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70-610: Bari is made up of four different urban sections. To the north is the closely built old town on the peninsula between two modern harbours, with the Basilica of Saint Nicholas , the Cathedral of San Sabino (1035–1171) and the Norman-Swabian Castle , which is now also a major nightlife district. To the south is the Murat quarter (erected by Joachim Murat ), the modern heart of the city, which

140-464: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Bari is divided into five municipalities ( Municipi ), constituted in 2014. The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods (" quartieri "). The Basilica di San Nicola (Saint Nicholas) was founded in 1087 to receive the relics of this saint, which were brought from Myra in Lycia , and now lie beneath

210-517: A campaign against Capua and the Terra di Lavoro . Despite a bloody battle, the emir successfully entered his capital. The emirate of Bari lasted long enough to enter into relations with its Christian neighbours. According to the Chronicon Salernitanum , ambassadors ( legati ) were sent to Salerno where they stayed in the episcopal palace, much to the dismay of the bishop. Bari also served as

280-469: A collection of twelfth-century candelabras donated by King Charles I of Anjou . The church was restored in the late 13th century, in 1456 and in the 17th century. In the 20th-century restoration, most of the Baroque additions were removed, leaving only the gilded wooden ceiling, enframing canvases by Carlo De Rosa . 6 December is Saint Nicholas Day , the main feast day of Saint Nicholas . On this day, it

350-641: A letter to the commander's "insulting behaviour". Perhaps, however, the fleet simply arrived too late in autumn. In 870 the Bariot Muslims stepped up their raids, going so far as to ravage the Gargano Peninsula including the Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo . The Emperor Louis organised a response, fighting his way deep into Apulia and Calabria but bypassing major population centres like Bari or Taranto. A few towns were apparently freed of Muslim control and

420-511: A major role in the city's fall is probably a concoction. In the siege of Arab Bari (868–871) participated and Domagoj with fleet of Ragusa which, according to Constantine VII transported Croats and other Archons of Slavs on their ships to Longobardia. The following are available as part of Sources of Lombard History at the Institut für Mittelalter Forschung: See too the letter of Emperor Louis II to Emperor Basil I , written in 871 after

490-628: A refuge for at least one political rival of the Carolingian emperor Louis II , a man of Spoleto who fled to it during a revolt. In 865, Louis II , perhaps pressured by the Church, always uncomfortable with a Muslim state in Italy's midst, issued a capitulary calling upon the fighting men of northern Italy to gather at Lucera in the spring of 866 for an assault on Bari. It is unknown, from contemporary sources, whether this force ever marched on Bari, but in

560-539: A tomato sauce, small beef and pork meatballs and halved hard-boiled eggs. The pasta is then topped with mozzarella or similar cheese and then baked in the oven to make the dish have its trademark crispy texture. Another popular pasta dish is the spaghetti all'assassina . It is a slightly crunchy spaghetti dish, cooked in an iron pan with garlic, olive oil, chili pepper, tomato sauce and tomato broth. Fresh fish and seafood are often eaten raw. Octopus, sea urchins and mussels feature heavily. Perhaps Bari's most famous dish

630-532: Is 8.67 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2015, 3.8% of the population was foreign residents. According to an urban migration study in Bari, return migration gain to urban areas is higher than migration loss from urban areas. People migrating from urban destinations tend to migrate to different places in comparison to people migrating from rural areas. These findings are based on

700-526: Is a criminal lawyer, and include many descriptions of the town. Basilica di San Nicola The Pontifical Basilica of Saint Nicholas ( Basilica of Saint Nicholas ) is a church in Bari , southern Italy , that holds wide religious significance throughout Europe and the Christian world . The basilica is an important pilgrimage destination both for Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians . The basilica

770-433: Is also a "Fair of Nations" which displays handcrafted and locally produced goods from all over the world. Bari's cuisine is based on three typical agricultural products found within the surrounding region of Apulia, namely wheat, olive oil and wine. The local cuisine is also enriched by the wide variety of fruit and vegetables produced locally. Local flour is used in homemade bread and pasta production including, most notably,

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840-507: Is employed in services, with 45.6%. From 1958 to 1982, around 20% of migrants left Bari for other Italian communes, while around 17% or migrants came to Bari from other Italian communes. Under 2% of migrants left Bari to go abroad and came to the city from abroad. The Fiera del Levante, held in September in the Fiera site on the west side of Bari city center, focuses on agriculture and industry. There

