi people ( / ə ˈ tʃ oʊ . l i / ə- CHOH -li , also spelled Acoli ) are
2278-529: The South. In 1985 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab led a coup and overthrew the regime. In 1986, Sadiq al-Mahdi was elected president of Sudan. The new regime began negotiations led by Colonel John Garang de Mabior , the leader of the Sala, but failed to reach an agreement to end the southern insurgency. Civil war has continued since then, but international pressure led SPLA and the Khartoum government to reach an agreement to end
2345-468: The Sudanese celebrated that day as National Unity Day. This agreement resulted in a hiatus in the Sudanese civil war from 1972 to 1983. In 1983, President Gaafar Nimeiry abolished the parliament and embarked on a campaign to Islamize all of Sudan. He outlawed political parties and enacted Sharia law in the penal code. Non-Muslim southerners were now forced to obey Islamic laws and traditions. The policies revived southern opposition and military insurgency in
2412-505: The United Kingdom and Egypt reached an agreement providing for Sudanese self-government and self-determination . On January 1, 1956 Sudan gained independence from the British and Egyptian governments. The new state was under the control of the Arab led Khartoum government. The Arab Khartoum government had promised Southerners full participation in the political system, however, after independence
2479-456: The area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Rwot, 'ruler'). The chiefs traditionally came from one clan , and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. By
2546-513: The coast, with Emin, by the end of the year, by which point the Mahdists were firmly in control of Equatoria. In 1898, the Mahdist State was overthrown by the Anglo-Egyptian force led by British Field Marshal Lord Kitchener . Sudan was proclaimed a condominium under British-Egyptian administration with Equatoria being administered by the British. Equatoria received little attention from
2613-517: The conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Some of the groups in Acholi, like the UPDA, detested the Museveni regime because it had overthrown the government in which they served. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. The NRA managed to defeat all
2680-584: The conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI)." They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Kitgum , Pader and Gulu, the three districts of
2747-447: The country. After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army , now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the North. Museveni has held absolute power since 1986, surviving unrest, civil war, and numerous attempts at coups. The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of
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2814-533: The eight original provinces of Sudan. The region of Bahr el Ghazal was split from Equatoria in 1948. In 1976, Equatoria was further split into the provinces of East and West Equatoria . The region has been troubled with violence during both the First and Second Sudanese Civil Wars , as well as the anti-Ugandan insurgencies based in Sudan such as the Lord's Resistance Army and West Nile Bank Front . Equatoria consists of
2881-416: The entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point with Malaria and AIDS being the primary disease causes of deaths. The refugees in the camps were also subject to raids by both LRA and government forces. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in
2948-465: The following states : Between October 2015 and February 2020, Equatoria consisted of the following states: The people of Equatoria are traditionally peasants or nomads belonging to numerous ethnic groups. They live in the counties of Budi , Ezo, Juba , Kajo-keji, Kapoeta , Magwi , Maridi , Lainya , Mundri, Terekeka , Tombura, Torit , Yambio , and Yei . Equatoria is inhabited by the ethnolinguistic groups listed below. The following tribes occupy
3015-537: The internal government dialogue." He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organization.' (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defense and Internal Affairs 1997.) He has written further, "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as
3082-586: The international border with the Republic of Uganda . It is approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Juba , the capital and largest city in South Sudan, by road. The coordinates of Torit are: 4° 24' 28.80"N, 32° 34' 30.00"E (Latitude:4.4080; Longitude:32.5750). The population of Torit was last estimated at 20,050, in 2004, and, according to census results, 33,657 in 2008. Equatoria International University temporarily opened in Torit on 21 June 2019, although
3149-527: The junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from
3216-506: The men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. During Uganda's colonial period , the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda . In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labor and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called
3283-406: The mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholi-land. During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic -speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli , a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and
3350-425: The national capital and the largest city in South Sudan, is located in Equatoria. Originally a province of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , it also contained most of northern parts of present-day Uganda , including Lake Albert and West Nile . It was an idealistic effort to create a model state in the interior of Africa that never consisted of more than a handful of adventurers and soldiers in isolated outposts. Equatoria
3417-431: The north were living in camps . Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remained in camps as internally displaced persons . The long civil war in the North destroyed much of their society. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of