910-507: Is evidence for high civilisation in Bari at this point. Giosuè Musca suggests that the emirate was a boon to the regional economy, and that during this time the slave trade , wine trade, and trade in pottery flourished. Under Sawdan the city of Bari was embellished with a mosque , palaces , and public works . In 859, Lambert I of Spoleto joined Gerard, count of Marsi , Maielpoto, gastald of Telese , and Wandelbert, gastald of Boiano , to prevent Sawdan from re-entering Bari after

980-452: Is laid out on a rectangular grid-plan with a promenade on the sea and the major shopping district (the via Sparano and via Argiro ). Modern residential zones surrounding the centre of Bari were built during the 1960s and 1970s replacing the old suburbs that had developed along roads splaying outwards from gates in the city walls. In addition, the outer suburbs developed rapidly during the 1990s. Bari itself known in antiquity as Barium ,

1050-502: Is the oven-baked patate, riso e cozze (potatoes with rice and mussels). Bari and the whole Apulian region have a range of wines, including Primitivo , Castel del Monte , and Muscat , notably Moscato di Trani . The dialect of Bari belongs to the upper-southern Italo-Romance family, and currently coexists with Italian; generally these are used in different contexts. Local football club S.S.C. Bari , currently competing in Serie B (as of

1120-436: Is traditional for the clergy of the basilica to lower a flask into the subterranean tomb of Saint Nicholas to extract some of the myrrh which is believed to exude from the relics. Containers of this myrrh are sent all over the world, and believers have reported numerous miracles as a result of being anointed with it. For those Orthodox Churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar , 6 December falls on 19 December of

1190-653: The Abbasid Caliphate , the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba , the Emirate of Sicily , and the Fatimid Caliphate (which relied on Slavs purchased at the Bari market for its legions of Sakalaba Mamluks ). For 20 years, Bari was the centre of the Emirate of Bari ; the city was captured by its first emirs Kalfun in 847, who had been part of the mercenary garrison installed there by Radelchis I of Benevento . The city

1260-573: The Aghlabid Emir of Africa . Kalfün (Khalfun) was probably of Berber stock, possibly from the Emirate of Sicily originally. The conquest was seen by contemporary Muslims as unimportant, having been carried out by a minor figure without the support of any other Muslim state. However, Kalfün's successor Mufarrag ibn Sallam sent requests to Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil in Baghdad as well as to his provincial governor of Egypt asking for recognition of

1330-620: The Battle of Cannae (1018) , offered their Norman adventurer allies a first foothold in the region. In 1025, under the Archbishop Byzantius , Bari became attached to the see of Rome and was granted " provincial " status. In 1071, Bari was captured by Robert Guiscard , following a three-year siege , ending what remained of the Byzantine power in the region. In 1095, Peter the Hermit preached

1400-710: The Gregorian Calendar , so there will actually be two celebrations of the same holy day: one according to the New Calendar (6 December) and one according to the Old Calendar (19 December). Both are celebrated with great solemnity at Bari. 9 May (22 May) is celebrated annually in the Russian Orthodox Church as the feast day of the " Translation of the Relics of Saint Nicholas from Myra to Bari ". Pilgrimages to

1470-530: The altar in the crypt . The church is one of the four Palatine churches of Apulia (the others being the cathedrals of Acquaviva delle Fonti and Altamura , and the church of Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano). Bari Cathedral , dedicated to Saint Sabinus of Canosa ( San Sabino ), was begun in Byzantine style in 1034, but was destroyed in the sack of the city of 1156. A new building was thus built between 1170 and 1178, partially inspired by that of San Nicola. Of

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1540-789: The fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, it was invaded by Barbarians and occupied by the Ostrogoths . It was taken from them by the Byzantine Empire during the Gothic wars and disputed for the following two centuries with the Lombards of the Duchy of Benevento , who made it a steward. Throughout this period, and indeed throughout the Middle Ages, Bari served as one of the major slave depots of

1610-602: The first crusade there. In October 1098, Urban II , who had consecrated the Basilica in 1089, convened the Council of Bari , one of a series of synods convoked with the intention of reconciling the Eastern and Western Church on the question of the filioque clause in the Creed, which Anselm ably defended, seated at the pope 's side. A long period of decline characterized the city under