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#17328483472833484-463: The north, but instead of obeying, the troops mutinied, along with other Southern soldiers across the south in Juba , Yei , Yambio, and Maridi . The Khartoum government sent other Sudan Defence Force units to quell the rebellion and many mutineers of the Equatoria Corps went into hiding rather than surrender. This marked the beginning of the first civil war in southern Sudan. The rebellion that emerged from
3551-462: The opposition. According to the 2002 Census of Uganda an estimated 72.3% of Acholi are Roman Catholic , 23.6% are Anglican , 1.7% are Pentecostal and 0.8% are Muslim . According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholi-land at all times, based on their philosophy of life. This structure
3618-440: The rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. The camps caused misery and suffering—with a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. In 2012
3685-643: The rebels and capture anyone who supported their cause. By the early 1960s civilians believed to be Anya Nya sympathizers were arrested and shipped to Kodok concentration camp where they were tortured and killed. Some of the first detainees and survivors of the horrific torture at Kodok include Emmanuel Lukudu and Philip Lomodong Lako. By 1969 the Equatorian rebels found support among foreign governments and were able to obtained weapons and supplies. Anya Nya recruits were trained in Israel where they also got some of their weapons. The Anya Nya rebels received financial assistance from Southern Sudanese and Southern exiles from
3752-478: The region making their operations ineffective. It is estimated that there were between 5,000 and 10,000 Anya Nya rebels. On May 25, 1969, Colonel Gaafar Muhammed Nimeiri led a military coup and overthrew General Ibrahim Abboud's regime. In 1971 Joseph Lagu , from the Madi ethnic group, became the leader of the southern forces opposed to Khartoum government and founded the South Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). Anya Nya leaders united and rallied behind Lagu. Lagu
3819-414: The same applies to Keliko, Moru and Madi. Other than Arabic or (Arabi Juba) and English, the following languages are spoken in Equatoria according to Ethnologue . Due to the many years of the civil war , the Equatorian culture is heavily influenced by the countries neighboring Equatoria and hosting Equatorians. Many Equatorians fled to Ethiopia , Kenya , Uganda , the Democratic Republic of
3886-465: The three states of Greater Equatoria: Acholi , Avukaya , Baka , Balanda , Bari , Didinga , Kakwa , Keliko , Kuku , Lango , Lokoya , Narim, Lopit , Lugbwara , Lulubo, Madi , Makaraka or Adio, Moru , Mundari , Mundu , Nyangwara , Otuho , Pari , Pojulu , Tenet , Toposa and Azande . Some of these tribes like Bari, Pojulu, Kuku, Kakwa, Mundari and Nyangwara share a common language, but their accents, and some adjectives and nouns do vary;
3953-584: The traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Ruhakana Rugunda , the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there). Lamogi Rebellion Acholi Civil war (1986-1989) In January 1986,
4020-495: The two sides reach an agreement. The result was the Addis Ababa Agreement . The agreement granted autonomy for the South with three provinces: Equatoria, Bar al Ghazal and Upper Nile. The south would have a regional president appointed by the national president to oversee all aspects of government in the region. The national government would maintain authority over defense, foreign affairs, currency, and finance, and economic and social planning, and interregional concerns. The members of
4087-499: Was also from Northern Uganda, although one of the Kakwa people , overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. General Tito Okello was an Acholi who came to power in a military coup but was defeated in January 1986. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of
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#17328483472834154-401: Was also supported by exiled southern politicians. With Lagu's leadership the SSLM created a governing infrastructure throughout many areas in southern Sudan. In 1972 Nimeri held negotiations with the Anya Nya at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. At the talks the Anya Nya demanded a separate southern government and an army to defend the south. Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie moderated the talks and helped
4221-507: Was established by Samuel Baker in 1870. Charles George Gordon took over as governor in 1874, followed by Emin Pasha in 1878. The Mahdist Revolt put an end to Equatoria as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Later British Governors included Martin Willoughby Parr . Important towns in Equatoria included Lado , Gondokoro , Dufile and Wadelai . The last two former areas of Equatoria, Lake Albert and West Nile are now situated in Uganda. Under Anglo-Egyptian rule , most of Equatoria became one of
4288-454: Was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. " Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. It
4355-420: Was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of
4422-405: Was succeeded by the Chief Medical Officer of the Equatoria province, Mehemet Emin , popularly known as Emin Pasha. Emin made his headquarters at Lado (now in South Sudan). Emin Pasha had little influence over the area because the Khartoum governor was uninterested in his development proposals for the Equatoria region. In 1881, Muhammad Ahmad Abdullah, a Muslim religious leader, proclaimed himself
4489-486: Was unsuccessful because villages surrounding Gondokoro were frequently bypassed by Arab invaders who wanted to impose their culture and way of life on the people. King Gbudwe who ruled the western part of Equatoria at the time as The King of Azande Kingdom despised the Arab culture and way of life and encouraged the tribes to resist the invaders and protect their African culture and their way of life. The invaders were met with stiff resistance from Equatorian tribes such as
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