1680-413: The "Beneventans". The Hebrew Chronicle of Ahimaaz records that Sawdan, the last emir of Bari, ruled the city wisely and was on good terms with the eminent Jewish scholar Abu Aaron. Christian monastic chronicles, however, portray the emir as nequissimus ac sceleratissimus : "most impossible and wicked". Certainly Muslims raids on Christians (and Jews) did not cease during Sawdan's reign. There

1750-458: The 2024–2025 season), plays in the Stadio San Nicola , an architecturally innovative 58,000-seater stadium purpose-built for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . The stadium also hosted the 1991 European Cup final . In 2007, Bari hosted the first and only world games for underwater sports . Bari has its own airport, Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport , which is located 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of

1820-543: The Apulia region. Bari has an old fishery port ( Porto Vecchio ) and a so-called new port in the north, as well as some marinas. The Port of Bari is an important cargo transport hub to Southeast Europe . Various passenger transport lines include some seasonal ferry lines to Albania , Montenegro or Dubrovnik . Bari – Igoumenitsa is a popular ferry route to Greece. Some cruise ships call at Bari. The Guido Guerrieri novels by Gianrico Carofiglio are set in Bari, where Guerrieri

1890-589: The Barese culinary repertoire. Vegetable minestrone, chick peas, broad beans , chicory, celery and fennel are also often served as first courses or side dishes . Meat dishes and the local Barese ragù often include lamb and pork. Pasta al forno , a baked pasta dish, is very popular in Bari and was historically a Sunday dish, or a dish used at the start of Lent when all the rich ingredients such as eggs and pork had to be used for religious reasons. The recipe commonly consists of penne or similar tubular pasta shapes,

1960-840: The Mediterranean, providing a central location for the trade in Slavic slaves. The slaves were mostly captured by Venice from Dalmatia , by the Holy Roman Empire from what is now Eastern Germany and Poland , and by the Byzantines from elsewhere in the Balkans, and were generally destined for other parts of the Byzantine Empire and (most frequently) the Muslim states surrounding the Mediterranean:

2030-488: The background and behavior of a sample of 211 return migrants to Bari, Italy. Bari is a port city, making it historically important because of its strong trade links with Greece, North Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. Bari's economic structure is based on industry, commerce, services, and administration. Around two-thirds of the city's employment is in the tertiary sector with its port, commerce, and administrative functions. The highest percentage of Bari's working population

2100-571: The basilica from Eastern Europe have increased dramatically since the fall of the Iron Curtain , not only for the feast days, but throughout the year. Sawdan The Emirate of Bari ( Arabic : إمارة باري ) was a short-lived Islamic state in Apulia , in what is now Italy , ruled by non-Arabs, probably Berbers and Black West Africans . Controlled from the South Italian city of Bari , it

2170-625: The centre of Bari. It is connected to the centre by train services from Bari Aeroporto railway station . Bari Central Station lies on the Adriatic railway and has connection to cities such as Rome , Milan , Bologna , Turin and Venice . Another mainline is connection southwards by the Bari-Taranto railway . The Bari metropolitan railway service operates local commuter services; while regional services also operate to Foggia , Barletta , Brindisi , Lecce , Taranto and other towns and villages in

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2240-399: The church. The church has a rather square appearance, seemingly more suited to a castle than to a church. This impression is strengthened by the presence of two low massive towers framing the facade. It was indeed used several times as castle during its history. The interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by granite columns and pilasters. The presbytery is separated from the rest of

2310-423: The city of its existence. This increased the number of fatalities, since British physicians—who had no idea that they were dealing with the effects of mustard gas—prescribed treatment proper for those suffering from exposure and immersion, which proved fatal in many cases. Because rescuers were unaware they were dealing with gas casualties, many additional casualties were caused among the rescuers, through contact with

2380-590: The conquest with the title of wali , a governor ruling over a province of the Caliphate , which was granted. Mufarrag expanded Muslim influence and enlarged the territory of the emirate. The third and last emir of Bari was Sawdan (also known as Soldan), who came to power around 857 after the murder of his predecessor Mufarrag. He invaded the lands of the Lombard Principality of Benevento , forcing Prince Adelchis to pay tribute . In 864 he finally obtained

2450-728: The contaminated skin and clothing of those more directly exposed to the gas. A member of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's medical staff, Stewart F. Alexander, was dispatched to Bari following the raid. Alexander had trained at the Army's Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, and was familiar with some of the effects of mustard gas. Although he was not informed of the cargo carried by the John Harvey , and most victims suffered atypical symptoms caused by exposure to mustard diluted in water and oil (as opposed to airborne), Alexander rapidly concluded that mustard gas

2520-455: The cornice around the courtyard, as well as building several churches, a monastery, two water cisterns and made many donations to the monks of the Basilica of San Nicola. Bona Sforza died in the city in 1557. Following her death, the city of Bari came under the direct rule of the kings of Naples. In 1813, Joachim Murat , King of Naples in the Napoleonic era , began a new urbanization, changing

2590-452: The days of contemporary art. The Russian Church of Saint Nicholas , in the Carrassi district of Bari, was built in the early 20th century to welcome Russian pilgrims who came to the city to visit the church of Saint Nicholas in the old city where the relics of the saint remain. Barivecchia , or Old Bari, is a sprawl of streets and passageways making up the section of the city to the north of

2660-583: The development of its modern waterfront. On 11 September 1943, in connection with the Armistice of Cassibile , Bari was taken without resistance by the British 1st Airborne Division , then during October and November 1943, New Zealand troops from the 2nd New Zealand Division assembled in Bari. The Balkan Air Force supporting the Yugoslav partisans was based at Bari. Through a tragic coincidence intended by neither of

2730-512: The dominations of Aldoino Filangieri di Candida , and those of the Kings of Naples , which held the control of the entire mainland Southern Italy from 1282 to 1806. This decline was interrupted, however, by the splendor under the Sforzas , first with the dukes Ludovico and Beatrice d'Este , then with the duchesses Isabella of Aragon and Bona Sforza . Bari also underwent Venetian domination, which led to

2800-416: The edifice by mean of three arches supported by columns of Byzantine influence. Above the aisles is the matronaeum , a tribune gallery for women, opening into the nave. The basilica was the first church of this design, setting a precedent which was later imitated in numerous other constructions in the region. In 2012, a set of integrated data from ground-penetrating radar and seismic sonar highlighted

2870-607: The efforts of Nick T. Spark , U.S. Senators Dennis DeConcini and Bill Bradley , Stewart Alexander received recognition from the Surgeon General of the United States Army for his actions during the Bari disaster. The port of Bari was again struck by disaster on 9 April 1945 when the Liberty ship Charles Henderson exploded in the harbour while offloading 2,000 tons of aerial bombs (half of that amount had been offloaded when

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2940-612: The exact number of fatalities. In one account: "[S]ixty-nine deaths were attributed in whole or in part to the mustard gas, most of them American merchant seamen". Others put the count as high as "more than one thousand Allied servicemen and more than one thousand Italian civilians". The affair is the subject of two books: the aforementioned Disaster at Bari , by Glenn B. Infield, and Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup , by Gerald Reminick. In 1988, through

3010-477: The expansion of the port and a very prosperous period, also favored by the trade of inland products, which were in great demand on foreign markets. In 1556, Princess Bona Sforza of Aragon, second wife of the King of Poland Sigismund I , left Poland and settled in Bari, whose principality she had inherited from her parents. During her reign, she fortified the city's castle, as evidenced by an inscription in bronze letters on

3080-465: The explosion occurred). Three hundred and sixty people were killed and 1,730 were wounded. The harbour was again rendered non-operational, this time for a month. Bari is the largest urban and metro area on the Adriatic . It is located in Southern Italy , at a more northerly latitude than Naples , further south than Rome . Bari has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) bordering on

3150-403: The face of the city and setting a new "chessboard" growth model, which continued for many years to come. The village built at the time on the outskirts of the old city still retains its name. Modern plumbing arrived in the city of Bari on 24 April 1915: it was the first completed leg of the nascent Apulian Aqueduct. During the 1930s, Araldo di Crollalanza , the mayor and minister of Bari, oversaw

3220-477: The famous orecchiette ear-shaped pasta, recchietelle or strascinate , chiancarelle (orecchiette of different sizes) and cavatelli . Homemade dough is also used for baked calzoni stuffed with onions, anchovies, capers, olives, etc.; fried panzerotti with mozzarella and/or ricotta forte ; focaccia alla barese with tomatoes, olives and oregano; little savoury taralli , and larger friselle ; and sgagliozze , fried slices of polenta; all making up

3290-426: The former. Oria was a prosperous locale before the Muslim conquest; Barbara Kreutz thus conjectures that Matera resisted Louis while Oria welcomed him: the former thus was razed. This may have severed communications between Bari and Taranto , the other pole of Muslim power in southern Italy. Louis established a garrison at Canosa on the frontier between Benevento and Bari, but retired to the former by March 868. It

3360-469: The modern Murat area. A large-scale redevelopment plan began with a new sewerage system, followed by the development of the two main squares, Piazza Mercantile and Piazza Ferrarese. As of 2019, there were 316,491 people residing in Bari (about 1.6 million lived in the greater Bari area in 2015), located in the province of Bari, Apulia , of whom 47.9% were male and 52.1% were female. As of 2007, minors (children ages 18 and younger) totaled 17.90 percent of

3430-423: The most ancient in the region, is also decorated with mosaic; it has four columns with foliage, animals and mythological figures. The crypt, with 26 columns sporting capitals in Byzantine and Romanesque style, houses the relics of Saint Nicholas. In the church there is a 16th-century Renaissance tomb of Bona Sforza , Queen of Poland , made from marble. The Museum of the Basilica has valuable works of art, including

3500-503: The near-impossible: an alliance against him of the Beneventans, Salernitans, Neapolitans and Spoletans; later sources include Sawadān as well." In 885, Bari became the residence of the local Byzantine catapan , or governor. The failed revolt (1009–1011) of the Lombard nobles Melus of Bari and his brother-in-law Dattus, against the Byzantine governorate, though it was firmly repressed at

3570-543: The official investiture requested initially by Mufarrag. In the middle of the 860s, a Frankish monk named Bernard and two companions stopped in Bari on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem . They successfully petitioned Sawdan for letters of safe-conduct all the way through Egypt and the Holy Land . According to the Itinerarium Bernardi , Bernard's record of the event, Bari, the civitatem Sarracenorum , had formerly belonged to

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3640-530: The opposing sides in World War II , Bari gained the unwelcome distinction of being the only European city in the course of that war to experience effects like those of chemical warfare . On the night of 2 December 1943, 105 German Junkers Ju 88 bombers attacked the port of Bari, which was a key supply centre for Allied forces fighting their way up the Italian Peninsula . Over 20 Allied ships were sunk in

3710-412: The orders of Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt , Winston Churchill , and Eisenhower, records were destroyed and the whole affair was kept secret for many years after the war. The U.S. records of the attack were declassified in 1959, but the episode remained obscure until 1967, when writer Glenn B. Infield exposed the story in his book Disaster at Bari . Additionally, there is considerable dispute as to

3780-522: The original edifice, only traces of the pavement are today visible in the transept . The Petruzzelli Theatre , founded in 1903, hosted different forms of live entertainment, or nineteenth century "Politeama". The theatre was all but destroyed in a fire on October 27, 1991. It was reopened in October 2009, after 18 years. The Norman-Hohenstaufen Castle, widely known as the Castello Svevo (Swabian Castle),

3850-456: The overcrowded harbour, including the U.S. Liberty ship John Harvey , which was carrying mustard gas ; mustard gas was also reported to have been stacked on the quayside awaiting transport (the chemical agent was intended for retaliation if German forces had initiated chemical warfare). The presence of the gas was highly classified and the U.S. had not informed the British military authorities in

3920-472: The point of junction between the coast road and the Via Traiana and as a port for eastward trade; a branch road to Tarentum led from Barium. Its harbour, mentioned as early as 181 BC, was probably the principal one of the districts in ancient times, as it is at present, and was the centre of a fishery. The first historical bishop of Bari was Gervasius who was noted at the Council of Sardica in 347. With

3990-405: The population compared to pensioners who number 19.08 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bari residents is 42 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Bari grew by 2.69 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent. The current birth rate of Bari

4060-406: The presence of relevant water infiltrations in two areas of the crypt restored in 1950, which may possibly be due to an accumulation of humidity. The Basilica houses one of the most noteworthy Romanesque sculptural works of southern Italy, a cathedra (bishop's throne) finished in the late eleventh century for Elias. There are precious mosaic pavements in the crypt and presbytery. The ciborium ,

4130-417: The saint's relics to a safer location. According to the justifying legend, the saint, passing by the city on his way to Rome , had chosen Bari as his burial place. There was great competition for the relics between Venice and Bari. The latter won, the relics were carried off under the noses of the lawful Greek custodians and their Muslim masters, and on 9 May 1087, were safely landed at Bari. A new church

4200-461: The summer of that year the emperor was touring the Campania with his empress, Engelberga , and receiving strong urging from the Lombard princes— Adelchis of Benevento , Guaifer of Salerno , and Landulf II of Capua —to attack Bari again. It was not until the spring of 867 that Louis took action against the emirate. He immediately besieged Matera and Oria , recently conquered, and burnt

4270-485: The various Muslim bands encountered were universally defeated. Probably encouraged by these successes, Louis attacked Bari with a ground force of Franks, Germans and Lombards and aided by a fleet of Sclavini . In February 871 the citadel fell and Sawdan was captured and taken to Benevento in chains. The report found in the De Administrando Imperio of Constantine Porphyrogenitus that the Byzantines played

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4340-722: Was a harbour of the Iapygian Peuceti . The authors of the Etymologicum Magnum have preserved an etymology by authors of antiquity about Barium , which they explain as the word "house" in Messapic . The city had strong Greek influences before the Roman era. In ancient Greek , it was known as Βάριον . In the 3rd century BC, it became part of the Roman Republic and was subsequently Romanized. The city developed strategic significance as

4410-409: Was built between 1087 and 1197, during the Italo-Norman domination of Apulia , the area previously occupied by the Byzantine Catapan of which Bari was the seat. Its foundation is related to the recovery of some of the relics of Saint Nicholas from the saint's original shrine in Myra , in what is now Turkey . When Myra passed into the hands of the Saracens , some saw it as an opportunity to move

4480-412: Was built by Roger II of Sicily around 1131. Destroyed in 1156, it was rebuilt by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen . The castle now serves as a gallery for a variety of temporary exhibitions in the city. The Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari (Provincial Picture Gallery of Bari) is the most important art gallery in Apulia. It was first established in 1928 and contains many paintings from the 15th century up to

4550-434: Was built to shelter Nicholas' remains and Pope Urban II was present at the consecration of the crypt in 1089. The edifice was officially consecrated in 1197, in the presence of the Imperial Vicar , Bishop Conrad of Hildesheim , and of numerous bishops , prelates and noblemen. Elias, abbot of the nearby monastery of Saint Benedict , was named as first archbishop . His cathedra (bishop's throne) still stands in

4620-457: Was conquered and the emirate extinguished in 871 following five-year campaign by Frankish Emperor Louis II , assisted by a Byzantine fleet. Chris Wickham states Louis spent five years campaigning to reduce then occupy Bari, "and then only to a Byzantine/Slav naval blockade"; "Louis took the credit" for the success, adding "at least in Frankish eyes", then concludes by noting that by remaining in southern Italy long after this success, he "achieved

4690-415: Was established about 847 when the region was taken from the Byzantine Empire , but fell in 871 to the army of the Carolingian emperor Louis II . Bari first became the object of Aghlabid raids in late 840 or early 841, when it was briefly occupied. According to Al-Baladhuri , Bari was conquered from the Byzantine Empire by Kalfün around 847, a mawla —perhaps a servant or escaped slave—of

4760-406: Was present. Although he could not get any acknowledgement of this from the chain of command, Alexander convinced medical staffs to treat patients for mustard exposure and saved many lives as a result. He also preserved many tissue samples from autopsied victims at Bari. After World War II, these samples would result in the development of an early form of chemotherapy based on mustard, Mustine . On

4830-401: Was probably at about this time that Louis entered into negotiations with the new Byzantine emperor, Basil I . A marriage between Louis's daughter and Basil's eldest son, Constantine, was probably discussed in return for Byzantine naval assistance in the taking of Bari. The Chronicon Salernitanum inconsistently attaches the initiative for such talks to Louis and then Basil. The joint attack

4900-464: Was projected for late in the summer of 869 and Louis remained at Benevento planning as late as June. The Byzantine fleet—of four hundred ships if the Annales Bertiniani are to be trusted—arrived under the command of Nicetas with the expectation that Louis would hand over his daughter immediately. This he refused to do, for no known reason, but perhaps because Nicetas had refused to recognise his imperial title, since Louis later refers in

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